References

Biogeosciences

1726-4189

Copernicus Publications

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/bg-10-7481-2013

Medium-term exposure of the North Atlantic copepod Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus, 1770) to CO2-acidified seawater: effects on survival and development

Pedersen

S. A.

¹ Hansen

B. H.

² Altin

³ Olsen

A. J.

Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Dept. of Biology, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway

SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Marine Environmental Technology, Brattørkaia 17C, 7010 Trondheim, Norway

BioTrix, 7022 Trondheim, Norway

21 11 2013

10 11 7481 7491

2013

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

This article is available from https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/10/7481/2013/bg-10-7481-2013.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/10/7481/2013/bg-10-7481-2013.pdf

The impact of medium-term exposure to CO2-acidified seawater on survival, growth and development was investigated in the North Atlantic copepod Calanus finmarchicus. Using a custom developed experimental system, fertilized eggs and subsequent development stages were exposed to normal seawater (390 ppm CO2) or one of three different levels of CO2-induced acidification (3300, 7300, 9700 ppm CO2). Following the 28-day exposure period, survival was found to be unaffected by exposure to 3300 ppm CO2, but significantly reduced at 7300 and 9700 ppm CO2. Also, the proportion of copepodite stages IV to VI observed in the different treatments was significantly affected in a manner that may indicate a CO2-induced retardation of the rate of ontogenetic development. Morphometric analysis revealed a significant increase in size (prosome length) and lipid storage volume in stage IV copepodites exposed to 3300 ppm CO2 and reduced size in stage III copepodites exposed to 7300 ppm CO2. Together, the findings indicate that a pCO2 level ≤2000 ppm (the highest CO2 level expected by the year 2300) will probably not directly affect survival in C. finmarchicus. Longer term experiments at more moderate CO2 levels are, however, necessary before the possibility that growth and development may be affected below 2000 ppm CO2 can be ruled out.

References 1

Anderson, D. H. and Robinson, R. J.: Rapid electrometric determination of the alkalinity of sea water using a glass electrode, Ind. Eng. Chem., 18, 767–769, 1946.

Bathmann, U. V., Noji, T. T., Voss, M., and Peinert, R.: Copepod fecal pellets: abundance, sedimentation and content at a permanent station in the Norwegian Sea in May/June 1986, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 38, 45–51, 1987.

Barros, P., Sobral, P., Range, P., Chícharo, L., and Matias, D.: Effects of sea-water acidification on fertilization and larval development of the oyster Crassostrea gigas, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 440, 200–206, 2013.

Beaugrand, G. and Kirby, R. R.: Climate, plankton and cod, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 1268–1280, 2010.

Beniash, E., Ivanina, A., Lieb, N. S., Kurochkin, I., and Sokolova, I. M.: Elevated level of carbon dioxide affects metabolism and shell formation in oysters Crassostrea virginica, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 419, 95–108, 2010.

Blackford, J., Jones, N., Proctor, R., Holt, J., Widdicombe, S., Lowe, D., and Rees, A.: An initial assessment of the potential environmental impact of CO2 escape from marine carbon capture and storage systems, P. I. Mech. Eng. A, 223, 269–280, 2009.

Caldeira, K. and Wickett, M. E.: Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH, Nature, 425, 365 pp., 2003.

Caldeira, K. and Wickett, M. E.: Ocean model predictions of chemistry changes from carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere and ocean, J. Geophys. Res-Oceans., 110, CO9S04, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002671">https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002671</a>, 2005.

Campbell, R. G., Wagner, M. M., Teegarden, G. J., Boudreau, C. A., and Durbin, E. G: Growth and development rates of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus reared in the laboratory, Mar. Ecol-Prog. Ser., 221, 161–183, 2001.

Clark, D., Lamare, M., and Barker, M.: Response of sea urchin pluteus larvae (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) to reduced seawater pH: a comparison among a tropical, temperate, and a polar species, Mar. Biol., 156, 1125–1137, 2009.

