References

Biogeosciences

1726-4189

Copernicus Publications

Göttingen, Germany

10.5194/bg-8-1987-2011

Interannual variability of air-sea CO2 fluxes and carbon system in the East Siberian Sea

Pipko

I. I.

¹ Semiletov

I. P.

¹ ² Pugach

S. P.

¹ Wåhlström

³ Anderson

L. G.

Pacific Oceanological Institute FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russian Federation, Russia

International Arctic Research Center/University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA

Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, Sweden

22 07 2011

8 7 1987 2007

2011

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

This article is available from https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/8/1987/2011/bg-8-1987-2011.html

The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/8/1987/2011/bg-8-1987-2011.pdf

Over the past couple of decades it has become apparent that air-land-sea interactions in the Arctic have a substantial impact on the composition of the overlying atmosphere (ACIA, 2004). The Arctic Ocean is small (only ~4 % of the total World Ocean), but it is surrounded by offshore and onshore permafrost which is thawing at increasing rates under warming conditions, releasing carbon dioxide (CO2) into the water and atmosphere. The Arctic Ocean shelf where the most intensive biogeochemical processes have occurred occupies 1/3 of the ocean. The East Siberian Sea (ESS) shelf is the shallowest and widest shelf among the Arctic seas, and the least studied. The objective of this study was to highlight the importance of different factors that impact the carbon system (CS) as well as the CO2 flux dynamics in the ESS. CS variables were measured in the ESS in September 2003 and, 2004 and in late August–September 2008. It was shown that the western part of the ESS represents a river- and coastal-erosion-dominated heterotrophic ocean margin that is a source for atmospheric CO2. The eastern part of the ESS is a Pacific-water-dominated autotrophic area, which acts as a sink for atmospheric CO2. Our results indicate that the year-to-year dynamics of the partial pressure of CO2 in the surface water as well as the air-sea flux of CO2 varies substantially. In one year the ESS shelf was mainly heterotrophic and served as a moderate summertime source of CO2 (year 2004). In another year gross primary production exceeded community respiration in a relatively large part of the ESS and the ESS shelf was only a weak source of CO2 into the atmosphere (year 2008). It was shown that many factors impact the CS and CO2 flux dynamics (such as river runoff, coastal erosion, primary production/respiration, etc.), but they were mainly determined by the interplay and distribution of water masses that are basically influenced by the atmospheric circulation. In this contribution the air-sea CO2 fluxes were evaluated in the ESS based on measured CS characteristics, and summertime fluxes were estimated. It was shown that the total ESS shelf is a net source of CO2 for the atmosphere in a range of 0.4 × 1012 to 2.3 × 1012 g C.

References 1

ACIA (Arctic Climate Impact Assessment): Overview Report, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 140 pp., 2004.

Alling, V., Sanchez-Garcia, L., Porcelli, D., Pugach, S., Vonk, J. E., van Dongen, B., Morth, C.-M., Anderson, L. G., Sokolov, A., Andersson, P., Humborg, C., Semiletov, I., and Gustafsson, Ö.: Non-conservative behavior of dissolved organic carbon across the Laptev and East Siberian seas, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 24, GB4033, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003834">https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003834</a>, 2010.

Amon, R. M. W. and Benner, R.: Bacterial utilization of different size classes of dissolved organic matter, Limnol. Oceanogr., 41(1), 41–51, 1996.

Anderson, L. G. and Jones, E. P.: Measurements of total alkalinity, calcium and sulfate in natural sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 9194–9198, 1985.

Anderson, L. G., Olsson, K., and Chierici, M.: A carbon budget for the Arctic Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 12, 455–465, 1998a.

Anderson, L. G., Olsson, K., Jones, E. P., Chierici, M., and Fransson, A.: Anthropogenic carbon dioxide in the Arctic Ocean: Inventory and sinks, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 27707–27716, 1998b.

Anderson, L. G., Jutterström, S., Kaltin, S., Jones, E. P., and Björk, G.: Variability in river runoff distribution in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C01016, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001773">https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001773</a>, 2004.

Anderson, L. G., Jutterström, S., Hjalmarsson, S., Wahlström, I., and Semiletov, I.: Out-gassing of CO2 from Siberian Shelf seas by terrestrial organic matter decomposition, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L20601, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040046">https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040046</a>, 2009.

