Articles | Volume 17, issue 22
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5745-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5745-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
23 Nov 2020
Research article |
| 23 Nov 2020
| 23 Nov 2020
A numerical model study of the main factors contributing to hypoxia and its interannual and short-term variability in the East China Sea
Haiyan Zhang
Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada
School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada
Arnaud Laurent
Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax B3H 4R2, Nova Scotia, Canada
Changwei Bian
Physical Oceanography Laboratory/CIMST, Ocean University of China, 266100, Qingdao, China
Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 266100, Qingdao, China
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Cited
38 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Response of the Yellow and East China seas low-trophic ecosystems to two typhoons at different translational speeds L. Zhu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-025-4018-3
- Changjiang and Kuroshio contributions to oxygen depletion on the Zhejiang Coast H. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1285426
- Reducing the formation of coastal dead zones caused by human activities: Regime shift perspective M. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105641
- Temporal evolution of spatial water quality heterogeneity in Oman’s largest water supply reservoir M. Rashedi et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-54947-6
- Seasonal drivers of picoeukaryotic community structure and assembly in complex aquatic systems: A case study of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary and East China Sea R. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.120213
- Coastal Upwelling Combined With the River Plume Regulates Hypoxia in the Changjiang Estuary and Adjacent Inner East China Sea Shelf Q. Wei et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017740
- Application of WASP8 for modeling water temperature and eutrophication dynamics in the Liard River Basin, Canada Y. Han et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2026.111842
- Dissolved oxygen dynamics in shallow lakes under climate change: Synergistic modulation by nutrient loading F. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135565
- Hypoxia formation in the East China Sea by decomposed organic matter in the Kuroshio Subsurface Water W. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113486
- Effects of dissolved oxygen and nutrients from the Kuroshio on hypoxia off the Changjiang River estuary D. Tian et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-021-0440-3
- Threats to the Lower Section of the River after Fish Mortality in the Ecological Environment of the Oder River H. Siwek & J. Podlasińska https://doi.org/10.3390/w15234050
- Water Oxygen Consumption Rather Than Sediment Oxygen Consumption Drives the Variation of Hypoxia on the East China Sea Shelf Q. Meng et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JG006705
- Dissolved oxygen depletion in Chinese coastal waters W. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.123004
- An observation-based evaluation and ranking of historical Earth system model simulations in the northwest North Atlantic Ocean A. Laurent et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1803-2021
- A numerical model study on the spatial and temporal variabilities of dissolved oxygen in Qinzhou Bay of the northern Beibu Gulf G. Cheng et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-023-2243-1
- Coastal hypoxia response to the coupling of catastrophic flood, extreme marine heatwave and typhoon: a case study off the Changjiang River Estuary in summer 2020 X. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-024-2311-1
- Artificial downwelling for mitigating marine hypoxia: a review of biogeochemical responses, ecological effects, and adaptive optimization strategies H. Zhang & Y. Pan https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-026-2726-y
- Global inland-water nitrogen cycling has accelerated in the Anthropocene J. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44221-024-00282-x
- Temporal Variation of Summer Hypoxia off Changjiang Estuary During 1997–2014 and Its Association With ENSO X. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.897063
- Spatial variability of hypoxia and coupled physical-biogeochemical controls off the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary in summer Q. Wei et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.987368
- Causes of continuous and short-term hypoxia in rivers entering the sea: a case of Minjiang River in Fujian Province P. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2022.095
- Mechanisms Controlling Interannual Variability of Seasonal Hypoxia Off the Changjiang River Estuary W. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JC019996
- High-resolution profiling observation of carbon source dynamics in a mussel farm in the Changjiang River estuary during early autumn D. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-025-4275-1
- Role of phosphorus in the seasonal deoxygenation of the East China Sea shelf A. Laurent et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5893-2022
- AEDMA-NDMAI: Automatic Extraction and Daily Monitoring of Algal Blooms Using Normalized Difference MODIS Algae Index V. Mishra et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179275
- Sedimentary lycopane/n‐C31 ratio as a proxy for bottom water hypoxia in coastal ocean Q. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.70167
- Using dissolved oxygen variance to investigate the influence of nonextreme wind events on hypoxia in Mobile Bay, a shallow stratified estuary Z. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.989017
- Destruction and reinstatement of coastal hypoxia in the South China Sea off the Pearl River estuary Y. Zhao et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2755-2021
- Simulating the influence of various nutrient sources on hypoxia off the Changjiang River Estuary J. Zheng et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-021-1906-z
- Ocean biogeochemical modelling K. Fennel et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-022-00154-2
- Inter-annual variations of dissolved oxygen and hypoxia off the northern Changjiang River (Yangtze River) Estuary in summer from 1997 to 2014 A. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-023-2244-0
- Intermittent migration of mixing front driven by typhoon events on the inner shelf of the East China Sea: A FVCOM modeling study S. Cong et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2023.107161
- Hindcast-based biogeochemical plus (BGC+) index for ocean health diagnostics in a tropical coastal setting A. Wahyudi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2026.105588
- Strong Habitat Compression by Extreme Shoaling Events of Hypoxic Waters in the Eastern Pacific E. Köhn et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC018429
- Response Process of Coastal Hypoxia to a Passing Typhoon in the East China Sea Q. Meng et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.892797
- A regional ocean database for the Coastal China Sea C. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-05840-w
- Dynamics controlling seasonal variability of the dissolved oxygen in the Bohai Sea: A numerical study Y. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.117246
- Investigating ocean deoxygenation and the oxygen minimum zone in the Central Indo Pacific region based on the hindcast datasets K. Triana et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10615-6
