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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">BG</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Biogeosciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">BG</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Biogeosciences</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1726-4189</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/bg-11-4077-2014</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Strong sensitivity of Southern Ocean carbon uptake and nutrient cycling to wind stirring</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rodgers</surname>
<given-names>K. B.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6465-8923</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Aumont</surname>
<given-names>O.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mikaloff Fletcher</surname>
<given-names>S. E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Plancherel</surname>
<given-names>Y.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bopp</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>de Boyer Montégut</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3218-9330</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Iudicone</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Keeling</surname>
<given-names>R. F.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9749-2253</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Madec</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wanninkhof</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>AOS Program, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>IRD, Plouzané, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>NIWA, Wellington, New Zealand</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>LSCE, IPSL, CNRS, CEA, UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>IFREMER, Centre de Brest, Laboratoire d&apos;Océanographie Spatiale, Plouzané, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>Scripps Institute of Oceanography, UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>9</label>
<addr-line>LOCEAN, CNRS, IRD, UPMC, MNHN, IPSL, Paris, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff10">
<label>10</label>
<addr-line>National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff11">
<label>11</label>
<addr-line>NOAA-AOML, Miami, FL, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>01</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11</volume>
<issue>15</issue>
<fpage>4077</fpage>
<lpage>4098</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2014 K. B. Rodgers et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/11/4077/2014/bg-11-4077-2014.html">This article is available from https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/11/4077/2014/bg-11-4077-2014.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/11/4077/2014/bg-11-4077-2014.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/11/4077/2014/bg-11-4077-2014.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Here we test the hypothesis that winds have an important role in determining
the rate of exchange of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; between the atmosphere and ocean through
wind stirring over the Southern Ocean. This is tested with a sensitivity
study using an ad hoc parameterization of wind stirring in an ocean carbon
cycle model, where the objective is to identify the way in which
perturbations to the vertical density structure of the planetary boundary in
the ocean impacts the carbon cycle and ocean biogeochemistry.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Wind stirring leads to reduced uptake of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; by the Southern Ocean over
the period 2000–2006, with a relative reduction with wind stirring on the
order of 0.9 Pg C yr&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; over the region south of 45° S. This
impacts not only the mean carbon uptake, but also the phasing of the seasonal
cycle of carbon and other ocean biogeochemical tracers. Enhanced wind
stirring delays the seasonal onset of stratification, and this has large
impacts on both entrainment and the biological pump. It is also found that
there is a strong reduction on the order of 25–30% in the
concentrations of NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; exported in Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) to wind
stirring. This finds expression not only locally over the Southern Ocean, but
also over larger scales through the impact on advected nutrients. In summary,
the large sensitivity identified with the ad hoc wind stirring
parameterization offers support for the importance of wind stirring for
global ocean biogeochemistry through its impact over the Southern Ocean.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="22"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
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