Alkalinity generation from carbonate weathering in a silicate-dominated headwater catchment at Iskorasfjellet, northern Norway

Lehmann, Nele; Lantuit, Hugues; Böttcher, Michael Ernst; Hartmann, Jens; Eulenburg, Antje; Thomas, Helmuth

doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-205

Preprints

https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-205

Preprints

02 Nov 2022

| 02 Nov 2022

Status: a revised version of this preprint is currently under review for the journal BG.

Alkalinity generation from carbonate weathering in a silicate-dominated headwater catchment at Iskorasfjellet, northern Norway

Nele Lehmann, Hugues Lantuit, Michael Ernst Böttcher, Jens Hartmann, Antje Eulenburg, and Helmuth Thomas

Abstract. The weathering rate of carbonate minerals is several orders of magnitude higher than for silicate minerals. Therefore, small amounts of carbonate minerals have the potential to control the dissolved weathering loads in silicate-dominated catchments. Both weathering processes produce alkalinity under the consumption of CO₂. Given that only alkalinity generation from silicate weathering is thought to be a long-term sink for CO₂, a misattributed weathering source could lead to incorrect conclusions about long- and short-term CO₂ fixation. In this study, we aimed to identify the weathering sources responsible for alkalinity generation and CO₂ fixation across watershed scales in a degrading permafrost landscape in northern Norway, 68.7–70.5° N, and on a temporal scale, in a subarctic headwater catchment on the mountainside of Iskorasfjellet, characterized by sporadic permafrost and underlain mainly by silicates as the alkalinity-bearing lithology. By analysing total alkalinity (AT) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations, as well as the stable isotope signature of the latter (δ¹³C-DIC) in conjunction with dissolved cation and anion loads, we found that AT was almost entirely derived from weathering of the sparse carbonate minerals. We propose that in the headwater catchment, the riparian zone is a hotspot area of AT generation and release due to its enhanced hydrological connectivity, and that the weathering load contribution from the uphill catchment is limited by insufficient contact time of weathering agent and weatherable material. By using stable water isotopes, it was possible to explain temporal variations in AT concentrations following a precipitation event due to surface runoff. In addition to carbonic acid, sulphuric acid, probably originating from pyrite oxidation, is shown to be a potential corrosive reactant. An increased proportion of sulphuric acid as a potential weathering agent may have resulted in a decrease in AT. Therefore, carbonate weathering in the studied area should be considered not only as a short-term CO₂ sink, but also as a potential CO₂ source. Finally, we found that AT increased with decreasing permafrost probability, and attributed this relation to an increased water storage capacity associated with increasing contact of weathering agent and rock surfaces, and enhanced microbial activity. As both soil respiration and permafrost thaw are expected to increase with climate change, increasing the availability of weathering agent in the form of CO₂ and water storage capacity, respectively, we suggest that future weathering rates and alkalinity generation will increase concomitantly in the study area.

Received: 12 Oct 2022 – Discussion started: 02 Nov 2022

Nele Lehmann et al.

Status: final response (author comments only)

RC1: 'Comment on bg-2022-205', Anonymous Referee #1, 07 Dec 2022

Very nice paper! Overall, it is a very well written, high quality original contribution to the field.

First, I response to the standard questions for reviewers:

Does the paper address relevant scientific questions within the scope of BG?	Yes
Does the paper present novel concepts, ideas, tools, or data?	Yes – nice set up at end of introduction.
Are substantial conclusions reached?	Yes
Are the scientific methods and assumptions valid and clearly outlined?	Yes
Are the results sufficient to support the interpretations and conclusions?	Yes – with the note that the conclusions related to hydrological flowpaths need to be fixed.
Is the description of experiments and calculations sufficiently complete and precise to allow their reproduction by fellow scientists (traceability of results)?	yes
Do the authors give proper credit to related work and clearly indicate their own new/original contribution?	yes
Does the title clearly reflect the contents of the paper?	yes
Does the abstract provide a concise and complete summary?	Yes.
Is the overall presentation well structured and clear?	yes
Is the language fluent and precise?	yes
Are mathematical formulae, symbols, abbreviations, and units correctly defined and used?	yes
Should any parts of the paper (text, formulae, figures, tables) be clarified, reduced, combined, or eliminated?	no
Are the number and quality of references appropriate?	yes
Is the amount and quality of supplementary material appropriate?	yes

Other comments.

