Articles | Volume 15, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2361-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2361-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| Highlight paper
| 
19 Apr 2018
Research article | Highlight paper |
| 19 Apr 2018
| 19 Apr 2018
Interannual drivers of the seasonal cycle of CO2 in the Southern Ocean
Southern Ocean Carbon-Climate Observatory (SOCCO), CSIR, Cape Town,
South Africa
University of Cape Town, Department of Oceanography,
Cape Town, South Africa
Schalk Kok
University of Pretoria, Department of
Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Pretoria, South Africa
Pedro M. S. Monteiro
Southern Ocean Carbon-Climate Observatory (SOCCO), CSIR, Cape Town,
South Africa
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Cited
39 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Utilizing the Drake Passage Time-series to understand variability and change in subpolar Southern Ocean pCO2 A. Fay et al. 10.5194/bg-15-3841-2018
- Observed amplification of the seasonal CO2 cycle at the Southern Ocean Time Series E. Shadwick et al. 10.3389/fmars.2023.1281854
- Machine learning identifies a strong association between warming and reduced primary productivity in an oligotrophic ocean gyre D. D’Alelio et al. 10.1038/s41598-020-59989-y
- Changing Biogeochemistry of the Southern Ocean and Its Ecosystem Implications S. Henley et al. 10.3389/fmars.2020.00581
- Surface ocean carbon dioxide variability in South Pacific boundary currents and Subantarctic waters P. C. Pardo et al. 10.1038/s41598-019-44109-2
- Improved winter data coverage of the Southern Ocean CO2 sink from extrapolation of summertime observations N. Mackay et al. 10.1038/s43247-022-00592-6
- Climate-driven shifts in Southern Ocean primary producers and biogeochemistry in CMIP6 models B. Fisher et al. 10.5194/bg-22-975-2025
- Winter Air‐Sea CO2 Fluxes Constructed From Summer Observations of the Polar Southern Ocean Suggest Weak Outgassing N. Mackay & A. Watson 10.1029/2020JC016600
- Anthropogenic Intensification of Surface Ocean Interannual pCO2 Variability M. Gallego et al. 10.1029/2020GL087104
- Enhance seasonal amplitude of atmospheric CO 2 by the changing Southern Ocean carbon sink J. Yun et al. 10.1126/sciadv.abq0220
- SuppressedpCO2in the Southern Ocean Due to the Interaction Between Current and Wind K. Kwak et al. 10.1029/2021JC017884
- A seamless ensemble-based reconstruction of surface ocean pCO2 and air–sea CO2 fluxes over the global coastal and open oceans T. Chau et al. 10.5194/bg-19-1087-2022
- Carbon Sinks and Variations of pCO2 in the Southern Ocean From 1998 to 2018 Based on a Deep Learning Approach Y. Wang et al. 10.1109/JSTARS.2021.3066552
- A comparative assessment of the uncertainties of global surface ocean CO2 estimates using a machine-learning ensemble (CSIR-ML6 version 2019a) – have we hit the wall? L. Gregor et al. 10.5194/gmd-12-5113-2019
- OceanSODA-ETHZ: a global gridded data set of the surface ocean carbonate system for seasonal to decadal studies of ocean acidification L. Gregor & N. Gruber 10.5194/essd-13-777-2021
- Regional Wind Variability Modulates the Southern Ocean Carbon Sink L. Keppler & P. Landschützer 10.1038/s41598-019-43826-y
- The seasonal cycle of pCO2 and CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean: diagnosing anomalies in CMIP5 Earth system models N. Mongwe et al. 10.5194/bg-15-2851-2018
- A monthly surface pCO2 product for the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem J. Sharp et al. 10.5194/essd-14-2081-2022
- The impact of seasonality on the annual air-sea carbon flux and its interannual variability P. Rustogi et al. 10.1038/s41612-023-00378-3
- Carbon Outgassing in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current Is Supported by Ekman Transport From the Sea Ice Zone in an Observation‐Based Seasonal Mixed‐Layer Budget J. Sauvé et al. 10.1029/2023JC019815
- Storms drive outgassing of CO2 in the subpolar Southern Ocean S. Nicholson et al. 10.1038/s41467-021-27780-w
- Anthropogenic CO2, air–sea CO2 fluxes, and acidification in the Southern Ocean: results from a time-series analysis at station OISO-KERFIX (51° S–68° E) N. Metzl et al. 10.5194/os-20-725-2024
- Detecting Regional Modes of Variability in Observation‐Based Surface Ocean pCO2 P. Landschützer et al. 10.1029/2018GL081756
- Why are Surface Ocean pH and CaCO3 Saturation State Often out of Phase in Spatial Patterns and Seasonal Cycles? L. Xue et al. 10.1029/2021GB006949