Anderson, L. G., Tanhua, T., Björk, G., Hjalmarsson, S., Jones, E. P., Jutterström, S., Rudels, B., Swift, J.H., and Wahlström, I.: Arctic ocean shelf-basin interaction: An active continental shelf CO2 pump and its impact on the degree of calcium carbonate solubility, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 57, 869–879, 2010.

Anderson, L. G., Björk, G., Jutterström, S., Pipko, I., Shakhova, N., Semiletov, I., and Wåhlström, I.: East Siberian Sea, an Arctic region of very high biogeochemical activity, Biogeosciences, 8, 1745–1754, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1745-2011">https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1745-2011</a>, 2011.

Antonov, V. S.: Distribution of riverine waters in the Arctic Seas, Trudi AANII, 208(2), 25–52, 1957 (in Russian).

Atlas of the Oceans, edited by: Gorshkov, S. G., The Arctic Ocean, vol. III, Head Department of Navigation and Oceanography, Russia, 184 pp., 1980 (in Russian).

Bates, N. R. and Mathis, J. T.: The Arctic Ocean marine carbon cycle: evaluation of air-sea CO2 exchanges, ocean acidification impacts and potential feedbacks, Biogeosciences, 6, 2433–2459, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2433-2009">https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-2433-2009</a>, 2009.

Bates, N. R. and Merlivat, L.: The influence of short-term wind variability on air-sea CO2 exchange, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(17), 3281–3284, 2001.

Bates, N. R., Mathis, J. T., and Jeffries, M. A.: Air-sea CO2 fluxes on the Bering Sea shelf, Biogeosciences, 8, 1237–1253, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1237-2011">https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1237-2011</a>, 2011.

Berger, V. Ya. and Primakov, I. M.: Assessment of primary production in the White Sea, Russ. J. Mar. Biol., 33(1), 49–53, 2007.

Borges, A. V., Schiettecatte, L.-S., Abril, G., Delille, B., and Gazeau, F.: Carbon dioxide in European coastal waters, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 70, 375–387, 2006.

Bruevich, S. V.: Instruction for Chemical Investigation of Seawater, Glavsevmorput, Moscow, 83 pp., 1944 (in Russian).

Burenkov, V. I., Vedernikov, V. I., Ershova, S. V., Kopelevich, O. V., and Sheberstov, S. V.: Use of data from satellite ocean color scanner SeaWiFS for assessment of bio-optical characteristics of the Barents Sea, Oceanology, 41(4), 461–468, 2001.

Cai, W.-J., Wang, Zh. A., and Wang, Y.: The role of marsh-dominated heterotrophic continental margins in transport of CO2 between the atmosphere, the land-sea interface and the ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 16, 1849, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017633">https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017633</a>, 2003.

Carmack, E., Barber, D., Christensen, J., Macdonald, R., Rudels, B., and Sakshaug, E.: Climate variability and physical forcing of the food webs and the carbon budget on panarctic shelves, Prog. Oceanogr., 71, 145–181, 2006.

Chen, C. T. A. and Borges, A. V.: Reconciling opposing views on carbon cycling in the coastal ocean: Continental shelves as sinks and near-shore ecosystems as sources of atmospheric CO2, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 56(8–10), 578–590, 2009.

Cooper, L. W., McClelland, J. W., Holmes, R. M., Raymond, P. A., Gibson, J. J., Guay, C. K., and Peterson, B. J.: Flow-weighted values of runoff tracers (δ18O, DOC, Ba, alkalinity) from the six largest Arctic rivers, J. Geophys. Res., 35, L18606, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035007">https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035007</a>, 2008.

Dickson, A. G. and Millero, F. J.: A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media, Deep-Sea Res., 34, 1733–1743, 1987.

Dittmar, T. and Kattner, G.: The biogeochemistry of the river and shelf ecosystem of the Arctic Ocean: A review, Mar. Chem., 83, 103–120, 2003.

Dmitrenko, I., Kirillov, S., Eicken, H., and Markova, N.: Wind-driven summer surface hydrology of the eastern Siberian Shelf, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14613, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023022">https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023022</a>, 2005.

Dmitrenko, I. A., Kirillov, S. A., and Tremblay, L. B.: The longterm and interannual variability of summer fresh water storage over the eastern Siberian shelf: Implication for climatic change, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C03007, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004304">https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004304</a>, 2008.

Dmitrenko, I. A., Kirillov, S. A., Tremblay, L. B., Bauch, D., Hölemann, J. A., Krumpen, T., Kassens, H., Wegner, C., Heinemann, G., and Schröder, D.: Impact of the Arctic Ocean Atlantic water layer on Siberian shelf hydrography, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C08010, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JC006020">https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC006020</a>, 2010.

