Articles | Volume 15, issue 14
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4647-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4647-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
30 Jul 2018
Research article |
| 30 Jul 2018
| 30 Jul 2018
Seasonal development of iron limitation in the sub-Antarctic zone
Thomas J. Ryan-Keogh
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observatory, Natural Resources and
Environment, CSIR, Rosebank, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape
Town, 7701, South Africa
Sandy J. Thomalla
Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observatory, Natural Resources and
Environment, CSIR, Rosebank, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape
Town, 7701, South Africa
Thato N. Mtshali
Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observatory, Natural Resources and
Environment, CSIR, Rosebank, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
Natasha R. van Horsten
Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observatory, Natural Resources and
Environment, CSIR, Rosebank, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
Department of Earth Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch,
7600, South Africa
Hazel J. Little
Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape
Town, 7701, South Africa
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Cited
18 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Early winter barium excess in the southern Indian Ocean as an annual remineralisation proxy (GEOTRACES GIPr07 cruise) N. van Horsten et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3209-2022
- Absence of photophysiological response to iron addition in autumn phytoplankton in the Antarctic sea-ice zone A. Singh et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3073-2023
- Spatial and temporal variability of phytoplankton photophysiology in the Atlantic Southern Ocean A. Singh et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.912856
- Southern Ocean Phytoplankton Stimulated by Wildfire Emissions and Sustained by Iron Recycling J. Weis et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL097538
- Phytoplankton iron limitation in the Atlantic Southern Ocean driven by seasonal mixed‐layer dynamics A. Singh et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.70049
- Phytoplankton responses to dust addition in the Fe–Mn co-limited eastern Pacific sub-Antarctic differ by source region N. Wyatt et al. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2220111120
- Iron and light limitation of phytoplankton growth off East Antarctica C. Vives et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2022.103774
- Sub‐Seasonal Forcing Drives Year‐To‐Year Variations of Southern Ocean Primary Productivity C. Prend et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GB007329
- Iron Supply Pathways Between the Surface and Subsurface Waters of the Southern Ocean: From Winter Entrainment to Summer Storms S. Nicholson et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084657
- Seasonal Depletion of the Dissolved Iron Reservoirs in the Sub‐Antarctic Zone of the Southern Atlantic Ocean T. Mtshali et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081355
- The Seasonal Cycle of Nitrogen Uptake and Nitrification in the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean M. Mdutyana et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GB006363
- Multi-Year Observations of Fluorescence and Backscatter at the Southern Ocean Time Series (SOTS) Shed Light on Two Distinct Seasonal Bio-Optical Regimes C. Schallenberg et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00595
- Spatial and temporal drivers of fluorescence quantum yield variability in the Southern Ocean T. Ryan‐Keogh et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12295
- Southern Ocean phytoplankton dynamics and carbon export: insights from a seasonal cycle approach S. Thomalla et al. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2022.0068
- Physical control on the inter-annual variability of summer dissolved nutrient concentration and phytoplankton biomass in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean J. George et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2022.06.003
- Southern Ocean Iron Limitation of Primary Production between Past Knowledge and Future Projections E. Bazzani et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020272
- Distribution characteristics and influencing factors of dissolved Iron in the waters surrounding the Leizhou peninsula G. Ye et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119665
- Deriving a Proxy for Iron Limitation From Chlorophyll Fluorescence on Buoyancy Gliders T. Ryan-Keogh & S. Thomalla https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00275
18 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Early winter barium excess in the southern Indian Ocean as an annual remineralisation proxy (GEOTRACES GIPr07 cruise) N. van Horsten et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3209-2022
- Absence of photophysiological response to iron addition in autumn phytoplankton in the Antarctic sea-ice zone A. Singh et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3073-2023
- Spatial and temporal variability of phytoplankton photophysiology in the Atlantic Southern Ocean A. Singh et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.912856
- Southern Ocean Phytoplankton Stimulated by Wildfire Emissions and Sustained by Iron Recycling J. Weis et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL097538
- Phytoplankton iron limitation in the Atlantic Southern Ocean driven by seasonal mixed‐layer dynamics A. Singh et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.70049
- Phytoplankton responses to dust addition in the Fe–Mn co-limited eastern Pacific sub-Antarctic differ by source region N. Wyatt et al. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2220111120
- Iron and light limitation of phytoplankton growth off East Antarctica C. Vives et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2022.103774
- Sub‐Seasonal Forcing Drives Year‐To‐Year Variations of Southern Ocean Primary Productivity C. Prend et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GB007329
- Iron Supply Pathways Between the Surface and Subsurface Waters of the Southern Ocean: From Winter Entrainment to Summer Storms S. Nicholson et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084657
- Seasonal Depletion of the Dissolved Iron Reservoirs in the Sub‐Antarctic Zone of the Southern Atlantic Ocean T. Mtshali et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081355
- The Seasonal Cycle of Nitrogen Uptake and Nitrification in the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean M. Mdutyana et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GB006363
- Multi-Year Observations of Fluorescence and Backscatter at the Southern Ocean Time Series (SOTS) Shed Light on Two Distinct Seasonal Bio-Optical Regimes C. Schallenberg et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00595
- Spatial and temporal drivers of fluorescence quantum yield variability in the Southern Ocean T. Ryan‐Keogh et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12295
- Southern Ocean phytoplankton dynamics and carbon export: insights from a seasonal cycle approach S. Thomalla et al. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2022.0068
- Physical control on the inter-annual variability of summer dissolved nutrient concentration and phytoplankton biomass in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean J. George et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2022.06.003
- Southern Ocean Iron Limitation of Primary Production between Past Knowledge and Future Projections E. Bazzani et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020272
- Distribution characteristics and influencing factors of dissolved Iron in the waters surrounding the Leizhou peninsula G. Ye et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119665
- Deriving a Proxy for Iron Limitation From Chlorophyll Fluorescence on Buoyancy Gliders T. Ryan-Keogh & S. Thomalla https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00275
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 11 Jun 2026
Short summary
The availability of iron in the Southern Ocean constrains the overall extent and magnitude of the phytoplankton bloom. Uncertainty remains over the dominant supply mechanisms, which are expected to be altered by climate change. Nutrient addition experiments confirm that iron limitation is seasonal in nature, with increased responses to iron addition in late summer. This is driven by variability in the supply mechanisms across the growing season, which fail to meet the phytoplankton demand.
The availability of iron in the Southern Ocean constrains the overall extent and magnitude of...
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