Articles | Volume 12, issue 10 
            
                
                    
            
            
            https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2927-2015
                    © Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under 
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
                the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2927-2015
                    © Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under 
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
                the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Structural, physiognomic and above-ground biomass variation in savanna–forest transition zones on three continents – how different are co-occurring savanna and forest formations?
E. M. Veenendaal
                                            Centre for Ecosystem Studies, University of Wageningen, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
                                        
                                    M. Torello-Raventos
                                            School of Earth and Environmental Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, Australia
                                        
                                    T. R. Feldpausch
                                            Earth and Biosphere Institute, School of Geography, University of Leeds, England, UK
                                        
                                    T. F. Domingues
                                            School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
                                        
                                    F. Gerard
                                            Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, England, UK
                                        
                                    F. Schrodt
                                            Earth and Biosphere Institute, School of Geography, University of Leeds, England, UK
                                        
                                    
                                            School of Earth and Environmental Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, Australia
                                        
                                    
                                            Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
                                        
                                    C. A. Quesada
                                            Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Brazil
                                        
                                    
                                            Earth and Biosphere Institute, School of Geography, University of Leeds, England, UK
                                        
                                    G. Djagbletey
                                            Forest Research Institute of Ghana, Kumasi, Ghana
                                        
                                    A. Ford
                                            CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences Tropical Forest Research Centre, Atherton, Qld, Australia
                                        
                                    J. Kemp
                                            Australian Tropical Forest Research Institute, Cairns, Australia
                                        
                                    B. S. Marimon
                                            Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
                                        
                                    B. H. Marimon-Junior
                                            Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
                                        
                                    E. Lenza
                                            Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
                                        
                                    J. A. Ratter
                                            Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
                                        
                                    L. Maracahipes
                                            Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina, MT, Brazil
                                        
                                    D. Sasaki
                                            Fundação Ecológica Cristalino, Alta Floresta, Brazil
                                        
                                    B. Sonké
                                            Department of Biology, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
                                        
                                    L. Zapfack
                                            Department of Biology, University of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
                                        
                                    D. Villarroel
                                            Museo Noel Kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
                                        
                                    M. Schwarz
                                            Fieldwork Assistance, Jena, Germany
                                        
                                    F. Yoko Ishida
                                            School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, Australia
                                        
                                    
                                            Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Brazil
                                        
                                    M. Gilpin
                                            Earth and Biosphere Institute, School of Geography, University of Leeds, England, UK
                                        
                                    G. B. Nardoto
                                            Universidade de Brasilia, DF, Brazil
                                        
                                    K. Affum-Baffoe
                                            Resource Management Support Centre, Forestry Commission of Ghana, Kumasi, Ghana
                                        
                                    L. Arroyo
                                            Museo Noel Kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
                                        
                                    K. Bloomfield
                                            Earth and Biosphere Institute, School of Geography, University of Leeds, England, UK
                                        
                                    G. Ceca
                                            Centre for Ecosystem Studies, University of Wageningen, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
                                        
                                    H. Compaore
                                            Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
                                        
                                    K. Davies
                                            School of Earth and Environmental Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, Australia
                                        
                                    A. Diallo
                                            Centre National des Semences Forestières, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
                                        
                                    N. M. Fyllas
                                            Earth and Biosphere Institute, School of Geography, University of Leeds, England, UK
                                        
                                    J. Gignoux
                                            Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris CEDEX 05, France
                                        
                                    F. Hien
                                            Centre National des Semences Forestières, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
                                        
                                    M. Johnson
                                            Earth and Biosphere Institute, School of Geography, University of Leeds, England, UK
                                        
                                    E. Mougin
                                            Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
                                        
                                    P. Hiernaux
                                            Géosciences Environnement Toulouse, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
                                        
                                    T. Killeen
                                            Museo Noel Kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia
                                        
                                    
                                            World Wildlife Fund, Washington DC, USA
                                        
                                    D. Metcalfe
                                            CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences Tropical Forest Research Centre, Atherton, Qld, Australia
                                        
                                    H. S. Miranda
                                            Universidade de Brasilia, DF, Brazil
                                        
                                    M. Steininger
                                            Conservation International, Washington DC, USA
                                        
                                    K. Sykora
                                            Centre for Ecosystem Studies, University of Wageningen, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
                                        
                                    M. I. Bird
                                            School of Earth and Environmental Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, Australia
                                        
                                    J. Grace
                                            School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
                                        
                                    S. Lewis
                                            Earth and Biosphere Institute, School of Geography, University of Leeds, England, UK
                                        
