Articles | Volume 17, issue 10
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2767-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2767-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
26 May 2020
Research article |
| 26 May 2020
| 26 May 2020
Assessing the temporal scale of deep-sea mining impacts on sediment biogeochemistry
Laura Haffert
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstrasse 1–3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
Matthias Haeckel
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstrasse 1–3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
Henko de Stigter
NIOZ – Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Ocean Systems, and Utrecht University, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, the Netherlands
Felix Janssen
HGF MPG Joint Research Group for Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Celsiusstrasse 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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Cited
28 citations as recorded by crossref.
- No recovery of a large-scale anthropogenic sediment disturbance on the Pacific seafloor after 77 years at 6460 m depth A. Jamieson et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113374
- RADIv1: a non-steady-state early diagenetic model for ocean sediments in Julia and MATLAB/GNU Octave O. Sulpis et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2105-2022
- Environmental drivers and ecological processes underlying microbial community zonation in deep-sea polymetallic nodule sediments N. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107790
- Spatiotemporal characterization of sedimentary phytopigments in the southeastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone: Baseline time series and effects of a deep-sea mining test I. Iannotta et al. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2024.00070
- Characteristics and potential formation mechanisms of dissolved organic matter at the water-sediment interface and assessment of its release potential in the eastern pacific polymetallic nodule area Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2026.126179
- Adult life strategy affects distribution patterns in abyssal isopods – implications for conservation in Pacific nodule areas S. Brix et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6163-2020
- Spatiotemporal Variability of Human Disturbance Impacts on Ecosystem Services in Mining Areas S. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137547
- Industrial mining trial for polymetallic nodules in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone indicates complex and variable disturbances of meiofaunal communities N. Lefaible et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1380530
- Deep-sea mining impacts on sediment-water Interface geochemistry: A laboratory simulation W. Weng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2026.102716
- Copper-binding ligands in deep-sea pore waters of the Pacific Ocean and potential impacts of polymetallic nodule mining on the copper cycle S. Paul et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97813-3
- The influence of habitat heterogeneity and disturbance on benthic community structure in deep-sea polymetallic nodule environments and management implications for seabed mining A. Ullmann et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1650660
- What do glass sponges do when no one is looking? Vazella pourtalesii: Responses to sediment deposition, passive locomotion, and contracting behavior J. Grinyó et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2024.104388
- Impact of Sediment Plume on Benthic Microbial Community in Deep-Sea Mining M. Bai et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17203013
- Tidally Driven Dispersion of a Deep-Sea Sediment Plume Originating from Seafloor Disturbance in the DISCOL Area (SE-Pacific Ocean) M. Baeye et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12010008
- Abyssal food-web model indicates faunal carbon flow recovery and impaired microbial loop 26 years after a sediment disturbance experiment D. de Jonge et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102446
- Mining of the Deep Ocean P. Snelgrove & A. Metaxas https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-011024-124849
- Assessing plume impacts caused by polymetallic nodule mining vehicles P. Weaver et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105011
- Glacial troughs as centres of organic carbon accumulation on the Norwegian continental margin M. Diesing et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01502-8
- Sources and distribution of organic matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the southwestern Portuguese shelf M. Mil-Homens et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.117303
- Major fine-scale spatial heterogeneity in accumulation of gelatinous carbon fluxes on the deep seabed H. Hoving et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1192242
- Assessment of scientific gaps related to the effective environmental management of deep-seabed mining D. Amon et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105006
- Diversity and connectivity of bacterial communities in polymetallic nodule-rich abyssal plains (Eastern Tropical Pacific) B. Yapan et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1759595
- Developing best environmental practice for polymetallic nodule mining - a review of scientific recommendations S. Christiansen & S. Bräger https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1243252
- Dynamic coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical problem for heterogeneous deep-sea sediments under vibration of mining vehicle W. Zhu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10483-023-2971-7
- In-situ environmental monitoring for deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining: Status, challenges, and future directions X. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2026.03.013
- Recovery of Paleodictyon patterns after simulated mining activity on Pacific nodule fields L. Boehringer et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-021-01237-1
- Probabilistic ecological risk assessment for deep‐sea mining: A Bayesian network for Chatham Rise, Pacific Ocean L. Kaikkonen et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.3064
- Restoration experiments in polymetallic nodule areas S. Gollner et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4541
28 citations as recorded by crossref.
