BG Biogeosciences BG Biogeosciences 1726-4189 Copernicus Publications Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/bg-10-2145-2013 Modeling light use efficiency in a subtropical mangrove forest equipped with CO<sub>2</sub> eddy covariance Barr J. G. 1 Engel V. 2 Fuentes J. D. 3 Fuller D. O. 4 Kwon H. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4465-2708 5 South Florida Natural Resource Center, Everglades National Park, Homestead, FL 33030, USA Southeast Ecological Science Center, US Geological Survey, Gainesville FL 32653, USA Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Department of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA Department of Civil Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea 27 03 2013 10 3 2145 2158 Copyright: © 2013 J. G. Barr et al. 2013 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This article is available from https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/10/2145/2013/bg-10-2145-2013.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/10/2145/2013/bg-10-2145-2013.pdf

Despite the importance of mangrove ecosystems in the global carbon budget, the relationships between environmental drivers and carbon dynamics in these forests remain poorly understood. This limited understanding is partly a result of the challenges associated with in situ flux studies. Tower-based CO<sub>2</sub> eddy covariance (EC) systems are installed in only a few mangrove forests worldwide, and the longest EC record from the Florida Everglades contains less than 9 years of observations. A primary goal of the present study was to develop a methodology to estimate canopy-scale photosynthetic light use efficiency in this forest. These tower-based observations represent a basis for associating CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes with canopy light use properties, and thus provide the means for utilizing satellite-based reflectance data for larger scale investigations. We present a model for mangrove canopy light use efficiency utilizing the enhanced green vegetation index (EVI) derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) that is capable of predicting changes in mangrove forest CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes caused by a hurricane disturbance and changes in regional environmental conditions, including temperature and salinity. Model parameters are solved for in a Bayesian framework. The model structure requires estimates of ecosystem respiration (<i>R</i><sub>E</sub>), and we present the first ever tower-based estimates of mangrove forest <i>R</i><sub>E</sub> derived from nighttime CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes. Our investigation is also the first to show the effects of salinity on mangrove forest CO<sub>2</sub> uptake, which declines 5% per each 10 parts per thousand (ppt) increase in salinity. Light use efficiency in this forest declines with increasing daily photosynthetic active radiation, which is an important departure from the assumption of constant light use efficiency typically applied in satellite-driven models. The model developed here provides a framework for estimating CO<sub>2</sub> uptake by these forests from reflectance data and information about environmental conditions.

 References Alongi, D. M., Sasekumar, A., Chong, V. C., Pfizner, J., Trott, L. A., Tirendi, F., Dixon, P., and Brunskill, G. J.: Sediment accumulation and organic material flux in a managed mangrove ecosystem: estimates of land-ocean-atmosphere exchange in peninsular Malaysia, Mar. Geol., 208, 383–402, 2004. Ball, M. C. and Pidsley, S. M.: Growth responses to salinity in relation to distribution of two mangrove species, Sonneratia alba and S. lanceolata, in northern Australia, Funct. Ecol., 9, 77–85, 1995. Barr, J. G., Fuentes, J. D., Wang, D., Edmonds, Y., Zieman, J. C., Hayden, B. P., and Childers, D.: Red mangroves emit hydrocarbons, Southeast. Nat., 2, 499–510, 2003. Barr, J. G., Fuentes, J. D., Engel, V., and Zieman, J. C.: Physiological