DOE: Handbook of Methods for the Analysis of the Various Parameters of the Carbon Dioxide System in Sea Water, Version 2, edited by: Dickson, A. G. and Goyet, C., 1994.

Dudarev, O. V., Botsul, A. I., Semiletov, I. P., and Charkin, A. N.: Present-day sedimentation in the coastal-shelf cryolithozone of the Dmitry Laptev Strait, the East Siberian Sea, Tikhookean. Geol., 22, 1, 51–60, 2003.

Dudarev, O. V., Semiletov, I. P., Charkin, A. N., and Botsul, A. I.: Deposition settings on the Continental Shelf of the East Siberian Sea, Dokl. Earth Sci., 409A(6), 1000–1005, 2006.

Dudarev, O. V., Charkin, A. N., Semiletov, I. P., Shilo, I. N., Salyuk, A. N., and Spivak, E. A.: The current state of submarine island relicts on the East Siberian shelf, Dokl. Earth Sci., 419(1), 352–358, 2008.

Dudarev, O. V., Charkin, A. N., Semiletov, I. P., and Gustafsson, Ö.: About thin lamination near-bottom suspended flows on the East Siberian Sea shelf, in: Proceedings of an international scientific conference dedicated to 100 years since the birth of D.G. Panov, 8–11 June 2009, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 106–109, 2009.

Fransson, A., Chierici, M., Anderson, L. C., Bussmann, I., Kattner, G., Jones, E. P., and Swift, J. H.: The importance of shelf processes for the modification of chemical constituents in the waters of the Eurasian Arctic Ocean: Implications for carbon fluxes, Cont. Shelf Res., 21, 225–242, 2001.

Feely, R. A., Sabine, C. L., Takahashi, T., and Wanninkhof, R.: Uptake and storage of carbon dioxide in the oceans: The global CO2 survey, Oceanography, 14, 18–32, 2001.

Gavrilov, A. V.: Geocryological typification of Arctic shelves according to the frozen strata formation, Earth's Cryosphere, XII, 3, 69–79, 2008 (in Russian).

Gordeev, V. V., Martin, J. M., Sidorov, I. S., and Sidorova, M. V.: A reassessment of the Eurasian river input of water, sediment, major elements, and nutrients to the Arctic Ocean, Am. J. Sci., 296, 664–691, 1996.

Grigoriev, M. N.: Morphology and dynamics of sub-sea permafrost evolution in the coastal-shelf zone of the Laptev and East Siberian seas, Science and Education, 4, 104–109, 2006 (in Russian).

Grigoriev, M. N. and Rachold, V.: The degradation of coastal permafrost and the organic carbon balance of the Laptev and East Siberian seas, in: Proceedings of the 8{th} International Conference on Permafrost, 21–25 July 2003, Zurich, Switzerland, 1, 319–324, 2003.

Grigoriev, M. N., Razumov, S. O., Kunitzkiy, V. V., and Spektor, V. B.: Dynamics of the Russian East Arctic Sea coast: Major factors, regularities and tendencies, Earth's Cryosphere, X, 4, 74–94, 2006 (in Russian).

Guo, L., Semiletov, I., Gustafsson, Ö., Ingri, J., Andersson, P., Dudarev, O., and White, D.: Characterization of Siberian Arctic coastal sediments: Implications for terrestrial organic carbon export, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB1036, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002087">https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002087</a>, 2004.

Gustafsson, Ö., van Dongen, B. E., Vonk, J. E., Dudarev, O. V., and Semiletov, I. P.: Widespread release of old carbon across the Siberian Arctic echoed by its large rivers, Biogeosciences, 8, 1737–1743, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1737-2011">https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1737-2011</a>, 2011.

Haraldsson, C., Anderson, L. G., Hassellov, M., Hulth, S., and Olsson, K.: Rapid, high-precision potentiometric titration of alkalinity in ocean and sediment pore waters, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 44(12), 2031–2044, 1997.

Johnson, M. A. and Polyakov, I.: The Laptev Sea as a source for recent Arctic Ocean salinity change, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(10), 2017–2020, 2001.

Jutterström, S. and Anderson, L. G.: Uptake of CO2 by the Arctic Ocean in a changing climate, Mar. Chem., 122, 96–104, 2010.

Kulakov, M., Stanovoy, V., and Kirillov S.: Oceanography of the East-Siberian Sea, Proc. of the ESSS Workshop 2003, Malaga, Spain, 11–18 October 2003.

