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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="methods-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">BG</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Biogeosciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">BG</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Biogeosciences</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1726-4189</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/bg-10-6601-2013</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Technical Note: Precise quantitative measurements of total dissolved inorganic carbon from small amounts of seawater using a gas chromatographic system</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hansen</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gardeler</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Matthiessen</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>GEOMAR, Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel, Duesternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>22</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>10</volume>
<issue>10</issue>
<fpage>6601</fpage>
<lpage>6608</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2013 T. Hansen et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2013</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/10/6601/2013/bg-10-6601-2013.html">This article is available from https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/10/6601/2013/bg-10-6601-2013.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/10/6601/2013/bg-10-6601-2013.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/10/6601/2013/bg-10-6601-2013.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Total dissolved inorganic carbon (&lt;i&gt;C&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt;) is one of the most
frequently measured parameters used to calculate the partial pressure of
carbon dioxide in seawater. Its determination has become increasingly
important because of the rising interest in the biological effects of ocean
acidification. Coulometric and infrared detection methods are currently
favored in order to precisely quantify &lt;i&gt;C&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt;. These methods
however are not sufficiently validated for &lt;i&gt;C&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt; measurements of
biological experiments manipulating seawater carbonate chemistry with an
extended &lt;i&gt;C&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt; measurement range
(~1250–2400 μmol kg&lt;sup&gt;&amp;ndash;1&lt;/sup&gt;) compared to natural open ocean
seawater (~1950–2200 μmol kg&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;). The requirement of
total sample amounts between 0.1–1 L seawater in the coulometric- and
infrared detection methods potentially exclude their use for experiments
working with much smaller volumes. Additionally, precise &lt;i&gt;C&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt;
analytics become difficult with high amounts of biomass (e.g., phytoplankton
cultures) or even impossible in the presence of planktonic calcifiers without
sample pre-filtration. Filtration however, can alter &lt;i&gt;C&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt;
concentration through gas exchange induced by high pressure. Addressing these
problems, we present precise quantification of &lt;i&gt;C&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt; using a small,
basic and inexpensive gas chromatograph as a &lt;i&gt;C&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt; analyzer. Our
technique is able to provide a repeatability of
±3.1 μmol kg&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;, given by the pooled standard deviation
over a &lt;i&gt;C&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt; range typically applied in acidification experiments.
200 μL of sample is required to perform the actual &lt;i&gt;C&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt;
measurement. The total sample amount needed is 12 mL. Moreover, we show that
sample filtration is applicable with only minor alteration of the
&lt;i&gt;C&lt;/i&gt;&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt;. The method is simple, reliable and with low cumulative
material costs. Hence, it is potentially attractive for all researchers
experimentally manipulating the seawater carbonate system.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="8"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
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