BG Biogeosciences BG Biogeosciences 1726-4189 Copernicus Publications Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/bg-7-1247-2010 Decadal water balance of a temperate Scots pine forest (<i>Pinus sylvestris</i> L.) based on measurements and modelling Gielen B. 1 Verbeeck H. 2 Neirynck J. 3 Sampson D. A. 4 Vermeiren F. 3 Janssens I. A. 1 University of Antwerp, Research Group Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium Ghent University, Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Faculty Bioscience Engineering, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Gaverstraat 4, 9500 Geraardsbergen, Belgium Arizona State University, Decision Center for a Desert City, Global Institute of Sustainability, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA 13 04 2010 7 4 1247 1261 Copyright: © 2010 B. Gielen et al. 2010 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This article is available from https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/7/1247/2010/bg-7-1247-2010.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/7/1247/2010/bg-7-1247-2010.pdf

We examined the water balance components of an 80-year-old Scots pine (<i>Pinus sylvestris</i> L.) forest stand in the Campine region of Belgium over a ten year period using five very different approaches; our methods ranged from data intensive measurements to process model simulations. Specifically, we used the conservative ion method (CI), the Eddy Covariance technique (EC), an empirical model (WATBAL), and two process models that vary greatly in their temporal and spatial scaling, the ORCHIDEE global land-surface model and SECRETS a stand- to ecosystem-scale biogeochemical process model. Herein we used the EC technique as a standard for the evapotranspiration (ET) estimates. Using and evaluating process based models with data is extremely useful as models are the primary method for integration of small-scale, process level phenomena into comprehensive description of forest stand or ecosystem function. Results demonstrated that the two process models corresponded well to the seasonal patterns and yearly totals of ET from the EC approach. However, both WATBAL and CI approaches overestimated ET when compared to the EC estimates. We found significant relationships between several meteorological variables (i.e., vapour pressure deficit [VPD], mean air temperature [<i>T</i><sub>air</sub>], and global radiation [<i>Rg</i>]) and ET on monthly basis for all approaches. In contrast, few relationships were significant on annual basis. Independent of the method examined, ET exhibited low inter-annual variability. Consequently, drainage fluxes were highly correlated with annual precipitation for all approaches examined, except CI.

 References Aubinet, M., Grelle, A., Ibrom, A., Rannik, U., Moncrieff, J., Foken, T., Kowalski, A. S., Martin, P. H., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Clement, R., Elbers, J., Granier, A., Grunwald, T., Morgenstern, K., Pilegaard, K., Rebmann, C., Snijders, W., Valentini, R., and Vesala, T.: Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests: The EUROFLUX methodology, in: Advances in Ecological Research, Vol 30, Advances in Ecological Research, Academic Press Inc, San Diego, 113–175, 2000. Baldocchi, D. and Meyers, T.: On using eco-physiological, micrometeorological and biogeochemical theory to evaluate carbon dioxide, water vapor and trace gas fluxes over vegetation: a perspective, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 90, 1–25, 1998. Barr, A. G., King, K. M., Gillespie, T. J., Denhartog, G., and Neumann, H. H.: A Comparison of Bowen-Ratio and Eddy-Correlation Sensible and Latent-Heat Flux Measurements above Deciduous Forest, Bound.