L32, L73, L340 – sulphur is not only derived from pyrite oxidation as stated here, but also from oxidation of stores of reduced sulphur in wetlands (including permafrost), accumulated during anoxic breakdown of organic matter (accumulated through anaerobic microbial metabolic processes). During dry periods or permafrost melting, reduced sulphur is oxidized to SO₄^2- and then is typically released in the next flushing event to drainage waters.

L74, L345, L348 – acid rain is more precisely referred to as “acid deposition”
L75 – similarly, NO₃^-, which can form nitric acid, can also be released through nitrification of reduced nitrogen stores in soils, and not only through fertilizer application or acid deposition.
L36 – “decreasing permafrost probability” is not clear. Does it mean likelihood of permafrost loss?
L86 – Not clear that this sentence includes DIC generated from heterotrophic respiration, so consider: “biogenic DIC originates from autotrophic respiration, heterotrophic respiration and organic matter mineralization (e.g., photooxidation of DOC)”.
L120 – fix punctuation: a clause before a semicolon needs to be independent
L121 – awkward sentence: “Especially carbonate weathering was found to be very responsive to contemporary environmental changes.”
L123 – For the sentence: “Besides the tropical region, northern high latitudes are expected in the future to experience enhanced carbonate weathering and thus a higher carbon-sink function due to increased soil CO₂ partial pressures and temperatures”. Clarify the driver of increased soil pCO2: do you mean that it is caused by increased atmospheric CO₂ or from another source?
L130 – rapid warming also can affect soil carbon stores.
L175 – information on the soil types would be helpful.
L200 – verb tense inconsistent
L202-203, semi-colons should not be used here as clauses are not independent.
L247 – should be “enhanced vegetation”
L260 –a unique method for defining riparian zone – is there a reference for this method?
L270 – how realistic are these assumptions? For discussion - how might alternative values affect the results?
L276 – spelling error: should be “reasonable”
L298 – for “Furthermore, it also showed a distinctly higher turbidity.” Clarify what “it” refers to.
L398 – the reference weathering processes in riparian zones is not fully correct. Considering that riparian zones are typically defined as linear vegetation zones (often 20 m on either side of watercourses), underlying bedrock doesn’t usually follow the riparian zone exactly. Also, please clarify which disturbance of the riparian zone would change the weathering processes or hydrological connectivity. And instead stating that the riparian zone is “responsible for the alkalinity signal”, it would be more accurate to state that weathering processes in the carbonate rock located in the lower reaches of the catchment is responsible for this alkalinity signal (L 404).
L402, L443-452 – the description of hydrologic pathways here isn’t fully correct and needs fixing to support conclusions, as described below in more detail. In general, to fix this issue, I would suggest replacing “riparian zone” with more precise descriptors of hydrologic pathways.

E.g., RE: “Increased soil moisture and shallower water tables near the stream enable both the transport of weathering agent, in the form of soil respired CO₂, to the weatherable material and the transport of weathered products from the groundwater to the stream.” The water table doesn’t enable the transport of the weathering agent; rather, weathering agent transport is a function of the hydrological flowpaths in the area.
E.g., the statement that riparian zones do not respond more strongly to water infiltration than deeper water tables doesn’t make sense hydrologically.
The description of riparian zones collecting water for the stream isn’t fully correct, as they are typically discharge zones rather than recharge zones.
The conclusions in L449, L536, and L631 should be revisited after correcting the hydrological concepts..

L470 – tunnel flow is more commonly referred to as throughflow or piping.
L474 – should be “ products’ ” on second instance
L475 – statement needs to be clarified and supported better.
L541 – need to explain why the dilution effect would be more pronounced in some catchments than others. Or consider deleting.
L554 – could the higher AT concentration be due to lower presence of strong acids, and therefore a result of a higher percentage of weathering being derived from CO₂*?
L586 – should clarify suspended sediment supply, if based on observations of turbidity. “Substrate” often refers to bed material instead of suspended material, so I suggest removing that term for clarity.
L634 – it is more accurate to state that groundwater flows to the stream through the hyporheic zone, not the riparian zone.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-205-RC1

AC1:
'Reply on RC1', Nele Lehmann, 01 Mar 2023
We thank you for your review. We believe that the manuscript will benefit from the suggested changes. We will adjust the manuscript accordingly (including any spelling and grammar suggestions, which we will not address individually). Lastly, thank you for pointing out where to rephrase to make the statement clearer.

