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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">BG</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Biogeosciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">BG</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Biogeosciences</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1726-4189</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/bg-10-5967-2013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Technical Note: Controlled experimental aquarium system for multi-stressor investigation of carbonate chemistry, oxygen saturation, and temperature</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bockmon</surname>
<given-names>E. E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Frieder</surname>
<given-names>C. A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Navarro</surname>
<given-names>M. O.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>White-Kershek</surname>
<given-names>L. A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dickson</surname>
<given-names>A. G.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2947-2760</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Marine Physical Laboratory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0244, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Integrative Oceanography Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0218, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, San Marcos, 333 Twin Oaks Valley Road, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>11</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>10</volume>
<issue>9</issue>
<fpage>5967</fpage>
<lpage>5975</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2013 E. E. Bockmon et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2013</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/10/5967/2013/bg-10-5967-2013.html">This article is available from https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/10/5967/2013/bg-10-5967-2013.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/10/5967/2013/bg-10-5967-2013.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/10/5967/2013/bg-10-5967-2013.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>As the field of ocean acidification has grown, researchers have increasingly
turned to laboratory experiments to understand the impacts of increased
CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; on marine organisms. However, other changes such as ocean warming
and deoxygenation are occurring concurrently with the increasing CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
concentrations, complicating the understanding of the impacts of
anthropogenic changes on organisms. This experimental aquarium design allows
for independent regulation of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentration, O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; levels, and
temperature in a controlled environment to study the impacts of multiple
stressors. The system has the flexibility for a wide range of treatment
chemistry, seawater volumes, and study organisms. Control of the seawater
chemistry is achieved by equilibration of a chosen gas mixture with seawater
using a Liqui-Cel&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt; membrane contactor.
Included as examples, two experiments performed using the system have shown
control of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; at values between approximately 500 and 1400 μatm
and O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; at values from 80 to 240 μmol kg&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;. Temperature has
been maintained to 0.5 °C or better in the range of
10–17 °C. On a weeklong timescale, the system has achieved
variability in pH of less than 0.007 pH units and in oxygen concentration of
less than 3.5 μmol kg&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;. Longer experiments, over a month in
duration, have been completed with control to better than 0.08 pH units and
13 μmol kg&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. The ability to study the impacts of
multiple stressors in the laboratory simultaneously, as well as
independently, will be an important part of understanding the response of
marine organisms to a high-CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; world.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="9"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
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