- The Observed Seasonal Cycle of Macronutrients in Drake Passage: Relationship to Fronts and Utility as a Model Metric N. Freeman et al. 10.1029/2019JC015052
- The sensitivity of pCO2 reconstructions to sampling scales across a Southern Ocean sub-domain: a semi-idealized ocean sampling simulation approach L. Djeutchouang et al. 10.5194/bg-19-4171-2022
- Climate-driven variability of the Southern Ocean CO 2 sink N. Mayot et al. 10.1098/rsta.2022.0055
- The Southern Ocean carbon sink has been overestimated in the past three decades G. Zhong et al. 10.1038/s43247-024-01566-6
- Enhanced Southern Ocean CO2 outgassing as a result of stronger and poleward shifted southern hemispheric westerlies L. Menviel et al. 10.5194/bg-20-4413-2023
- Variability and stability of anthropogenic CO2 in Antarctic Bottom Water observed in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, 1978–2018 L. Mahieu et al. 10.5194/os-16-1559-2020
- A deep-learning estimate of the decadal trends in the Southern Ocean carbon storage V. Zemskova et al. 10.1038/s41467-022-31560-5
- Estimating marine carbon uptake in the northeast Pacific using a neural network approach P. Duke et al. 10.5194/bg-20-3919-2023
- Improved atmospheric constraints on Southern Ocean CO 2 exchange Y. Jin et al. 10.1073/pnas.2309333121
- Rice husk as a potential source of silicate to oceanic phytoplankton S. Shetye et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162941
- The Variable Southern Ocean Carbon Sink N. Gruber et al. 10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063407
- Machine learning reveals regime shifts in future ocean carbon dioxide fluxes inter-annual variability D. Couespel et al. 10.1038/s43247-024-01257-2
- Summer trends and drivers of sea surface fCO2 and pH changes observed in the southern Indian Ocean over the last two decades (1998–2019) C. Leseurre et al. 10.5194/bg-19-2599-2022
- Southern Ocean phytoplankton dynamics and carbon export: insights from a seasonal cycle approach S. Thomalla et al. 10.1098/rsta.2022.0068
- Variability of Sea-Air Carbon Dioxide Flux in Autumn Across the Weddell Gyre and Offshore Dronning Maud Land in the Southern Ocean M. Ogundare et al. 10.3389/fmars.2020.614263
39 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Utilizing the Drake Passage Time-series to understand variability and change in subpolar Southern Ocean pCO2 A. Fay et al. 10.5194/bg-15-3841-2018
- Observed amplification of the seasonal CO2 cycle at the Southern Ocean Time Series E. Shadwick et al. 10.3389/fmars.2023.1281854
- Machine learning identifies a strong association between warming and reduced primary productivity in an oligotrophic ocean gyre D. D’Alelio et al. 10.1038/s41598-020-59989-y
- Changing Biogeochemistry of the Southern Ocean and Its Ecosystem Implications S. Henley et al. 10.3389/fmars.2020.00581
- Surface ocean carbon dioxide variability in South Pacific boundary currents and Subantarctic waters P. C. Pardo et al. 10.1038/s41598-019-44109-2
- Improved winter data coverage of the Southern Ocean CO2 sink from extrapolation of summertime observations N. Mackay et al. 10.1038/s43247-022-00592-6
- Climate-driven shifts in Southern Ocean primary producers and biogeochemistry in CMIP6 models B. Fisher et al. 10.5194/bg-22-975-2025
- Winter Air‐Sea CO2 Fluxes Constructed From Summer Observations of the Polar Southern Ocean Suggest Weak Outgassing N. Mackay & A. Watson 10.1029/2020JC016600
- Anthropogenic Intensification of Surface Ocean Interannual pCO2 Variability M. Gallego et al. 10.1029/2020GL087104
- Enhance seasonal amplitude of atmospheric CO 2 by the changing Southern Ocean carbon sink J. Yun et al. 10.1126/sciadv.abq0220
- SuppressedpCO2in the Southern Ocean Due to the Interaction Between Current and Wind K. Kwak et al. 10.1029/2021JC017884
- A seamless ensemble-based reconstruction of surface ocean pCO2 and air–sea CO2 fluxes over the global coastal and open oceans T. Chau et al. 10.5194/bg-19-1087-2022
- Carbon Sinks and Variations of pCO2 in the Southern Ocean From 1998 to 2018 Based on a Deep Learning Approach Y. Wang et al. 10.1109/JSTARS.2021.3066552
- A comparative assessment of the uncertainties of global surface ocean CO2 estimates using a machine-learning ensemble (CSIR-ML6 version 2019a) – have we hit the wall? L. Gregor et al. 10.5194/gmd-12-5113-2019