Comeau, S., Gorsky, G., Jeffree, R., Teyssié, J.-L., and Gattuso, J.-P.: Impact of ocean acidification on a key Arctic pelagic mollusc (Limacina helicina), Biogeosciences, 6, 1877–1882, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1877-2009">https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-1877-2009</a>, 2009.

Conover, R. J.: Comparative life histories in the genera Calanus and Neocalanus in high latitudes of the northern hemisphere, Hydrobiologia, 167/168, 127–142, 1988.

Dickson, A. G. and Millero, F. J.: A comparison of the equilibrium-constants for the dissociation of carbonic-acid in seawater media, Deep-Sea Res., 34, 1733–1743, 1987.

Dupont, S., Havenhand, J., Thorndyke, W., Peck, L., and Thorndyke, M.: Near-future level of CO2-driven ocean acidification radically affects larval survival and development in the brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 373, 285–294, 2008.

Edvardsen, A., Pedersen, J. M., Slagstad, D., Semenova, T., and Timonin, A.: Distribution of overwintering Calanus in the North Norwegian Sea, Ocean Sci., 2, 87–96, 2006.

Edwards, M., Johns, D. G., Licandro, P., John, A. W. G., and Stevens, D. P.: Ecological Status Report: Results from the CPR survey 2004/2005, SAHFOS Technical Report, 3, 1–8, Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science (SAHFOS), Plymouth, UK, ISSN 1744–0750, 2006.

Edwards, M., Helaouet, P., Johns, D. G., Batten, S., Beaugrand, G., Chiba, S., Flavell, M., Head, E., Hosie, G., Richardson, A. J., Takahashi, K., Verheye, H. M., Ward, P., and Wootton, M.: Global Marine Ecological Status Report: Results from the global CPR survey 2010/2011, SAHFOS Technical Report, 9, Plymouth, UK, ISSN 1744-0750, 1–40, 2012.

Egilsdottir, H., Spicer, J. I., and Rundle, S. D.: The effect of CO2 acidified sea water and reduced salinity on aspects of the embryonic development of the amphipod Echinogammarus marinus (Leach), Mar. Pollut. Bull., 58, 1187–1191, 2009.

Ellis, R. P., Bersey, J., Rundle, S. D., Hall-Spencer, J. M., and Spicer, J. I.: Subtle but significant effects of CO2 acidified seawater on embryos of the intertidal snail, Littorina obtusata, Aquat. Biol., 5, 41–48, 2009.

EU: Directive 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and the council of 23 April 2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide and amending Council Directive 85/337/EEC, 2009.

Fabry, V. J., Seibel, B. A., Feely, R. A., and Orr, J. C.: Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 65, 414–432, 2008.

Findlay, H. S., Kendall, M. A., Spicer, J. I., and Widdicombe, S.: Future high CO2 in the intertidal may compromise adult barnacle Semibalanus balanoides survival and embryonic development rate, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 389, 193–202, 2009.

Fitzer, S. C., Caldwell, G. S., Close, A. J., Clare, A. S., Upstill-Goddard, R. C., and Bentley, M. G.: Ocean acidification induces multi-generational decline in copepod naupliar production with possible conflict for reproductive resource allocation, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 418/419, 30–36, 2012.

Gerlagh, R. and van der Zwaan, B.: Evaluating uncertain CO2 abatement over the very long term, Environ. Model. Assess., 17, 1–12, 2012.

Gonzalez-Bernat, M. J., Lamare, M., and Barker, M.: Effects of reduced seawater pH on fertilisation, embryogenesis and larval development in the Antarctic seastar Odontaster validus, Polar Biol., 36, 235–247, 2013.

Hansen, B. H., Altin, D., Nordtug, T., and Olsen, A. J.: Suppression subtractive hybridization library prepared from the copepod Calanus finmarchicus exposed to a sublethal mixture of environmental stressors, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. D, 2, 250–256, 2007.

Havenhand, J. N., Buttler, F.-R., Thorndyke, M. C., and Williamson, J. E.: Near-future levels of ocean acidification reduce fertilization success in a sea urchin, Curr. Biol., 18, R651–R652, 2008.