L32, L73, L340 – sulphur is not only derived from pyrite oxidation as stated here, but also from oxidation of stores of reduced sulphur in wetlands (including permafrost), accumulated during anoxic breakdown of organic matter (accumulated through anaerobic microbial metabolic processes). During dry periods or permafrost melting, reduced sulphur is oxidized to SO42- and then is typically released in the next flushing event to drainage waters.
L32, L73, L340 – Regarding the potential sources of sulphate: Yes, good point. We will add the possibility of sulphur being derived from oxidation of stores of reduced sulphur in wetlands (including permafrost), as you suggested.

L74, L345, L348 – acid rain is more precisely referred to as “acid deposition”
L74, L345, L348 – We will change acid rain to acid deposition.

L75 – similarly, NO3-, which can form nitric acid, can also be released through nitrification of reduced nitrogen stores in soils, and not only through fertilizer application or acid deposition.
L75 – Regarding the potential sources of nitrate: Also a good point. We will add the possibility of nitrate being derived from nitrification of reduced nitrogen stores in wetland soils.

L36 – “decreasing permafrost probability” is not clear. Does it mean likelihood of permafrost loss?
L36 – Regarding permafrost probability: We will add a definition of ‘permafrost probability’ according to Obu et al. (2019) to the methods section: “Permafrost probability is defined as the fraction of ensemble members (N = 200 for each 1 km² grid cell) with a mean annual ground temperature of 0°C or lower.”

L86 – Not clear that this sentence includes DIC generated from heterotrophic respiration, so consider: “biogenic DIC originates from autotrophic respiration, heterotrophic respiration and organic matter mineralization (e.g., photooxidation of DOC)”.
L86 – Regarding the sources of biogenic DIC: Yes, we will edit the sentence and include heterotrophic respiration.

L120 – fix punctuation: a clause before a semicolon needs to be independent
L120 – Okay, we will edit this.

L121 – awkward sentence: “Especially carbonate weathering was found to be very responsive to contemporary environmental changes.”
L121 – We will change the sentence to: “Especially carbonate weathering was found to strongly respond to contemporary environmental changes.”

L123 – For the sentence: “Besides the tropical region, northern high latitudes are expected in the future to experience enhanced carbonate weathering and thus a higher carbon-sink function due to increased soil CO2 partial pressures and temperatures”. Clarify the driver of increased soil pCO2: do you mean that it is caused by increased atmospheric CO2 or from another source?
L123 – We will add: "The drivers of the increased soil pCO2 are increased ecosystem productivity and soil respiration (Zeng et al., 2022)."

L130 – rapid warming also can affect soil carbon stores.
L130 – Regarding the effects of rapid warming in the Arctic: Yes, we will add that rapid warming can also affect soil carbon stores.

L175 – information on the soil types would be helpful.
L175 – Good point, we will add information on the soil types.

L200 – verb tense inconsistent
L200 – Okay, we will edit this.

L202-203, semi-colons should not be used here as clauses are not independent.
L202-203 – Okay, we will edit this.

L247 – should be “enhanced vegetation”
L247 – Okay, we will edit this.

L260 –a unique method for defining riparian zone – is there a reference for this method?
L260 – Regarding the computation of the riparian zone: Other authors (Camporese et al., 2014; Jencso et al., 2009) determined the riparian zones by computing the flow accumulation for the catchment (using a triangular multiple flow-direction algorithm), allowing for the identification of the cells belonging to the stream. Then they identified the riparian zones as those flow accumulation cells characterized by a difference in elevation lower than 3 m compared to the stream cell they drained into. We wanted to keep it a more simple process (not applying a flow accumulation algorithm), but still take into account the special characteristics of a hillslope catchment, so we included slope as a criterion instead of just using a constant distance from the main channel. Camporese et al. (2014) found that the primary control on the nonlinear catchment response to a rainfall-runoff event is exerted by topography, thus we included slope as a criterion.

L270 – how realistic are these assumptions? For discussion - how might alternative values affect the results?
L270 – Regarding the assumed values for non-carbon based acid induced alkalinity generation and proportion of in-stream respiration in the streamCO2-DEGAS model by Polsenaere and Abril (2012): We can add a short sensitivity analyses part in the discussion section ‘3.1.4 Availability of weathering agent’.

L276 – spelling error: should be “reasonable”
L276 – Okay, we will edit this.