Lewis, E. and Wallace, D. W. R.: Program developed for CO2 system calculations, ORNL/CDIAC-105, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1998.

Lyakhin, Yu. I. and Rusanov, V. P.: Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between Arctic Ocean and atmosphere, Dokl. Earth Sci., 271(1), 198–201, 1983 (in Russian).

Macdonald, R. W., Anderson, L. G., Christensen, J. P., Miller, L. A., Semiletov, I. P., and Stein, R.: The Arctic Ocean: Budgets and fluxes, in: Carbon and Nutrient Fluxes in Continental Margins: A Global Synthesis, edited by: Liu, K.-K., Atkinson, L., Quinones, R., and Talaue-McManus, L., Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, 291–303, 2010.

Matthews, B. J. H.: The Rate of Air-Sea CO2 Exchange: Chemical Enhancement and Catalysis by Marine Microalgae, Ph.D. thesis, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, 1999.

McGuire, A. D., Anderson, L. G., Christensen, T. R., Dallimore, S., Guo, L., Hayes, D. J., Heimann, M., Lorenson, T. D., Macdonald, R. W., and Roulet, N.: Sensitivity of the carbon cycle in the Arctic to climate change, Ecol. Monogr., 79, 523–555, 2009.

Mehrbach, C., Culberson, C. H., Hawley, J. E., and Pytkowicz, R. M.: Measurement of the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure, Limnol. Oceanogr., 18, 897–907, 1973.

Miller, L. A. and DiTullio, G. R.: Gas Fluxes and Dynamics in Polynyas, in: Polynyas: Windows to the World, edited by: Smith Jr., W. O. and Barber, D. G., Elsevier Oceanography Series, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 74, 163–91, 2007.

Miller, L. A., Papakyriakou, T. N., Collins, R. E., Deming, J. W., Ehn, J., Macdonald, R. W., Mucci, A., Owens, O., Raudsepp, M., and Sutherland, N.: Carbon dynamics in sea ice: A winter flux time series, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C02028, https://doi.org/0.1029/2009JC006058, 2011.

Nedashkovsky, A. P., Khvedynich, S. V., and Petrovsky, T. V.: Alkalinity of sea ice in the high-latitudinal arctic according to the surveys performed at North Pole drifting station 34 and characterization of the role of the arctic ice in the CO2 exchange, Oceanology, 49(1), 55–63, 2009.

Nikiforov, Ye. G. and Shpaikher, A. O.: Features of the Formation of Hydrological Regime Large Scale Variations in the Arctic Ocean, Hydrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 269 pp., 1980 (in Russian).

Nomura, D., Eicken, H., Gradinger, R., and Shirasawa, K.: Rapid physically driven inversion of the air–sea ice CO2 flux in the seasonal land fast ice off Barrow, Alaska after onset of surface melt, Cont. Shelf Res., 30(19), 1998–2004, 2010.

Olsson, K. and Anderson, L.: Input and biogeochemical transformation of dissolved carbon in the Siberian Shelf seas, Cont. Shelf Res., 17(7), 819–833, 1997.

Papakyriakou, T. and Miller, L.: Springtime CO2 exchange over seasonal sea ice in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Ann. Glaciol., 52(57), 215–224, 2011.

Pavlova, G. Yu., Tishchenko, P. Ya., Volkova, T. I., Dickson, A., and Wallmann, K.: Intercalibration of Bruevich's method to determine the total alkalinity in seawater, Oceanology, 48(3), 460–465, 2008.

Pipko, I. I., Semiletov, I. P., and Pugach, S. P.: The carbonate system of the East Siberian Sea waters, Dokl. Earth Sci., 402(4), 624–627, 2005.

Pipko, I. I., Repina, I. A., Salyuk, A. N., Semiletov, I. P., and Pugach, S. P.: Comparison of calculated and measured CO2 fluxes between the ocean and atmosphere in the southwestern part of the East Siberian Sea, Dokl. Earth Sci., 422(7), 1105–1108, 2008a.

Pipko, I., Semiletov, I. P., Tishchenko, P. Ya., Pugach, S. P., and Savel'eva, N. I.: Variability of the carbonate system parameters in the coast-shelf zone of the East Siberian Sea during the autumn season, Oceanology, 48(1), 54–67, 2008b.