38 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Response of the Yellow and East China seas low-trophic ecosystems to two typhoons at different translational speeds L. Zhu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-025-4018-3
- Changjiang and Kuroshio contributions to oxygen depletion on the Zhejiang Coast H. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1285426
- Reducing the formation of coastal dead zones caused by human activities: Regime shift perspective M. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105641
- Temporal evolution of spatial water quality heterogeneity in Oman’s largest water supply reservoir M. Rashedi et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-54947-6
- Seasonal drivers of picoeukaryotic community structure and assembly in complex aquatic systems: A case study of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary and East China Sea R. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.120213
- Coastal Upwelling Combined With the River Plume Regulates Hypoxia in the Changjiang Estuary and Adjacent Inner East China Sea Shelf Q. Wei et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC017740
- Application of WASP8 for modeling water temperature and eutrophication dynamics in the Liard River Basin, Canada Y. Han et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2026.111842
- Dissolved oxygen dynamics in shallow lakes under climate change: Synergistic modulation by nutrient loading F. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135565
- Hypoxia formation in the East China Sea by decomposed organic matter in the Kuroshio Subsurface Water W. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113486
- Effects of dissolved oxygen and nutrients from the Kuroshio on hypoxia off the Changjiang River estuary D. Tian et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-021-0440-3
- Threats to the Lower Section of the River after Fish Mortality in the Ecological Environment of the Oder River H. Siwek & J. Podlasińska https://doi.org/10.3390/w15234050
- Water Oxygen Consumption Rather Than Sediment Oxygen Consumption Drives the Variation of Hypoxia on the East China Sea Shelf Q. Meng et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JG006705
- Dissolved oxygen depletion in Chinese coastal waters W. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.123004
- An observation-based evaluation and ranking of historical Earth system model simulations in the northwest North Atlantic Ocean A. Laurent et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1803-2021
- A numerical model study on the spatial and temporal variabilities of dissolved oxygen in Qinzhou Bay of the northern Beibu Gulf G. Cheng et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-023-2243-1
- Coastal hypoxia response to the coupling of catastrophic flood, extreme marine heatwave and typhoon: a case study off the Changjiang River Estuary in summer 2020 X. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-024-2311-1
- Artificial downwelling for mitigating marine hypoxia: a review of biogeochemical responses, ecological effects, and adaptive optimization strategies H. Zhang & Y. Pan https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-026-2726-y
- Global inland-water nitrogen cycling has accelerated in the Anthropocene J. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44221-024-00282-x
- Temporal Variation of Summer Hypoxia off Changjiang Estuary During 1997–2014 and Its Association With ENSO X. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.897063
- Spatial variability of hypoxia and coupled physical-biogeochemical controls off the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary in summer Q. Wei et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.987368
- Causes of continuous and short-term hypoxia in rivers entering the sea: a case of Minjiang River in Fujian Province P. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2022.095
- Mechanisms Controlling Interannual Variability of Seasonal Hypoxia Off the Changjiang River Estuary W. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JC019996
- High-resolution profiling observation of carbon source dynamics in a mussel farm in the Changjiang River estuary during early autumn D. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-025-4275-1
- Role of phosphorus in the seasonal deoxygenation of the East China Sea shelf A. Laurent et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5893-2022
- AEDMA-NDMAI: Automatic Extraction and Daily Monitoring of Algal Blooms Using Normalized Difference MODIS Algae Index V. Mishra et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179275
- Sedimentary lycopane/n‐C31 ratio as a proxy for bottom water hypoxia in coastal ocean Q. Song et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.70167
- Using dissolved oxygen variance to investigate the influence of nonextreme wind events on hypoxia in Mobile Bay, a shallow stratified estuary Z. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.989017
- Destruction and reinstatement of coastal hypoxia in the South China Sea off the Pearl River estuary Y. Zhao et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2755-2021
- Simulating the influence of various nutrient sources on hypoxia off the Changjiang River Estuary J. Zheng et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-021-1906-z
- Ocean biogeochemical modelling K. Fennel et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-022-00154-2
- Inter-annual variations of dissolved oxygen and hypoxia off the northern Changjiang River (Yangtze River) Estuary in summer from 1997 to 2014 A. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-023-2244-0
- Intermittent migration of mixing front driven by typhoon events on the inner shelf of the East China Sea: A FVCOM modeling study S. Cong et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2023.107161
- Hindcast-based biogeochemical plus (BGC+) index for ocean health diagnostics in a tropical coastal setting A. Wahyudi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2026.105588
- Strong Habitat Compression by Extreme Shoaling Events of Hypoxic Waters in the Eastern Pacific E. Köhn et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC018429
- Response Process of Coastal Hypoxia to a Passing Typhoon in the East China Sea Q. Meng et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.892797
- A regional ocean database for the Coastal China Sea C. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-05840-w
- Dynamics controlling seasonal variability of the dissolved oxygen in the Bohai Sea: A numerical study Y. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.117246
- Investigating ocean deoxygenation and the oxygen minimum zone in the Central Indo Pacific region based on the hindcast datasets K. Triana et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10615-6
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 10 Nov 2026
Short summary
In coastal seas, low oxygen, which is detrimental to coastal ecosystems, is increasingly caused by man-made nutrients from land. This is especially so near mouths of major rivers, including the Changjiang in the East China Sea. Here a simulation model is used to identify the main factors determining low-oxygen conditions in the region. High river discharge is identified as the prime cause, while wind and intrusions of open-ocean water modulate the severity and extent of low-oxygen conditions.
In coastal seas, low oxygen, which is detrimental to coastal ecosystems, is increasingly caused...
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