L298 – for “Furthermore, it also showed a distinctly higher turbidity.” Clarify what “it” refers to.
L298 – „it“ = the measurement

L398 – the reference weathering processes in riparian zones is not fully correct. Considering that riparian zones are typically defined as linear vegetation zones (often 20 m on either side of watercourses), underlying bedrock doesn’t usually follow the riparian zone exactly. Also, please clarify which disturbance of the riparian zone would change the weathering processes or hydrological connectivity. And instead stating that the riparian zone is “responsible for the alkalinity signal”, it would be more accurate to state that weathering processes in the carbonate rock located in the lower reaches of the catchment is responsible for this alkalinity signal (L 404).
L398 – Regarding the weathering processes in the riparian zones: Yes, we see the potential for confusion. We will clarify that the weathering processes in the carbonate rock located in the downstream area of the catchment are responsible for the alkalinity signal, not the riparian zone. When the riparian zone is disturbed by a precipitation event (dilution by surface water), the alkalinity concentration in the stream is reduced.

L402, L443-452 – the description of hydrologic pathways here isn’t fully correct and needs fixing to support conclusions, as described below in more detail. In general, to fix this issue, I would suggest replacing “riparian zone” with more precise descriptors of hydrologic pathways.
E.g., RE: “Increased soil moisture and shallower water tables near the stream enable both the transport of weathering agent, in the form of soil respired CO2, to the weatherable material and the transport of weathered products from the groundwater to the stream.” The water table doesn’t enable the transport of the weathering agent; rather, weathering agent transport is a function of the hydrological flowpaths in the area.

We agree. We will edit the text accordingly.
E.g., the statement that riparian zones do not respond more strongly to water infiltration than deeper water tables doesn’t make sense hydrologically.

We said that the riparian zones do respond more strongly to water infiltration.
The description of riparian zones collecting water for the stream isn’t fully correct, as they are typically discharge zones rather than recharge zones.

Yes, they are discharge zones. We will edit this.
The conclusions in L449, L536, and L631 should be revisited after correcting the hydrological concepts.

Okay, we will revise this.

L470 – tunnel flow is more commonly referred to as throughflow or piping.
L470 – Yes, we will change this.

L474 – should be “ products’ ” on second instance
L474 – Okay, we will edit this.

L475 – statement needs to be clarified and supported better.
L475 – We will edit this.

L541 – need to explain why the dilution effect would be more pronounced in some catchments than others. Or consider deleting.
L541 – We will delete “which could be more pronounced in some catchments than others”.

L554 – could the higher AT concentration be due to lower presence of strong acids, and therefore a result of a higher percentage of weathering being derived from CO2*?
L554 – We believe this is not the case, as this catchment (Bahkiljohka) shows a reduced molar ratio of AT/(Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺) and an increased molar ratio of SO₄^2-/AT when compared to the two headwater catchments, suggesting that the carbonate minerals are increasingly dissolved by sulphuric acid (see Fig. 10a).

L586 – should clarify suspended sediment supply, if based on observations of turbidity. “Substrate” often refers to bed material instead of suspended material, so I suggest removing that term for clarity.
L586 – Okay, good point! We will use suspended sediment supply instead of mineral substrate.

L634 – it is more accurate to state that groundwater flows to the stream through the hyporheic zone, not the riparian zone.
L634 – Regarding the inflow of alkalinity-charged groundwater to the stream: Yes, we will change it to: “…inflow of alkalinity-charged groundwater from the hyporheic zone.”
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-205-AC1

RC2:
'Comment on bg-2022-205', Anonymous Referee #2, 08 Feb 2023

All the comments are embedded in the pdf file.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-205-RC2
- AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Nele Lehmann, 01 Mar 2023
  
  We thank you for your review. We believe that the manuscript will benefit from the suggested changes. We will adjust the manuscript accordingly (including any spelling and grammar suggestions, which we will not address individually). Lastly, thank you for pointing out where to rephrase to make the statement clearer.
  
  L39 – What about the role of organic acids in carbonate weathering in the riparian region?
  L39 – We will add a sentence in L111 and a sub clause in L477 concerning weathering by organic acids (see below). We will also add a sentence in L339 concerning the weathering of carbonate minerals in particular: “In addition to sulfuric acid, organic acids could act as weathering agents for the carbonate minerals.”
  We believe, however, that organic acid induced carbonate weathering in the riparian zone plays a minor role, as the δ¹³C-DIC signal (~-12‰) points to carbonic acid induced carbonate weathering.
  
