Articles | Volume 16, issue 13
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2543-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2543-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
02 Jul 2019
Research article |
| 02 Jul 2019
| 02 Jul 2019
What was the source of the atmospheric CO2 increase during the Holocene?
Victor Brovkin
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Stephan Lorenz
Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Thomas Raddatz
Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Tatiana Ilyina
Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Irene Stemmler
Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Matthew Toohey
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Martin Claussen
Max-Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Meteorological Institute, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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- A canary in the Southern Ocean N. Metzl 10.1038/s41558-019-0562-1
- High-frequency climate forcing causes prolonged cold periods in the Holocene E. van Dijk et al. 10.1038/s43247-024-01380-0
- Silicon Carbide Photonic Crystal Photoelectrode X. Zhang & S. John 10.1002/advs.202415552
- Changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration over the past two millennia: contribution of climate variability, land-use and Southern Ocean dynamics H. Goosse et al. 10.1007/s00382-021-06078-z
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28 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth during the Holocene (past 11 500 years) from a bipolar ice-core array M. Sigl et al. 10.5194/essd-14-3167-2022
- Dynamic interaction between lakes, climate, and vegetation across northern Africa during the mid-Holocene N. Specht et al. 10.5194/cp-20-1595-2024
- The end of the African humid period as seen by a transient comprehensive Earth system model simulation of the last 8000 years A. Dallmeyer et al. 10.5194/cp-16-117-2020
- Biological Carbon Sequestration: From Deep History to the Present Day D. Murphy 10.3390/earth5020010
- Implementing the iCORAL (version 1.0) coral reef CaCO3 production module in the iLOVECLIM climate model N. Bouttes et al. 10.5194/gmd-17-6513-2024
- Carbon–concentration and carbon–climate feedbacks in CMIP6 models and their comparison to CMIP5 models V. Arora et al. 10.5194/bg-17-4173-2020
- Reconciling ice core CO2 and land-use change following New World-Old World contact A. King et al. 10.1038/s41467-024-45894-9
- Reply to Li et al.: Human societies began to play a significant role in global sediment transfer 4,000 years ago J. Jenny et al. 10.1073/pnas.1922723117
- The importance of terrestrial carbon sequestration during Termination 1 G. Jacobson et al. 10.1002/jqs.3579
- Multi-centennial Holocene climate variability in proxy records and transient model simulations T. Askjær et al. 10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107801
- Modification of Fraser’s Method for the Atmospheric CO2 Mass Estimation by Using Satellite Data M. Pellegrini et al. 10.3390/atmos13060866
- Did agriculture beget agriculture during the past several millennia? S. Vavrus et al. 10.1177/09596836221088231
- No Consistent Simulated Trends in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation for the Past 6,000 Years Z. Jiang et al. 10.1029/2023GL103078
- Modes of climate variability: Synthesis and review of proxy-based reconstructions through the Holocene A. Hernández et al. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103286
- Calendar effects on surface air temperature and precipitation based on model-ensemble equilibrium and transient simulations from PMIP4 and PACMEDY X. Shi et al. 10.5194/cp-18-1047-2022
- The challenge of comparing pollen-based quantitative vegetation reconstructions with outputs from vegetation models – a European perspective A. Dallmeyer et al. 10.5194/cp-19-1531-2023
- The early anthropogenic hypothesis: A review W. Ruddiman et al. 10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106386
- Holocene vegetation transitions and their climatic drivers in MPI-ESM1.2 A. Dallmeyer et al. 10.5194/cp-17-2481-2021
- Eurasian Holocene climate trends in transient coupled climate simulations and stable oxygen isotope records C. DANEK et al. 10.1002/jqs.3396
- Volatile organic compound emission and residual substances from plants in light of the globally increasing CO2 level L. Copolovici et al. 10.1016/j.coesh.2020.10.004
- A canary in the Southern Ocean N. Metzl 10.1038/s41558-019-0562-1
- High-frequency climate forcing causes prolonged cold periods in the Holocene E. van Dijk et al. 10.1038/s43247-024-01380-0
- Silicon Carbide Photonic Crystal Photoelectrode X. Zhang & S. John 10.1002/advs.202415552
- Changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration over the past two millennia: contribution of climate variability, land-use and Southern Ocean dynamics H. Goosse et al. 10.1007/s00382-021-06078-z
- Sea-ice variations and trends during the Common Era in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean A. Dauner et al. 10.5194/tc-18-1399-2024
- Simulated range of mid-Holocene precipitation changes from extended lakes and wetlands over North Africa N. Specht et al. 10.5194/cp-18-1035-2022
- Revisiting the Holocene global temperature conundrum D. Kaufman & E. Broadman 10.1038/s41586-022-05536-w
- Relative importance of forcings and feedbacks in the Holocene temperature conundrum P. Hopcroft et al. 10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108322
Latest update: 29 Jul 2025
Short summary
Mechanisms of atmospheric CO2 growth by 20 ppm from 6000 BCE to the pre-industrial period are still uncertain. We apply the Earth system model MPI-ESM-LR for two transient simulations of the climate–carbon cycle. An additional process, e.g. carbonate accumulation on shelves, is required for consistency with ice-core CO2 data. Our simulations support the hypothesis that the ocean was a source of CO2 until the late Holocene when anthropogenic CO2 sources started to affect atmospheric CO2.
Mechanisms of atmospheric CO2 growth by 20 ppm from 6000 BCE to the pre-industrial period are...
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