-Layer Meteor., 71, 21–41, 1994. Betts, R. A., Boucher, O., Collins, M., Cox, P. M., Falloon, P. D., Gedney, N., Hemming, D. L., Huntingford, C., Jones, C. D., Sexton, D. M. H., and Webb, M. J.: Projected increase in continental runoff due to plant responses to increasing carbon dioxide, Nature, 448, 1037–1041, 2007. Blanken, P. D., Black, T. A., Yang, P. C., Neumann, H. H., Nesic, Z., Staebler, R., den Hartog, G., Novak, M. D., and Lee, X.: Energy balance and canopy conductance of a boreal aspen forest: Partitioning overstory and understory components, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 102, 28915–28927, 1997. Bonan, G. B.: Forests and climate change: Forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests, Science, 320, 1444–1449, 2008. Botta, A., Viovy, N., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., and Monfray, P.: A global prognostic scheme of leaf onset using satellite data, Glob. Change Biol., 6, 709–725, 2000. Carrara, A., Kowalski, A. S., Neirynck, J., Janssens, I. A., Yuste, J. C., and Ceulemans, R.: Net ecosystem CO2 exchange of mixed forest in Belgium over 5 years, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 119, 209-227, 2003. Cermák, J., Kuèera, J., and Nadezhdina, N.: Sap flow measurements with some thermodynamic methods, flow integration within trees and scaling up from sample trees to entire forest stands, Trees, 18, 529–546, 2004. Chapin, F. S., Randerson, J. T., McGuire, A. D., Foley, J. A., and Field, C. B.: Changing feedbacks in the climate-biosphere system, Front. Ecol. Environ., 6, 313–320, https://doi.org/10.1890/080005, 2008. De Vries, M., Reinds, G. J., van der Salm, C., Draaijers, G. P., Bleeker, A., Erisman, J. W., Auée, J., Gundersen, P., Kristensen, H. L., van Dobben, H., de Zwart, D., Derome, J., Voogd, J. C. H., and Vel, E. M.: Intensive Monitoring of Forest Ecosystems in Europe, Brussels, Geneva, 177&nbsp;pp.;, 2001. De Vries, W., Reinds, G. J., Posch, M., Sanz, M. J., Krause, G. H. M., Calatayud, V., Renaud, J. P., Dupouey, J. L., Sterba, H., Vel, E. M., Dobbertin, M., Gundersen, P., and Voogd., J. C. H.: Intensive Monitoring of Forest Ecosystems in Europe, 2003, Brussels, Geneva, 163&nbsp;pp., 2003. De Vries, W., W. Wamelink, G.J. Reinds, H.J.J Wieggers, J.P. Mol-Dijkstra, J. Kros, G.J. Nabuurs, A. Pussinen, S. Solberg, M. Dobbertin, D. Laubhann, H. STerba, and Oijen, M.: Assessment of the relative importance of nitrogen deposition climate change and forest management on the sequestration of carbon by forests in Europe, Alterra, Wageningen, 302 pages, 361 figs., 394 tables, 469 refs, 2007. dePury, D. G. G. and Farquhar, G. D.: Simple scaling of photosynthesis from leaves to canopies without the errors of big-leaf models, Plant Cell Environ., 20, 537–557, 1997. Dolman, A. J., Maximov, T. C., Moors, E. J., Maximov, A. P., Elbers, J. A., Kononov, A. V., Waterloo, M. J., and van der Molen, M. K.: Net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide and water of far eastern Siberian Larch (Larix cajanderii) on permafrost, Biogeosciences, 1, 133–146, 2004. Ducoudre, N. I., Laval, K., and Perrier, A.: Sechiba, a New Set of Parameterizations of the Hydrologic Exchanges at the Land Atmosphere Interface within the Lmd Atmospheric General-Circulation Model, J. Climate, 6, 248–273, 1993. Eriksson, E. and Khunakasem, V.: Chloride concentration in groundwater, recharge rate and rate of deposition of