  L42 – Sentence not clear, kindly rephrase
  L42 – Okay, we will edit this.
  
  L45 – thought to be in equilibrium
  L45: Yes, we will add the “be”.
  
  L46 – Line number 46 is not in continuation with line 44-45. Kindly check and rephrase
  L46: Okay, we will edit this.
  
  L53 – This notation can be changed
  L53: Yes, we will change “he” to “Hartmann (2009)”.
  
  L54 – Pls rephrase
  L54: Okay, we will edit this.
  
  L54 –Rephrase, not clear
  L54: We will change the sentence to: “Especially silicate-dominated regions that are physically active, e.g., during glaciation and tectonism, or that exhibit early stages of weathering due to freshly deposited material or recent deglaciation or uplift, show high weathering loads of accessory carbonate minerals such as calcite, aragonite and dolomite (Jacobson et al., 2002; Jacobson et al., 2003; White et al., 1999; Oliver et al., 2003; White et al., 2005; Moore et al., 2013; Jacobson et al., 2015).”
  
  L56 – Pls list some of the minerals.
  L56 – We will change it to “…show high weathering loads of accessory carbonate minerals such as calcite, aragonite and dolomite (Jacobson et al., 2002; Jacobson et al.,2003; White et al., 1999; Oliver et al., 2003; White et al., 2005; Moore et al., 2013; Jacobson et al., 2015).”
  
  L58 – Rephrase.
  L58: Okay, we will edit this.
  
  L62 – What about pH? This is the most important factor. How alkalinity is a controlling factor when DIC itself is a component of alkalinity?
  L62 – Under environmental conditions DIC and AT together regulate pH and other parameters of the carbonate system. This can be exemplified by comparing the concentration ranges of DIC and AT being both in the millimolar range but H⁺ in the nanomolar range. Furthermore, DIC is not a component of AT, both share the species HCO₃^- and CO₃^2-. In addition, DIC comprises CO₂*, AT also non-carbonate species such as borate and others.
  
  L63 – Pls list other components also.
  L63 – Regarding freshwater alkalinity: We will add hydroxide ions to bicarbonate and carbonate ions.
  
  L70 and L72– It is not clear, how increment in DIC will not contribute alkalinity? Please see the reference Appelo, C.A.J., Verweij, E., Schäfer, H., 1998. A hydrogeochemical transport model for an oxidation experiment with pyrite/calcite/exchangers/organic matter containing sand. Applied geochemistry 13, 257-268. HCO3 may be produced at low H+ concentrations that is in excess Caco3 condition.
  L86 – Regarding sulphuric acid induced carbonate weathering: Good point, we will make this more clear by adding the information about the amount of CaCO₃ being present, changing the sentence to: “Assuming that the weathering agent is not carbonic acid but other inorganic acids such as sulfuric and nitric acids, and carbonate is not present in excess but as accessory carbonates, carbonate weathering (shown here for calcite weathering with sulfuric acid) releases CO₂, increasing the DIC concentration but not contributing to alkalinity formation.”
  
  L76 – In equation 3, for carbonate weathering CaAl2Si2O8 is mentioned instead of caco3. pls check
  L76: We wanted to show an example for silicate weathering in equation 3 and chose anorthite. We think that the second part of the sentence in L76-78 makes this clear.
  
  L94 – Pls mention the range.
  L94 – Okay, we will add the range and change the sentence to: “When the weathering takes place by other inorganic acids, the resulting δ¹³C-DIC can even turn more positive to about -6 to -1 ‰ (Schaefer and Usdowski, 1987, 1992; Michaelis, 1992; Zolkos et al., 2020) and reach under extreme conditions the δ¹³C value of carbonate minerals of about 0‰ (Lehn et al., 2017).”
  
  L114 –Please mention here the role of organic acids in chemical weathering of silicate rocks.
  L111 – Okay, we will add a sentence after the first sentence of this paragraph in L111: “In addition to carbonic acid, the main source of terrestrial weathering, organic acids from vegetation (mainly carboxylic acids) and strong inorganic acids (mainly sulfuric and nitric acid, derived from the oxidation of sulfides and ammonium, respectively; Raymond and Hamilton, 2018) drive the weathering reactions. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is not any study showing the effect of DOC on the weathering reaction.” We will also mention this in the sentence in L477: “Based on the δ¹³C-DIC signal, silicate bedrock is dissolved by sulphuric acid, and potentially organic acids, with no generation of DIC.”
  
