BG Biogeosciences BG Biogeosciences 1726-4189 Copernicus Publications Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/bg-10-5497-2013 Impacts of trait variation through observed trait–climate relationships on performance of an Earth system model: a conceptual analysis Verheijen L. M. 1 Brovkin V. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6420-3198 2 Aerts R. 1 Bönisch G. 3 Cornelissen J. H. C. 1 Kattge J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1022-8469 3 Reich P. B. 4 5 Wright I. J. 6 van Bodegom P. M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0771-4500 1 VU University Amsterdam, Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstrasse 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knoell Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, 1530 Cleveland Avenue North, St Paul, MN 55108 USA University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Penrith NSW 2753, Australia Macquarie University, Department of Biological Sciences, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia 15 08 2013 10 8 5497 5515 Copyright: © 2013 L. M. Verheijen et al. 2013 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This article is available from https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/10/5497/2013/bg-10-5497-2013.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/10/5497/2013/bg-10-5497-2013.pdf

In many current dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs), including those incorporated into Earth system models (ESMs), terrestrial vegetation is represented by a small number of plant functional types (PFTs), each with fixed properties irrespective of their predicted occurrence. This contrasts with natural vegetation, in which many plant traits vary systematically along geographic and environmental gradients. In the JSBACH DGVM, which is part of the MPI-ESM, we allowed three traits (specific leaf area (SLA), maximum carboxylation rate at 25 °C (Vcmax<sub>25</sub>) and maximum electron transport rate at 25 °C (Jmax<sub>25</sub>)) to vary within PFTs via trait–climate relationships based on a large trait database. The <i>R</i><sup>2</sup><sub>adjusted</sub> of these relationships were up to 0.83 and 0.71 for Vcmax<sub>25</sub> and Jmax<sub>25</sub>, respectively. For SLA, more variance remained unexplained, with a maximum <i>R</i><sup>2</sup><sub>adjusted</sub> of 0.40. Compared to the default simulation, allowing trait variation within PFTs resulted in gross primary productivity differences of up to 50% in the tropics, in > 35% different dominant vegetation cover, and a closer match with a natural vegetation map. The discrepancy between default trait values and natural trait variation, combined with the substantial changes in simulated vegetation properties, together emphasize that incorporating climate-driven trait variation, calibrated on observational data and based on ecological concepts, allows more variation in vegetation responses in DGVMs and as such is likely to enable more reliable projections in unknown climates.

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