Holloway, S.: Carbon dioxide capture and geological storage, Phil. T. R. Soc. A., 365, 1095–1107, 2007.

Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D. J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P. J., Dai, X., Maskell, K., and Johnson, C. A. (Eds.): Climate Change 2001: the Scientific Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, New York, 881 pp., 2001.

Jackson, J. B. C.: The future of the ocean past, Philos. T. R. Soc. Lon. B., 365, 3765–3778, 2010.

Kurihara, H.: Effects of CO2-driven ocean acidification on the early developmental stages of invertebrates, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 373, 275–284, 2008.

Kurihara, H. and Ishimatsu, A.: Effects of high CO2 seawater on the copepod (Acartia tsuensis) through all life stages and subsequent generations, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 56, 1086–1090, 2008.

Kurihara, H., Shimode, S., and Shirayama, Y.: Sub-lethal effects of elevated concentration of CO2 on planktonic copepods and sea urchins, J. Oceanogr., 60, 743–750, 2004a.

Kurihara, H., Shimode, S., and Shirayama., Y.: Effects of raised CO2 concentration on the egg production rate and early development of two marine copepods (Acartia steueri and Acartia erythraea), Mar. Pollut. Bull. 49, 721–727, 2004b.

Kwasniewski, S., Gluchowska, M., Walkusz, W., Karnovsky, N. J., Jakubas, D., Wojczulanis-Jakubas, K., Harding, A. M. A., Goszczko, I., Cisek, M., Beszczynska-Möller, A., Walcowski, W., Weslawski, J. M., and Stempniewicz, L.: Interannual changes in zooplankton on the West Spitsbergen Shelf in relation to hydrography and their consequences for the diet of planktivorous seabirds, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 69, 890–901, 2012.

London Protocol: Amendment Annex I to the London Protocol, LP 1/6, April 28, <a href="www.londonprotocol.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/SpecialProgrammesAndInitiatives/Pages/London-Convention-and-Protocol.aspx">www.londonprotocol.imo.org</a>, 2006.

Lopez, M. D. G.: Effect of starvation on development and stage in naupliar Calanus pacificus: implications for development time of field cohorts, Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 75, 79–89, 1996.

Marshall, S. M. and Orr, A. P. (Eds.): The Biology of a Marine Copepod. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1972.

Mayor, D. J., Matthews, C., Cook, K., Zuur, A. F., and Hay, S.: CO2-induced acidification affects hatching success in Calanus finmarchicus, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 350, 91–97, 2007.

Mayor, D. J., Everett, N. R., and Cook, K. B.: End of century ocean warming and acidification effects on reproductive success in a temperate marine copepod, J. Plankton Res., 34, 258–262, 2012.

Mauchline, J.: The Biology of Calanoid Copepods, in: Advances in Marine Biology, edited by: Blaxter, J. H. S., Southward, A. J., and Tyler, P. A., Academic Press, London, vol. 33, 1998.

Mehrbach, C., Culberson, C. H., Hawley, J. E., and Pytkowicz, R. M.: Measurment of apparent dissociation-constants of carbonic-acid in seawater at atmospheric-pressure, Limnol. Oceanogr., 18, 897–907, 1973.

Melzner, F., Stange, P., Trübenbach, K., Thomsen, J., Casties, I., Panknin, U., Gorb, S. N., and Gutowska, M. A.: Food supply and seawater pCO2 impact calcification and internal shell dissolution in the blue mussel Mytilus edulis, PLoS ONE, 6, e24223, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024223">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024223</a>, 2011.

Metz, B., Davidson, O., de Coninck, H. C., Loos, M., and Meyer, L. A. (Eds.): IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage: Prepared by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 442 pp., 2005.

Miller, C. B., Morgan, C. A., Prahl, F. G., and Sparrow, M. A.: Storage lipids of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus from Georges Bank and the Gulf of Maine, Limnol. Oceanogr., 43, 488–497, 1998.