responses of red mangroves to the climate in the Florida Everglades, J. Geophys. Res., 114, G02008, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JG000843">https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JG000843</a>, 2009. Barr, J. G., Engel, V., Fuentes, J. D., Zieman, J. C., O'Halloran, T. L., Smith, T. J., and Anderson, G. H.: Controls on mangrove forest-atmosphere carbon dioxide exchanges in western Everglades National Park. J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 115, 1–14, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JG001186">https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JG001186</a>, 2010. Barr, J. G., Engel, V., Smith, T. J., and Fuentes, J. D.: Hurricane disturbance and recovery of energy balance, CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes and canopy structure in a mangrove forest of the Florida Everglades, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 153, 54–66, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.07.022">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.07.022</a>, 2012. Campbell, G. S. and Norman, J. M.: An Introduction to Environmental Biophysics – 2nd Edn., Springer, New York, 286 pp., 1998. Casella, G. and George, E. I.: Explaining the Gibbs sampler, Am. Stat., 46, 167–174, 1992. Castaneda, E.: Landscape patterns of community structure, biomass, and net primary productivity of mangrove forests in the Florida Coastal Everglades as a function of resources, regulators, hydroperiod, and hurricane disturbance, Ph.D. Dissertation, Louisiana State University, Lafayette, 171 pp., 2010. Chapin, F. S., Woodwell, G. M., Randerson, J. T., Rastetter, E. B., Lovett, G. M., Baldocchi, D. D., Clark, D. A., Harmon, M. E., Schimel, D. S., Valentini, R., Wirth, C., Aber, J. D., Cole, J. J., Goulden, M. L., Harden, J. W., Heimann, M., Howarth, R. W., Matson, P. A., McGuire, A. D., Melillo, J. M., Mooney, H. A., Neff, J. C., Houghton, R. A., Pace, M. L., Ryan, M. G., Running, S. W., Sala, O. E., Schlesinger, W. H., and Schulze, E.-D.: Reconciling carbon-cycle concepts, terminology, and methods, Ecosystems, 9, 1041–1050, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-005-0105-7">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-005-0105-7</a>, 2006. Chen, B., Ge, Q., Fu, D., Yu, G., Sun, X., Wang, S., and Wang, H.: A data-model fusion approach for upscaling gross ecosystem productivity to the landscape scale based on remote sensing and flux footprint modelling, Biogeosciences, 7, 2943–2958, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2943-2010">https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2943-2010</a>, 2010. Cook, B. D., Bolstad, P. V., Martin, J. G., Heinsch, F. A. Davis, K. J., Wang, W., Desai, A. R., and Teclaw, R. M.: Using light-sue and production efficiency models to predict photosynthetic and net carbon exchange during forest canopy disturbance, Ecosystems, 11, 26–44, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-007-9105-0">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-007-9105-0</a>, 2008. Donato, D. C., Kauffman, J. B., Murdiyarso, D., Kurnianto, S., Stidham, M., and Kanninen, M.: Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics, Nat. Geosci., 4, 293–297, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1123">https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1123</a>, 2011. Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S., and Rubin, D. B.: Bayesian Data Analysis, 2nd Edn., Chapman and Hall/CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 696 pp., 2004. Gilks, W. R., Best, N. G., and Tan, K. K. C.: Adaptive rejection metropolis sampling within Gibbs sampling, Appl. Stat. J. Roy. St. Soc. C, 44, 455–472, 1995. Goetz, S. J., Prince, S. D., Goward, S. N., Thawley, M. M., and Small, J.: Satellite remote sensing of primary production: an improved production efficiency modeling approach, Ecol. Model., 122, 239–255, 1999. Gu, L., Baldocchi, D. D., Wofsy, S. E., Munger, J. W., Michalsky, J. J., and