  L156 – Pls give reference.
  L156 – We will add two references and revise this sentence to: “The Finnmarksvidda was completely covered by the Fennoscandian ice sheet during the last glaciation (Olsen et al., 2013). In addition to being covered by the Fennoscandian ice sheet with an ice dome zone over Finland during the last stadial, the Finnmarksvidda was also covered by the Scandinavian ice sheets which grew from the mountainous area of northwest Sweden and from centers along the Caledonian mountain range in Norway during the Middle and Early Weichselian (Olsen, 1988; Olsen et al., 2013).”
  
  L158 – Why the range is reverse?
  L158 – We wanted to give the earlier date first.
  
  L199 – Pls mention the dates.
  L199: – That would be nine dates. In our opinion, this listing would disturb the reading flow. All data can be found in the Supplementary File under https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.952905. We will add a reference to the PANGAEA data set in line 201: “All data can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.952905.”
  
  L201 – Pls refer figure where ever is applicable for Ga, Gu etc.
  L201 – Okay, we will do that.
  
  L277 – Pls mention the concentrations of Maybeck (1987).
  L277: – Okay, we will do that. We will change the sentence to: “As the Gaskabohki catchment is mainly underlain by quartzite and arkose, thus the alkalinity-bearing mineral being feldspar, it is reasonable that the measured AT concentration exactly matches the concentration of 125 μmol L^-1 that Meybeck (1987) found for catchments draining pure silicate bedrock, with more than 90% of the samples taken during non-flood periods. However, we would like to point out that the catchments studied by Meybeck (1987) are from temperate regions and ours are from Arctic regions.”
  
  L280 – Pls mention the range.
  L280 – Okay, we will change the sentence to: “This is consistent with the lower range found for rivers of the Canadian Shield in the Grenville Province (71-175 μmol L^-1) which are characterized by a similar catchment geology (Millot et al., 2002).”
  
  L284 – A major concern.
  L284 – Regarding the issue of not correcting our data for precipitation due to the lack of rainwater composition data at the study site, leading to the likely underestimation of the Ca²⁺/Na⁺ and Mg²⁺/Na⁺ molar ratios: We understand your concern. However, we believe that we have shown, at least briefly in L284-L290, the consequences of not correcting our data for precipitation. We think that a precipitation correction would not severely change the main conclusions of the investigations of the weathering pathways of the Gaskabohki headwater catchment, situated about 100 km away from the coastline, at an altitude of about 600 m amsl. We acknowledge the effect of sea spray on the composition of freshwater in coastal regions. However, we also recognize that our dataset does not include a reliable tool to quantitatively assess this effect. Additional complications arise from the effect that our sampling locations extend away from the coast, which would require spatial corrections in the corrections for sea spray. Therefore, we chose to provide upper bounds rather than introduce uncertainty that we cannot constrain.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-205-AC2

Nele Lehmann et al.

Viewed

Total article views: 459 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)

HTML	PDF	XML	Total	BibTeX	EndNote
325	121	13	459	4	8

HTML: 325
PDF: 121
XML: 13
Total: 459
BibTeX: 4
EndNote: 8

Views and downloads (calculated since 02 Nov 2022)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Nov 2022	171	56	2	229
Dec 2022	50	17	5	72
Jan 2023	22	7	0	29
Feb 2023	46	23	3	72
Mar 2023	36	18	3	57

Cumulative views and downloads (calculated since 02 Nov 2022)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Nov 2022	171	56	2	229
Dec 2022	50	17	5	72
Jan 2023	22	7	0	29
Feb 2023	46	23	3	72
Mar 2023	36	18	3	57

Viewed (geographical distribution)

Total article views: 456 (including HTML, PDF, and XML) Thereof 456 with geography defined and 0 with unknown origin.

Country	#	Views	%

Latest update: 27 Mar 2023

Short summary

Riverine alkalinity in the silicate-dominated headwater catchment at subarctic Iskorasfjellet, northern Norway, was almost entirely derived from weathering of minor carbonate occurrences in the riparian zone. The uphill catchment appeared limited by insufficient contact time of weathering agent and weatherable material. Further, alkalinity increased with decreasing permafrost extent. Thus, with climate change, alkalinity generation is expected to increase in this permafrost-degrading landscape.


Total:	0
HTML:	0
PDF:	0
XML:	0