                                    
                                            Department of Geography, University College London, England, UK
                                        
                                    O. L. Phillips
                                            Earth and Biosphere Institute, School of Geography, University of Leeds, England, UK
                                        
                                    
                                            School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, Australia
                                        
                                    
                                            Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, England, UK
                                        
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 - Soil properties of thickets and adjacent land use types in coastal savanna landscape of Ghana E. Baidoo et al. 10.1016/j.geodrs.2024.e00803
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 - Post-fire ecological restoration in Latin American forest ecosystems: Insights and lessons from the last two decades P. Souza-Alonso et al. 10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120083
 - Environmental conditions for alternative tree-cover states in high latitudes B. Abis & V. Brovkin 10.5194/bg-14-511-2017
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 - Many shades of green: the dynamic tropical forest–savannah transition zones I. Oliveras & Y. Malhi 10.1098/rstb.2015.0308
 - Vegetation transition in the central Brazilian Cerrado is better explained by structure than tree composition differences A. da Cruz Silva et al. 10.1007/s11258-025-01500-6
 - African Savanna-Forest Boundary Dynamics: A 20-Year Study A. Cuni-Sanchez et al. 10.1371/journal.pone.0156934
 - Cerrados in Argentina? Structure, diversity and biogeography of the woody component of a savanna in the Misiones Province S. Velazco et al. 10.1590/2175-7860201869206
 - Forest-sedgeland boundaries are historically stable and resilient to wildfire at Blakes Opening in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area, Australia D. Bowman et al. 10.1007/s10980-022-01558-x
 - Pre-stratified modelling plus residuals kriging reduces the uncertainty of aboveground biomass estimation and spatial distribution in heterogeneous savannas and forest environments E. Silveira et al. 10.1016/j.foreco.2019.05.016
 - Functional composition of the Amazonian tree flora and forests H. ter Steege et al. 10.1038/s42003-025-07768-8
 - Are forest‐shrubland mosaics of the Cape Floristic Region an example of alternate stable states? M. Cramer et al. 10.1111/ecog.03860
 - Dispersal mode constrains allocation of carbon and mineral nutrients in seeds of forest and savanna trees R. de Melo et al. 10.1111/plb.13075
 - Long-term stability of temperate Australian wet forest-moorland mosaics despite recurrent fires associated with late Holocene climate change M. Adeleye et al. 10.1007/s10980-023-01738-3
 - Soil or fire: what causes treeless sedgelands in Tasmanian wet forests? D. Bowman & G. Perry 10.1007/s11104-017-3386-7
 - On the problem of natural savanna fires P. Laris & R. Jacobs 10.1111/nph.17138
 - Edaphic factors control fire-prone sedgeland and Eucalyptus forest mosaics in southwestern Tasmania D. Bowman et al. 10.1016/j.catena.2024.108114
 - Savanna turning into forest: concerted vegetation change at the ecotone between the Amazon and “Cerrado” biomes F. Passos et al. 10.1007/s40415-018-0470-z
 
6 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Foliar trait contrasts between African forest and savanna trees: genetic versus environmental effects F. Schrodt et al. 10.1071/FP14040
 - Leaf-level photosynthetic capacity dynamics in relation to soil and foliar nutrients along forest–savanna boundaries in Ghana and Brazil A. Gvozdevaite et al. 10.1093/treephys/tpy117
 - Post-fire dynamics of the woody vegetation of a savanna forest (Cerradão) in the Cerrado-Amazon transition zone S. Reis et al. 10.1590/0102-33062015abb0009
 - Winners and losers: tropical forest tree seedling survival across a West African forest–savanna transition A. Cardoso et al. 10.1002/ece3.2133
 - Biome-specific effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on the photosynthetic characteristics of trees at a forest-savanna boundary in Cameroon T. Ferreira Domingues et al. 10.1007/s00442-015-3250-5
 - Contribution and stability of forest-derived soil organic carbon during woody encroachment in a tropical savanna. A case study in Gabon T. Chiti et al. 10.1007/s00374-018-1313-6
 
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Latest update: 04 Nov 2025
Short summary
                    When nearby forest and savanna stands are compared, they are not as structurally different as first seems. Moreover, savanna-forest transition zones typically occur at higher rainfall for South America than for Africa but with coexistence confined to a well-defined edaphic-climate envelope. With interacting soil cation-soil water storage–precipitations effects on canopy cover also observed we argue that both soils and climate influence the location of the two major tropical vegetation types.
                    When nearby forest and savanna stands are compared, they are not as structurally different as...
                    
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