chloride., J. Hydrol., 7, 178–197, 1969. Foken, T.: The energy balance closure problem: An overview, Ecol. Appl., 18, 1351–1367, 2008. Gond, V., de Pury, D. G. G., Veroustraete, F., and Ceulemans, R.: Seasonal variations in leaf area index, leaf chlorophyll, and water content; scaling-up to estimate fAPAR and carbon balance in a multilayer, multispecies temperate forest, Tree Physiol., 19, 673–679, 1999. Granier, A., Loustau, D., Saugier, B., and Berbigier, P.: Bilan hydrique de deux peuplements de pin maritime dans les Landes: évaluation des flux des strates ligneuse et herbacée et de leur variabilité., in: ATP PIREN, Influence à l'échelle régionale des couvertures pédologiques et végétales sur les bilans hydriques et minéraux du sol., 287–315, 1989. Granier, A., Breda, N., Longdoz, B., Gross, P., and Ngao, J.: Ten years of fluxes and stand growth in a young beech forest at Hesse, North-eastern France, Ann. For. Sci., 65, 704, https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2008052, 2008. Grelle, A., Lundberg, A., Lindroth, A., Morén, A. S., and Cienciala, E.: Evaporation components of a boreal forest: variations during the growing season, J. Hydrol., 197, 70–87, 1997. Grünwald, T. and Bernhofer, C.: A decade of carbon, water and energy flux measurements of an old spruce forest at the Anchor Station Tharandt, Tellus B, 59, 387–396, 2007. Hanson, P. J., Amthor, J. S., Wullschleger, S. D., Wilson, K. B., Grant, R. F., Hartley, A., Hui, D., Hunt, E. R., Johnson, D. W., Kimball, J. S., King, A. W., Luo, Y., McNulty, S. G., Sun, G., Thornton, P. E., Wang, S., Williams, M., Baldocchi, D. D., and Cushman, R. M.: Oak forest carbon and water simulations: Model intercomparisons and evaluations against independent data, Ecol. Monogr., 74, 443–489, 2004. Huntington, T. G.: Evidence for intensification of the global water cycle: Review and synthesis, J. Hydrol., 319, 83–95, 2006. Jackson, R. B., Randerson, J. T., Canadell, J. G., Anderson, R. G., Avissar, R., Baldocchi, D. D., Bonan, G. B., Caldeira, K., Diffenbaugh, N. S., Field, C. B., Hungate, B. A., Jobbagy, E. G., Kueppers, L. M., Nosetto, M. D., and Pataki, D. E.: Protecting climate with forests, Environ. Res. Lett., 3, 044006, https://doi.org/044010.041088/041748-049326/044003/044004/044006, 2008. Jarosz, N., Brunet, Y., Lamaud, E., Irvine, M., Bonnefond, J.-M., and Loustau, D.: Carbon dioxide and energy flux partitioning between the understorey and the overstorey of a maritime pine forest during a year with reduced soil water availability, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 148, 1508–1523, 2008. Jarvis, P. G. and McNaughton, K. G.: Stomatal Control of Transpiration – Scaling up from Leaf to Region, Adv. Ecol. Res., 15, 1–49, 1986. Jensen, M. E. and Haise, H. R.: Estimating evapotranspiration from solar radiation, J. Irrig. Drain. E-Asce, 89, 15–41, 1963. Kelliher, F. M., Black, T. A., and Price, D. T.: Estimating the Effects of Understory Removal from a Douglas-Fir Forest Using a 2-Layer Canopy Evapotranspiration Model, Water Resour. Res., 22, 1891–1899, 1986. Kohonen, T.: Self-Organizing Maps, 3.