Boden, T. A.: Response of a deciduous forest to the Mt. Pinatubo eruption: enhanced photosynthesis, Science, 299, 2035–2038, 2003. Heinsch F. A., Zhao, M., Running, S. W., Kimball, J. S., Nemani, R. R., Davis, K. J., Bolstad, P. V., Cook B. D., Desai, A. R., Ricciuito, D. M., Law, B. E., Oechel, W. C., Kwon, H., Luo, H., Wofsy, S. C., Dunn, A. L., Munger, J. W., Baldocchi, D. D., Xu, L., Hollinger, D. Y., Richardson, A. D., Stoy, P. C., Siqueira, M. B. S., Monson, R. K., Burns, S. P., and Flanagan, L. B.: Evaluation of remote sensing based terrestrial productivity from MODIS using regional tower eddy flux network observations, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 44, 1908–1925, 2006. Huete, A., Didan, K., Miura, T., Rodriguez, E. P., Gao, X., and Ferreira, L. G.: Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices, Remote Sens. Environ., 83, 195–213, 2002. Jiang, Z., Huete, A. R., Didan, K., and Miura, T.: Development of a two-band enhanced vegetation index without a blue band, Rem. Sens. Environ., 112, 3833–3845, 2008. Krauss, K. W. and Allen, J. A.: Influences of salinity and shade on seedling photosynthesis and growth of two mangrove species, Rhizophora mangle and Bruguiera sexangula, introduced to Hawaii, Aquat. Bot., 77, 311–324, 2003. Laffoley, D. and Grimsditch, G.: The Management of Natural Coastal Carbon Sinks, IUCN, Gland, 2009. Lloyd, J. and Taylor, J. A.: On the temperature dependence of soil respiration, Funct. Ecol., 8, 315–323, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2389824">https://doi.org/10.2307/2389824</a>, 1994. Lovelock, C. E.: Soil respiration and belowground carbon allocation in mangrove forests, Ecosystems, 11, 342–354, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-008-9125-4">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-008-9125-4</a>, 2008. Mayorga, E., Aufdenkampe, A. K., Masiello, C. A., Krusche, A. V., Hedges, J. I., Quay, P. D., Richey, J. E., and Brown, T. A.: Young organic matter as a source of carbon dioxide outgassing from Amazonian rivers, Nat. Lett., 436, 538–541, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03880">https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03880</a>, 2005. Monteith, J. L.: The photosynthesis and transpiration of crops, Exp. Agr., 2, 1–14, 1966. Monteith, J. L.: Solar radiation and productivity in tropical ecosystems, J. Appl. Ecol., 9, 747–766, 1972. Odum, W. E., Mclvor, C. C., and Smith III, T. J.: The ecology of the mangroves of south Florida: a community profile, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services, Washington DC, FWS/OBS-81/24, 144 pp., Reprinted September 1985, 1982. O'Hagan, A. and Forster, J. J.: Kendall's Advanced Theory of Statistics: Bayesian Inference.&nbsp;2B&nbsp;(2nd Edn.), Arnold, New York, NY, ISBN 0-340-80752-0, 2004. Parida, A. K., Das, A. B., and Mittra, B.: Effects of salt on growth, ion accumulation, photosynthesis and leaf anatomy of the mangrove, Bruguierra parviflora, Trees, 18, 167–174, 2004. Potter, C.: The carbon budget of California, Environ. Sci. Policy, 13, 373–383, 2010. Prince, S. D. and Goward, S. N.: Global primary production: A remote sensing approach, J. Biogeogr., 22, 815–835, 1995. Raich, J. W., Rastetter, E. B., Melillo, J. M., Kicklighter, D. W., Steudler, P. A., Peterson, B. J., Grace, A. L., Moore, B., and Vorosmarty, C. J.: Potential net primary productivity in South America: application of a global-model, Ecol. Appl., 1, 399–429, 1991. Reichstein, M., Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Papale, D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Buchmann, N., Ilmanov, T.G. Granier, A., Grunwald, T., Havrankova, K., Ilvesniemi, H., Janous, D., Knohl, A., Laurila, T., Lohila, A., Loustau, D., Matteucci, G., Meyers, T., Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J.