- No recovery of a large-scale anthropogenic sediment disturbance on the Pacific seafloor after 77 years at 6460 m depth A. Jamieson et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113374
- RADIv1: a non-steady-state early diagenetic model for ocean sediments in Julia and MATLAB/GNU Octave O. Sulpis et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2105-2022
- Environmental drivers and ecological processes underlying microbial community zonation in deep-sea polymetallic nodule sediments N. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107790
- Spatiotemporal characterization of sedimentary phytopigments in the southeastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone: Baseline time series and effects of a deep-sea mining test I. Iannotta et al. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2024.00070
- Characteristics and potential formation mechanisms of dissolved organic matter at the water-sediment interface and assessment of its release potential in the eastern pacific polymetallic nodule area Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2026.126179
- Adult life strategy affects distribution patterns in abyssal isopods – implications for conservation in Pacific nodule areas S. Brix et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6163-2020
- Spatiotemporal Variability of Human Disturbance Impacts on Ecosystem Services in Mining Areas S. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137547
- Industrial mining trial for polymetallic nodules in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone indicates complex and variable disturbances of meiofaunal communities N. Lefaible et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1380530
- Deep-sea mining impacts on sediment-water Interface geochemistry: A laboratory simulation W. Weng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2026.102716
- Copper-binding ligands in deep-sea pore waters of the Pacific Ocean and potential impacts of polymetallic nodule mining on the copper cycle S. Paul et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97813-3
- The influence of habitat heterogeneity and disturbance on benthic community structure in deep-sea polymetallic nodule environments and management implications for seabed mining A. Ullmann et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1650660
- What do glass sponges do when no one is looking? Vazella pourtalesii: Responses to sediment deposition, passive locomotion, and contracting behavior J. Grinyó et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2024.104388
- Impact of Sediment Plume on Benthic Microbial Community in Deep-Sea Mining M. Bai et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17203013
- Tidally Driven Dispersion of a Deep-Sea Sediment Plume Originating from Seafloor Disturbance in the DISCOL Area (SE-Pacific Ocean) M. Baeye et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12010008
- Abyssal food-web model indicates faunal carbon flow recovery and impaired microbial loop 26 years after a sediment disturbance experiment D. de Jonge et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102446
- Mining of the Deep Ocean P. Snelgrove & A. Metaxas https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-011024-124849
- Assessing plume impacts caused by polymetallic nodule mining vehicles P. Weaver et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105011
- Glacial troughs as centres of organic carbon accumulation on the Norwegian continental margin M. Diesing et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01502-8
- Sources and distribution of organic matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the southwestern Portuguese shelf M. Mil-Homens et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.117303
- Major fine-scale spatial heterogeneity in accumulation of gelatinous carbon fluxes on the deep seabed H. Hoving et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1192242
- Assessment of scientific gaps related to the effective environmental management of deep-seabed mining D. Amon et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105006
- Diversity and connectivity of bacterial communities in polymetallic nodule-rich abyssal plains (Eastern Tropical Pacific) B. Yapan et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2026.1759595
- Developing best environmental practice for polymetallic nodule mining - a review of scientific recommendations S. Christiansen & S. Bräger https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1243252
- Dynamic coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical problem for heterogeneous deep-sea sediments under vibration of mining vehicle W. Zhu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10483-023-2971-7
- In-situ environmental monitoring for deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining: Status, challenges, and future directions X. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2026.03.013
- Recovery of Paleodictyon patterns after simulated mining activity on Pacific nodule fields L. Boehringer et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-021-01237-1
- Probabilistic ecological risk assessment for deep‐sea mining: A Bayesian network for Chatham Rise, Pacific Ocean L. Kaikkonen et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.3064
- Restoration experiments in polymetallic nodule areas S. Gollner et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4541
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 23 Jun 2026
Short summary
Deep-sea mining for polymetallic nodules is expected to have severe environmental impacts. Through prognostic modelling, this study aims to provide a holistic assessment of the biogeochemical recovery after a disturbance event. It was found that the recovery strongly depends on the impact type; e.g. complete removal of the surface sediment reduces seafloor nutrient fluxes over centuries.
Deep-sea mining for polymetallic nodules is expected to have severe environmental impacts....
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