&nbsp;Edn., Springer series in information sciences, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 501&nbsp;pp., 2001. Konopka, B., Yuste, J. C., Janssens, I. A., and Ceulemans, R.: Comparison of fine root dynamics in scots pine and pedunculate oak in sandy soil, Plant Soil, 276, 33–45, 2005. Kowalski, A. S., Overloop, S., Ceulemans, R.: Eddy fluxes above a Belgian, Campine forest and their relationship with predicting variables, in: Forest Ecosystem Modelling, Upscaling and Remote Sensing, edited by: Ceulemans, R., Veroustraete, F., Gond, V., and Van Rensbergen, J., SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, The Netherlands, 3–17, 2000. Krinner, G., Viovy, N., de Noblet-Ducoudre, N., Ogee, J., Polcher, J., Friedlingstein, P., Ciais, P., Sitch, S., and Prentice, I. C.: A dynamic global vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle, 19, GB1025, https://doi.org/1010.1029/2003GB002199, 2005. Kurpius, M. R., Panek, J. A., Nikolov, N. T., McKay, M., and Goldstein, A. H.: Partitioning of water flux in a Sierra Nevada ponderosa pine plantation, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 117, 173–192, 2003. Leuning, R.: A Critical-Appraisal of a Combined Stomatal-Photosynthesis Model for C-3 Plants, Plant Cell Environ., 18, 339–355, 1995. Luyssaert, S., Janssens, I. A., Sulkava, M., Papale, D., Dolman, A. J., Reichstein, M., Hollmen, J., Martin, J. G., Suni, T., Vesala, T., Loustau, D., Law, B. E., and Moors, E. J.: Photosynthesis drives anomalies in net carbon-exchange of pine forests at different latitudes, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 2110–2127, 2007. McLaren, J. D., Arain, M. A., Khomik, M., Peichl, M., and Brodeur, J.: Water flux components and soil water-atmospheric controls in a temperate pine forest growing in a well-drained sandy soil, J. Geophys. Res., 113, G04031, https://doi.org/04010.01029/02007JG000653, 2008. McMurtrie, R. E. and Landsberg, J. J.: Using a simulation model to evaluate the effects of water and nutrients on the growth and carbon partitioning of Pinus radiata, Forest Ecol. Manag., 52, 243–260, 1992. Medlyn, B. E., Robinson, A. P., Clement, R., and McMurtrie, R. E.: On the validation of models of forest CO2 exchange using eddy covariance data: some perils and pitfalls, Tree Physiol, 25, 839–857, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/25.7.839, 2005. Meiresonne, L., Sampson, D. A., Kowalski, A. S., Janssens, I. A., Nadezhdina, N., Cermak, J., Van Slycken, J., and Ceulemans, R.: Water flux estimates from a Belgian Scots pine stand: a comparison of different approaches, J. Hydrol., 270, 230–252, 2003. Nadezhdina, N., Tributsch, H., and Cermak, J.: Infra-red images of heat field around a linear heater and sap flow in stems of lime trees under natural and experimental conditions, Ann. For. Sci., 61, 203–213, 2004. Nadezhdina, N., Cermak, J., Gasparek, J., Nadezhdin, V., and Prax, A.: Vertical and horizontal water redistribution in Norway spruce (Picea abies) roots in the Moravian Upland, Tree Physiol., 26, 1277-1288, 2006. Nadezhdina, N. a. J. C.: The technique and instrumentation for estimation the sap flow rate in plants, Patent No.&nbsp;286438 (PV-1587-98), 2000. Oberg, G., and Sanden, P.: Retention of chloride in soil and cycling of organic matter-bound chlorine, Hydrol. Process., 19, 2123–2136, 2005. Ohta, T., Hiyama, T., Tanaka, H., Kuwada, T., Maximov, T. C., Ohata, T., and Fukushima, Y.: Seasonal variation in the energy and water exchanges above and below a larch forest in eastern Siberia, Hydrol. Process., 15, 1459–1476, 2001. Ohta, T., Maximov, T. C., Dolman, A. J., Nakai, T., van der Molen, M. K., Kononov, A. V., Maximov, A. P., Hiyama, T., Iijima, Y., Moors, E. J., Tanaka, H., Toba, T., and Yabuki, H.: Interannual variation of water balance and summer evapotranspiration in an eastern Siberian larch forest over a 7-year period (1998–2006), Agr. Forest Meteorol., 148, 1941–1953, 2008. Oja, M., Kaski, S., and Kohonen, T.: Bibliography of Self-Organizing Map (SOM) Papers: 1998–2001 Addendum, Neural Comput., 1, 1–176, 2002. Oncley, S. P., Foken, T., Vogt, R., Kohsiek, W., DeBruin, H. A. R., Bernhofer, C., Christen, A., van Gorsel, E., Grantz, D., Feigenwinter, C., Lehner, I., Liebethal, C., Liu, H., Mauder, M., Pitacco, A., Ribeiro, L., and Weidinger, T.: The Energy Balance Experiment EBEX-2000, Part&nbsp;I: Overview and energy balance, Bound.