Monaco Declaration: Second International Symposium on the Ocean in a High-CO2 world, Monaco, 6–9 October 2008, available at: <a href="http://ocean-acidification.net/Symposium2008/MonacoDeclaration.pdf">http://ocean-acidification.net/Symposium2008/MonacoDeclaration.pdf</a>, 2009.

Morita, M., Suwa, R., Iguchi, A., Nakamura, M., Shimada, K., Sakai, K., and Suzuki, A.: Ocean acidification reduces sperm flagellar motility in broadcast spawning reef invertebrates, Zygote, 18, 103–107, 2009.

Parsons, R., Raven, J. A., and Sprent, J. I.: A simple open flow system used to measure acetylene reduction activity of Sesbania rostrata stem and root nodules, J. Exp. Bot., 43, 595–604, 1992.

Pascal, P.-Y., Fleeger, J. W., Galvez, F., and Carman, K. R.: The toxicological interaction between ocean acidity and metals in coastal meiobenthic copepods, Mar. Pollut. Bull, 66, 2201–2208, 2010.

Pierrot, D., Lewis, E., and Wallace, D. W. R.: MS Excel Program Developed for CO2 System Calculations, ORNL/CDIAF-105a, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 2006.

Planque, B. and Batten, S. D.: Calanus finmarchicus in the North Atlantic; the year of Calanus in the context of interdecadal changes, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 57, 1528–1535, 2000.

Runge, J. A.: Should we expect a relationship between primary production and fisheries?, The role of copepod dynamics as a filter of trophic variability, Hydrobiologia, 167/168, 61–71, 1988.

Sabine, C. L., Feely, R. A., Gruber, N., Key, R. M., Lee, K., Bullister, J. L., Wanninkhof, R., Wong, C. S., Wallace, D. W. R., Tilbrook, B., Millero, F. J., Peng, T. H., Kozyr, A., Ono, T., and Rios, A. F.: The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2, Science, 305, 367–371, 2004.

Siegenthaler, U., Stocker, T. F., Monnin, E., Luethi, D., Schwander, J., Stauffer, B., Raynaud, D., Barnola, J. M., Fisher, H., Masson-Delmotte, V., and Jouzel, J.: Stable carbon cycle–climate relationship during the last Pleistocene, Science, 310, 1313–1317, 2005.

Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H. L. (Eds.): Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, 996 pp., 2007.

Stumpp, M., Wren, J., Melzner, F., Thorndyke, M. C., and Dupont, S. T.: CO2 induced seawater acidification impacts sea urchin larval development I: Elevated metabolic rates decrease scope for growth and induce developmental delay, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 160, 331–340, 2011.

Svensson, C. J., Jenkins, S. R., Hawkins, S. J., and Åberg, P.: Population resistance to climate change: modeling the effects of low recruitment in open populations, Oecologia, 142, 117–126, 2005.

Takahashi, T. and Ohno, A.: The temperature effect on the development of calanoid copepod, Acartia tsuensis, with some comments to morphogenesis, J. Oceanogr., 52, 125–137, 1996.

Talmage, S. C. and Gobler, C. J.:The effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentrations on the metamorphosis, size, and survival of larval hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria), bay scallops (Argopecten irradians), and Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica), Limnol. Oceanogr., 54, 2072–2080, 2009.

Todgham, A. E. and Hofmann, G. E.: Transcriptomic response of sea urchin larvae Strongylocentrotus purpuratus to CO2-driven seawater acidification, J. Exp. Biol., 212, 2579–2594, 2009.

Weydmann, A, Søreide, J. E., Kwasniewski, S., and Widdicombe, S.: Influence of CO2-induced acidification on the reproduction of a key Arctic copepod Calanus glacialis, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol, 428, 39–42, 2012.

Wood, H. L., Spicer, J. I., and Widdicombe, S.: Ocean acidification may increase calcification rates, but at a cost. P. Roy. Soc. B-Biol. Sci., 275, 1767–1773, 2008.

Zhang, D., Li, S., Wang, G., and Guo, D.: Impacts of CO2-driven seawater acidification on survival, egg production rate and hatching success of four marine copepods, Acta Oceanol. Sin., 30, 86–94, 2011.