Pipko, I. I., Pugach, S. P., and Semiletov, I. P.: The autumn distribution of the CO2 partial pressure in bottom waters of the East Siberian Sea, Dokl. Earth Sci., 425(2), 345–349, 2009.

Popov, A. V. and Karelin, I. D.: Role of the Arctic flaw polynyas in genesis of new ice in the seas of the Siberian shelf and freshening of the surface waters of the Arctic Ocean, Problems of Arctic and Antarctic, 3(83), 74–87, 2009.

Proshutinsky, A. Y. and Johnson, M. A.: Two circulation regimes of the wind-driven Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 102(C6), 12493–12514, 1997.

Pugach, S. P., Pipko, I. I., and Semiletov, I. P.: Distribution of CDOM in the East-Siberian Sea, in: Proceedings of the 24th International Symposium on the Okhotsk Sea and Sea Ice, Mombetsu, Japan, 15–20 February 2009, 194–197, 2009.

Pugach, S. P., Semiletov, I. P., and Pipko, I. I.: Tracing river runoff and DOC over the East-Siberian Shelf using in situ CDOM measurements, Geophys. Res. Abstr., 12, EGU2010-3793, EGU General Assembly, 2010.

Rachold, V.: The Role of Coastal Processes in the Arctic System, ARCUS 16th Annual Meeting and Arctic Forum, Washington DC (USA), 13–14 May 2004, 2004.

Rachold, V., Bolshiyanov, D. Y., Grigoriev, M. N., Hubberten, H.-W., Junker, R., Kunitsky, V. V., Merker, F., Overduin, P., and Schneider, W.: Nearshore Arctic subsea permafrost in transition, Eos Trans. AGU, 88, 149–156, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007EO130001">https://doi.org/10.1029/2007EO130001</a>, 2007.

Razumov, S. O.: Permafrost as a factor of coastal zone dynamics in the East Arctic seas of Russia, Oceanology, 50(2), 285–291, 2010 (in Russian).

Romankevich, E. A., Korneeva, G. A., Shevchenko, V. P., Gordeev, V. Yu., and Belyaev, N. A.: Particulate organic matter in the Barents Sea, Oceanology, 40(2), 208–216, 2000 (in Russian).

Romanovskii, N. N., Hubberten, H.-W., Gavrilov, A. V., Eliseeva, A. A., and Tipenko, G. S.: Offshore permafrost and gas hydrate stability zone on the shelf of East Siberian Seas, Geo.-Mar. Lett., 25, 167–182, 2005.

Rysgaard, S., Glud, R. N., Sejr, M. K., Bendtsen, J., and Christensen, P. B.: Inorganic carbon transport during sea ice growth and decay: A carbon pump in polar seas, J. Geophys. Res., 112, C03016, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006jc003572">https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jc003572</a>, 2007.

Sakshaug, E.: Primary and secondary production in the Arctic seas, in: The Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean, edited by: Stein, R. and Macdonald, R. W., Springer, New York, 57–81, 2004.

Sanchez-Garcia, L., Alling, V., Pugach, S., Vonk, J., van Dongen, B., Humborg, C., Dudarev, O., Semiletov, I., and Gustafsson, Ö.: Inventories and behavior of particulate organic carbon in the Laptev and East Siberian seas, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 25, GB2007, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003862">https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003862</a>, 2011.

Savel'eva, N. I., Semiletov, I. P., and Pipko, I. I.: Impact of synoptic processes and river discharge on the thermohaline structure in the East Siberian Sea shelf, Russ. Meteorol. Hydrol., 33(4), 240–246, 2008.

Semiletov, I. P.: Destruction of the coastal permafrost as an important factor in biogeochemistry of the Arctic shelf waters, Dokl. Earth Sci., 368, 679–682, 1999a.

Semiletov, I. P.: Aquatic sources and sinks of CO2 and CH4 in the Polar Regions, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 286–306, 1999b.

Semiletov, I. P. and Pipko, I. I.: Sinks and sources of carbon dioxide in the Arctic Ocean: Results of direct instrumental measurements, Dokl. Earth Sci., 414(3), 642–645, 2007.

Semiletov, I. P., Makshtas, A., Akasofu, S.-I., and Andreas, E.: Atmospheric CO2 balance: The role of Arctic sea ice, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L05121, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017996">https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017996</a>, 2004.

Semiletov, I., Dudarev, O., Luchin, V., Charkin, A., Shin, K., and Tanaka, N.: The East-Siberian Sea as a transition zone between the Pacific origin water and local shelf water, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L10614, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022490">https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022490</a>, 2005.