-Layer Meteor., 123, 1–28, 2007. Op de Beeck, M., Gielen, B., Jonckheere, I., Samson, R., Janssens, I. A., and Ceulemans, R.: Needle age-related and seasonal photosynthetic capacity variation is negligible for modelling yearly gas exchange of a sparse temperate Scots pine forest, Biogeosciences, 7, 199–215, 2010. Oren, R., Phillips, N., Katul, G., Ewers, B. E., and Pataki, D. E.: Scaling xylem sap flux and soil water balance and calculating variance: a method for partitioning water flux in forests, Ann. Sci. For., 55, 191–216, 1998. Papale, D., Reichstein, M., Aubinet, M., Canfora, E., Bernhofer, C., Kutsch, W., Longdoz, B., Rambal, S., Valentini, R., Vesala, T., and Yakir, D.: Towards a standardized processing of Net Ecosystem Exchange measured with eddy covariance technique: algorithms and uncertainty estimation, Biogeosciences, 3, 571–583, 2006. Reichstein, M., Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Papale, D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Buchmann, N., Gilmanov, T., Granier, A., Grunwald, T., Havrankova, K., Ilvesniemi, H., Janous, D., Knohl, A., Laurila, T., Lohila, A., Loustau, D., Matteucci, G., Meyers, T., Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J. M., Pumpanen, J., Rambal, S., Rotenberg, E., Sanz, M., Tenhunen, J., Seufert, G., Vaccari, F., Vesala, T., Yakir, D., and Valentini, R.: On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 1424–1439, 2005. Richardson, A. D., Hollinger, D. Y., Burba, G. G., Davis, K. J., Flanagan, L. B., Katul, G. G., Munger, J. W., Ricciuto, D. M., Stoy, P. C., Suyker, A. E., Verma, S. B., and Wofsy, S. C.: A multi-site analysis of random error in tower-based measurements of carbon and energy fluxes, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 136, 1–18, 2006. Rutter, A.: The hydrological cycle vegetation, edited by: Montheith, J. L., Vegetation and atmosphere, Vol&nbsp;I. Academic press, London, 111–154, 1975. Sahin, V. and Hall, M. J.: The effects of afforestation and deforestation on water yields, J. Hydrol., 178, 293–309, 1996. Sampson, D. A. and Ceulemans, R.: SECRETS: simulated carbon fluxes from a mixed coniferous/deciduous forest, In Forest Ecosystem Modeling, Upscaling and Remote Sensing 95–108, 2000. Sampson, D. A., Janssens, I. A., and Ceulemans, R.: Simulated soil CO2 efflux and net ecosystem exchange in a 70-year-old Belgian Scots pine stand using the process model SECRETS, Ann. For. Sci., 58, 31–46, 2001. Sampson, D. A., Janssens, I. A., and Ceulemans, R.: Under-story contributions to stand level GPP using the process model SECRETS, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 139, 94–104, 2006. Saxton, K. E., Rawls, W. J., Romberger, J. S., and Papendick, R. I.: Estimating Generalized Soil-Water Characteristics from Texture, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 50, 1031–1036, 1986. Shukla, J. and Mintz, Y.: Influence of Land-Surface Evapo-Transpiration on the Earths Climate, Science, 215, 1498–1501, 1982. Starr, M.: A model for estimating monthly water balance components, including soil water fluxes, in: 8th Annual Report 1999, ICP Integrated Monitoring, edited by: Kleemola, S. and Forsius, M., Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland, 31–35, 