-M., Pumpanen, J., Rambal, S., Rotenberg, E., Sanz, M., Tenhunen, J., Seufert, G., Vaccar, F., Vesala, T., Yaki, D., and Valentini, R.: On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 1424–1439, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x</a>, 2005. Romigh, M. M., Davis III, S. E, Rivera-Monroy, V. H., and Twilley, R. R.: Flux of organic carbon in a riverine mangrove wetland in the Florida Coastal Everglades, Hydrobiologia, 569, 505–516, 2006. Ross, M. S., Ruiz, P. L., Sah, J. P., and Hanan, E. J.: Chilling damage in a changing climate in coastal landscapes of the subtropical zone: a case study from south Florida, Glob. Change Biol., 15, 1817–1832, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01900.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01900.x</a>, 2009. Running, S. W., Baldocchi, D. D., Turner, D. P., Gower, S. T., Bakwin, P. S., and Hibbard, K. A.: A global terrestrial monitoring network integrating tower fluxes, flask sampling, ecosystem modeling and EOS satellite data, Rem. Sens. Environ., 70, 108–128, 1999. Running, S. W., Thornton, P. E., Nemani, R. R., and Glassy, J. M.: Global terrestrial gross and net primary productivity from the earth observing system, in: Methods in ecosystem science, edited by: Sala, O., Jackson, R., and Mooney, H., Springer, New York, 44–57, 2000. Schubert, P., Lund, M., Ström, L., and Eklundh, L.: Impact of nutrients on peatland GPP estimations using MODIS time series data, Rem. Sens. Environ., 114, 2137–2145, 2010. Shank, G. C., Zepp, R. G., Vahatalo, A., Lee, R., and Bartels, E.: Photobleaching kinetics of chromophoric dissolved organic matter derived from mangrove leaf litter and floating Sargassum colonies, Mar. Chem., 119, 162–171, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2010.01.003">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2010.01.003</a>, 2010. Sobrado, M. A.: Leaf photosynthesis of the mangrove Avicennia germinans as affected by NaCl, Photosynthetica, 36, 547–555, 1999. Souza, M. F. L., Gomes, V. R., Freitas, S. S., Andrade, R. C. B., and Knoppers, B.: Net ecosystem metabolism and nonconservative fluxes of organic matter in a tropical mangrove estuary, Piauí River (NE of Brazil), Estuar. Coast., 32, 111–122, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-008-9104-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-008-9104-1</a>, 2009. Spiegelhalter, D., Thomas, A., Best N., and Lunn, D.: WinBUGS User Manual, Version 1.4, MRC Biostatistics Unit, Cambridge, UK, 2003. Strangmann, A., Bashan, Y., and Giani, L.: Methane in pristine and impaired mangrove soils and its possible effect on establishment of mangrove seedlings Biol. Fertil. Soils, 44, 511–519, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00374-007-0233-7">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-007-0233-7</a>, 2008. Tucker, C. J., Vanpraet, C., Boerwinkel, E., and Gaston, A.: Satellite remote sensing of total dry matter production in the Senegalese Sahel, Rem. Sens. Environ., 13, 461–474, 1983. Turner, D. P., Ritts, W. D., Cohen, W. B., Gower, S. T., Running, S. W., Zhao, M., Costa, M. H., Kirschbaum A., Ham, J., Saleska, S., and Ahl, D.: Evaluation of MODIS NPP and GPP products across multiple biomes, Rem. Sens. Environ., 102, 282–292, 2006. Vargas, R. and Allen, M. F.: Diel patterns of soil respiration in a tropical forest after Hurricane Wilma, J. Geophys. Res., 113, G03021, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000620">https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JG000620</a>, 2008. Xiao, X., Hollinger, D., Aber, J. D., Goltz, M., Davidson, E., Zhang, Q., and Moore III, B.: Satellite-based modeling of gross primary production in an evergreen needle leaf forest, Rem. Sens. Environ., 89, 519–534, 2004. Zhao, M. and Running, S. W.: Remote sensing of terrestrial Primary Production and Carbon Cycle, in: Advances in Land Remote Sensing: System, Modeling, Inversion and Application, edited by: Liang, S., Springer Science, 423–444, 2008. Zhao, M., Heinsch, F. A., Nemani, R. R., and Running, S. W.: Improvements of the MODIS terrestrial gross and net primary production global dataset, Rem. Sens. Environ., 95, 164–176, 2005.