- OceanSODA-ETHZ: a global gridded data set of the surface ocean carbonate system for seasonal to decadal studies of ocean acidification L. Gregor & N. Gruber 10.5194/essd-13-777-2021
- Regional Wind Variability Modulates the Southern Ocean Carbon Sink L. Keppler & P. Landschützer 10.1038/s41598-019-43826-y
- The seasonal cycle of pCO2 and CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean: diagnosing anomalies in CMIP5 Earth system models N. Mongwe et al. 10.5194/bg-15-2851-2018
- A monthly surface pCO2 product for the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem J. Sharp et al. 10.5194/essd-14-2081-2022
- The impact of seasonality on the annual air-sea carbon flux and its interannual variability P. Rustogi et al. 10.1038/s41612-023-00378-3
- Carbon Outgassing in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current Is Supported by Ekman Transport From the Sea Ice Zone in an Observation‐Based Seasonal Mixed‐Layer Budget J. Sauvé et al. 10.1029/2023JC019815
- Storms drive outgassing of CO2 in the subpolar Southern Ocean S. Nicholson et al. 10.1038/s41467-021-27780-w
- Anthropogenic CO2, air–sea CO2 fluxes, and acidification in the Southern Ocean: results from a time-series analysis at station OISO-KERFIX (51° S–68° E) N. Metzl et al. 10.5194/os-20-725-2024
- Detecting Regional Modes of Variability in Observation‐Based Surface Ocean pCO2 P. Landschützer et al. 10.1029/2018GL081756
- Why are Surface Ocean pH and CaCO3 Saturation State Often out of Phase in Spatial Patterns and Seasonal Cycles? L. Xue et al. 10.1029/2021GB006949
- The Observed Seasonal Cycle of Macronutrients in Drake Passage: Relationship to Fronts and Utility as a Model Metric N. Freeman et al. 10.1029/2019JC015052
- The sensitivity of pCO2 reconstructions to sampling scales across a Southern Ocean sub-domain: a semi-idealized ocean sampling simulation approach L. Djeutchouang et al. 10.5194/bg-19-4171-2022
- Climate-driven variability of the Southern Ocean CO 2 sink N. Mayot et al. 10.1098/rsta.2022.0055
- The Southern Ocean carbon sink has been overestimated in the past three decades G. Zhong et al. 10.1038/s43247-024-01566-6
- Enhanced Southern Ocean CO2 outgassing as a result of stronger and poleward shifted southern hemispheric westerlies L. Menviel et al. 10.5194/bg-20-4413-2023
- Variability and stability of anthropogenic CO2 in Antarctic Bottom Water observed in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean, 1978–2018 L. Mahieu et al. 10.5194/os-16-1559-2020
- A deep-learning estimate of the decadal trends in the Southern Ocean carbon storage V. Zemskova et al. 10.1038/s41467-022-31560-5
- Estimating marine carbon uptake in the northeast Pacific using a neural network approach P. Duke et al. 10.5194/bg-20-3919-2023
- Improved atmospheric constraints on Southern Ocean CO 2 exchange Y. Jin et al. 10.1073/pnas.2309333121
- Rice husk as a potential source of silicate to oceanic phytoplankton S. Shetye et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162941
- The Variable Southern Ocean Carbon Sink N. Gruber et al. 10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063407
- Machine learning reveals regime shifts in future ocean carbon dioxide fluxes inter-annual variability D. Couespel et al. 10.1038/s43247-024-01257-2
- Summer trends and drivers of sea surface fCO2 and pH changes observed in the southern Indian Ocean over the last two decades (1998–2019) C. Leseurre et al. 10.5194/bg-19-2599-2022
- Southern Ocean phytoplankton dynamics and carbon export: insights from a seasonal cycle approach S. Thomalla et al. 10.1098/rsta.2022.0068
- Variability of Sea-Air Carbon Dioxide Flux in Autumn Across the Weddell Gyre and Offshore Dronning Maud Land in the Southern Ocean M. Ogundare et al. 10.3389/fmars.2020.614263
Discussed (final revised paper)
Discussed (preprint)
Latest update: 02 Apr 2025
Short summary
The Southern Ocean accounts for a large portion of the variability in oceanic CO2 uptake. However, the drivers of these changes are not understood due to a lack of observations. In this study, we used an ensemble of gap-filling methods to estimate surface CO2. We found that winter was a more important driver of longer-term variability driven by changes in wind stress. Summer variability of CO2 was driven primarily by increases in primary production.
The Southern Ocean accounts for a large portion of the variability in oceanic CO2 uptake....
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