1999. Teuling, A. J., Hirschi, M., Ohmura, A., Wild, M., Reichstein, M., Ciais, P., Buchmann, N., Ammann, C., Montagnani, L., Richardson, A. D., Wohlfahrt, G., and Seneviratne, S. I.: A regional perspective on trends in continental evaporation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L02404, https://doi.org/02410.01029/02008GL036584, 2009. Thornthwaite, C. W. and Mather, J. R.: Instructions and tables for computing potential evapotranspiration and the water balance, Laboratory of Climatology, Centerton, NJ, 1957. Twine, T. E., Kustas, W. P., Norman, J. M., Cook, D. R., Houser, P. R., Meyers, T. P., Prueger, J. H., Starks, P. J., and Wesely, M. L.: Correcting eddy-covariance flux underestimates over a grassland, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 103, 279–300, 2000. Unsworth, M. H., Phillips, N., Link, T., Bond, B. J., Falk, M., Harmon, M. E., Hinckley, T. M., Marks, D., and U, K. T. P.: Components and controls of water flux in an old-growth Douglas-fir-western hemlock ecosystem, Ecosystems, 7, 468–481, 2004. Vanclooster, M., Viaene, P., Diels, J., and Christiaens, K.: WAVE, a mathematical model for simulating water and agrochemicals in the soil and vadose environment. Reference and user's manual, Release 2.0., Institute for Land and Water Management, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, 144&nbsp;pp., 2000. Verbeeck, H., Steppe, K., Nadezhdina, N., Op de Beeck, M., Deckmyn, G., Meiresonne, L., Lemeur, R., Cermak, J., Ceulemans, R., and Janssens, I. A.: Stored water use and transpiration in Scots pine: a modeling analysis with ANAFORE, Tree Physiol., 27, 1671–1685, 2007. Verstraeten, W. W., Muys, B., Feyen, J., Veroustraete, F., Minnaert, M., Meiresonne, L., and De Schrijver, A.: Comparative analysis of the actual evapotranspiration of Flemish forest and cropland, using the soil water balance model WAVE, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 225–241, 2005. Wilson, K., Goldstein, A., Falge, E., Aubinet, M., Baldocchi, D., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Ceulemans, R., Dolman, H., Field, C., Grelle, A., Ibrom, A., Law, B. E., Kowalski, A., Meyers, T., Moncrieff, J., Monson, R., Oechel, W., Tenhunen, J., Valentini, R., and Verma, S.: Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 113, 223–243, 2002. Wilson, K. B., Hanson, P. J., Mulholland, P. J., Baldocchi, D. D., and Wullschleger, S. D.: A comparison of methods for determining forest evapotranspiration and its components: sap-flow, soil water budget, eddy covariance and catchment water balance, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 106, 153–168, 2001. WRB, I. W. G.: World reference base for soil resources, 2nd ed., World soil resources reports no.&nbsp;103, FAO, Rome, 2006. Wullschleger, S. D., Hanson, P. J., and Tschaplinski, T. J.: Whole-plant water flux in understory red maple exposed to altered precipitation regimes, Tree Physiol., 18, 71–79, 1998. Xiao, C. W., Yuste, J. C., Janssens, I. A., Roskams, P., Nachtergale, L., Carrara, A., Sanchez, B. Y., and Ceulemans, R.: Above- and belowground biomass and net primary production in a 73-year-old Scots pine forest, Tree Physiol., 23, 505–516, 2003. Xu, C. Y. and Singh, V. P.: A Review on Monthly Water Balance Models for Water Resources Investigations, Water Resour. Manag., 12, 20–50, 1998. Yuste, J. C., Konopka, B., Janssens, I. A., Coenen, K., Xiao, C. W., and Ceulemans, R.: Contrasting net primary productivity and carbon distribution between neighboring stands of Quercus robur and Pinus sylvestris, Tree Physiol., 25, 701–712, 2005.