Semiletov, I. P., Pipko, I. I., Repina, I., and Shakhova, N. E.: Carbonate chemistry dynamics and carbon dioxide fluxes across the atmosphere-ice-water interfaces in the Arctic Ocean: Pacific sector of the Arctic, J. Marine Syst., 66, 204–206, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.05.012">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.05.012</a>, 2007.

Serreze, M. C., Walsh, J. E., Chapin III, F. S., Osterkamp, T., Dyurgerov, M., Romanovsky, V., Oechel, W. C., Morison, J., Zhang, T., and Barry, R. G.: Observational evidence of recent change in the northern high-latitude environment, Climatic Change, 46, 159–209, 2000.

Shakhova, N. E. and Semiletov, I. P.: Characteristic features of carbon cycle in the shallow shelf of the eastern sector of Russian Arctic, in: Environmental and Climate Changes and Catastrophes, Vol. 4, edited by: Laverov, N. P., Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems of Soil Science Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 167–181, 2008.

Shakhova, N., Semiletov, I., Salyuk, A., Yusupov, V., Kosmach, D., and Gustafsson, Ö.: Extensive methane venting to the atmosphere from sediments of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf, Science, 327, 1246–1250, 2010a.

Shakhova, N., Semiletov, I., Leifer, I., Rekant, P., Salyuk, A., and Kosmach, D.: Geochemical and geophysical evidence of methane release from the inner East Siberian Shelf, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C08007, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005602">https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005602</a>, 2010b.

Sorokin, Yu. A. and Sorokin, P. Yu.: Plankton and primary production in the Lena River estuary and in the South-eastern Laptev Sea, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 43, 399–418, 1996.

Springer, A. M. and McRoy, C. P.: The paradox of pelagic food webs in the northern Bering Sea – III. Patterns of primary production, Cont. Shelf Res., 13, 575–599, 1993.

Stein, R. and Macdonald, R. W. (Eds.): The organic carbon cycle in the Arctic Ocean, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 363 pp., 2004.

Thomas, H., Schiettecatte, L.-S., Suykens, K., Koné, Y. J. M., Shadwick, E. H., Prowe, A. E. F., Bozec, Y., de Baar, H. J. W., and Borges, A. V.: Enhanced ocean carbon storage from anaerobic alkalinity generation in coastal sediments, Biogeosciences, 6, 267–274, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-267-2009">https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-267-2009</a>, 2009.

van Dongen, B. E., Semiletov, I., Weijers, J. W. H., and Gustafsson, Ö.: Contrasting lipid biomarker composition of terrestrial organic matter exported from across the Eurasian Arctic by the five Great Russian Arctic Rivers, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB1011, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007GB002974">https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB002974</a>, 2008.

Verspecht, F. and Pattiaratchi, C.: On the significance of wind event frequency for particulate resuspension and light attenuation in coastal water, Cont. Shelf Res., 30, 1971–1982, 2010.

Vetrov, A. A. and Romankevich, E. A.: Carbon cycle in the Russian Arctic seas, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 331 pp., 2004.

Vinogradov, M. E., Vedernikov, V. I., Romankevich, E. A., and Vetrov, A. A.: Some components of carbon cycle in the Russian Arctic seas, Oceanology, 40(2), 221–233, 2000.

Vonk, J. E., Sánchez-García, L., Semiletov, I., Dudarev, O., Eglinton, T., Andersson, A., and Gustafsson, Ö.: Molecular and radiocarbon constraints on sources and degradation of terrestrial organic carbon along the Kolyma paleoriver transect, East Siberian Sea, Biogeosciences, 7, 3153–3166, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-3153-2010">https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-3153-2010</a>, 2010.

Wanninkhof, R.: Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7373–7382, 1992.

Wanninkhof, R. and McGillis, W. R.: A cubic relationship between air-sea CO2 exchange and wind speed, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1889–1892, 1999.

Weingartner, T. J., Danielson, S., Sasaki, Y., Pavlov, V., and Kulakov, M.: The Siberian Coastal Current: A wind- and buoyancy-forced Arctic coastal current, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 29697–29713, 1999.

100

Weiss, R.: The solubility of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon in water and seawater, Deep-Sea Res., 17, 721–735, 1970.

101

Wollast, R.: Evaluation and comparison of the global carbon cycle in the coastal zone and in the open ocean, in: The Sea, edited by: Brink, K. H. and Robinson, A. R., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 10, 213–252, 1998.