the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 01 Aug 2023
Decadal changes of anthropogenic carbon in the Atlantic 1990–2010
Abstract. The Atlantic inventory of anthropogenic carbon (Cant) and its changes between 1990 and 2010 are investigated by applying the transit time distribution (TTD) method to anthropogenic tracer data. In contrast to previous TTD applications, here we take into account the admixture of old waters free of anthropogenic tracers. The greatest difference to other methods based on direct carbon observations is the higher Cant storage in the deep ocean. The results from the TTD method better reflects the observed distribution of other transient tracers such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Changes in oceanic circulation/ventilation are important on the regional scale. The enhanced upwelling of older water in the Southern Ocean and the decline in the convection depth in the Labrador Sea lead to deviations of the inferred Cant increase between 1990 and 2010 from the rate equivalent to a steady state ocean. For the total Atlantic Cant inventory, however, decadal ventilation variability of individual water masses is partially compensating each other, and the effect is small due to the much higher flushing time for the total Atlantic of the order of hundreds of years. The total Cant inventory increases from 39.7 ± 7.7 Pg C in 1990 to 54.6 ± 9.5 Pg C in 2010, almost in unison with the rising CO2 in the atmosphere. Only a reduction of the Atlantic ventilation over several decades would severely change this relationship.
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RC1: 'Comment on bg-2023-113', Jens Daniel Müller, 10 Oct 2023
Review of bg-2023-113
Decadal changes of anthropogenic carbon in the Atlantic 1990–2010
By Steinfeld et al.
Reviewer: Jens Daniel Müller
Conflict of interest statement: Reiner Steinfeldt and Jens Daniel Müller are both active contributors to GLODAP, and have jointly co-authored previous release papers of GLODAP (Lauvset et al., 2022)
Short summary
The authors provide a reconstruction of the total anthropogenic carbon storage in the Atlantic Ocean for 1990, 2000 and 2010. These estimates are obtained with a modified version of the previously developed TTD method applied to transient tracers such as CFCs and SF6. Decadal changes in the anthropogenic carbon storage are obtained by subtracting estimates from the three reference years. In addition, decadal anomalies in the accumulation rates of Cant are determined by comparing the Cant accumulation directly obtained from observations centred around the years 2000 and 2010, to those predicted from the transient tracer data of the previous decade. The anomalous Cant accumulation is interpreted comprehensively in the context of ocean circulation studies and previous Cant reconstructions.
General assessment
The study appears overall carefully executed and described mostly in sufficient detail. The method appears appropriate, but a major clarification (or revision) of the use of a dilution factor is required. The focus of the study on decadal anomalies in the Cant accumulation yields a high scientific significance, which could even be enhanced if the authors revised their decision to deliberately neglect tracer observations since 2014. As a consequence of this decision, the study cannot contribute to the ongoing debate about the recent evolution of the ocean carbon sink. References to previous literature are generally comprehensive and the results of this study are well contextualised with previous knowledge on ocean circulation and its variability. However, a few key references are missing and I noted an imbalance to emphasise the assumptions and shortcomings of other methods a bit stronger than those associated with the TTD method. The presentation quality is overall high, although some edits could help to improve the figures. Likewise, the structure and sequence of the text could be revised to increase the emphasis on the most relevant findings, while the use of English language is appropriate and of high quality.
Main comments
A dilution factor is introduced and described to account for the admixture of old waters free of anthropogenic tracers. However, the magnitude of this dilution factor is determined such that it reduces decadal anomalies in the accumulation of Cant that are obtained without the dilution factor. Hence, the definition of the dilution factor seems not to reflect the physical process of water mass mixing and - more importantly - it builds on the a priori assumption that the accumulation of Cant in water masses older than 100 years occurs steadily and without decadal variability. I found only a vague explanation addressing why the anomalous Cant accumulation is detected without a dilution factor (“an artefact of the TTD parameterization in the form of a single inverse Gaussian function”). Furthermore, it appears contradictory that the dilution factor reduces the Cant accumulation in the AABW, which is at the same time highlighted as a water mass with considerable amounts of CFCs. Therefore, I deem it important that the general application of this dilution factor, but at least its description as a representation of water mass mixing, is reassessed critically.
Observations obtained past 2014 are neglected to avoid “mixing data from years of extremely deep versus years with shallower convection when calculating the mean value of the last decade.” However, it remains unclear whether data from 2014 to 2022 could not be included and assessed separately to provide the Cant reconstruction for another decade, that is, for the reference year 2010. If this was achieved, it would drastically increase the significance of the study.
The observational data provided through GLODAP undergo a rigorous quality control and are eventually adjusted to increase their overall consistency. In this study, the authors included additional data from 11 cruises. However, the consistency of the additional data with those provided through GLODAP has not been assessed, or at least this is not described in the manuscript. To my impression, it would increase the overall trust in the results if the data consistency could be addressed.
The total Cant for each reference year is calculated as “the difference between the carbon concentration at time tref and the preindustrial time (year 1780)”. This choice of the preindustrial time is relevant for the definition of Cant (Bronselaer et al., 2017). An earlier starting date of the industrial time usually leads to a higher Cant in each reference year, as it goes along with a lower preindustrial pCO2 and longer time period for Cant to accumulate in the ocean. As a consequence, the choice of the starting date is directly relevant for the comparison of Cant estimates obtained from models and various observation-based approaches (Terhaar et al., 2022). Given the relevance of this decision, it would be great if the authors could provide a justification for their definition of the starting date and assess the sensitivity of their Cant estimates to variations in the starting date.
The authors provide an extensive, carefully executed and mostly complete comparison to previous estimates of the oceanic Cant accumulation. However, it is very hard for readers to digest this comparison as the differences to previous estimates are not visualised. Hence, I would encourage the authors to reproduce section plots from previous studies, as well as the differences to the results obtained in this study.
The interpretation of decadal anomalies and their comparison to previous estimates is mostly presented without consideration of uncertainties. For example, Fig. 10 in this study and Fig. 5 in Clement and Gruber (2018) display uncertainties for the zonal mean sections of Cant, an information that could be considered when comparing the anomalous changes in Cant. Furthermore, it would be informative if the quantitative uncertainty estimates of the TTD method could be visualised as maps and zonal sections. This would enable an understanding of the spatial distribution of uncertainties, which cannot be obtained solely from the stippling that is currently shown on maps and sections.
In addition to the two previous general comments, I permit myself to point the authors to a study recently published by colleagues and myself (Müller et al., 2023), in which we reconstruct decadal trends in the oceanic Cant accumulation with the eMLR(C*) method. This new study extends the results of Gruber et al. (2019) by reconstructing Cant for two decades and providing a more rigorous uncertainty assessment that is directly bound to the results. This update is thus more suitable to be used for comparison to the results obtained in this study.
My overall impression is that the authors tend to be overly confident in the results obtained with the TTD method, while other methods are more critically evaluated. For example, the assumptions of other methods used to quantify the accumulation of Cant from observations are mentioned in the introduction, which is not the case for the TTD method. In this regard, a key citation that deals with the assumptions of the surface equilibrium of Cant and variable ratios of the TTD parameters (width and mean age) should be referenced and reflected in this study (Raimondi et al., 2021).
In the abstract and conclusion section, the authors state that “the total Cant inventory increases … almost in unison with the rising CO2 in the atmosphere” and that “only a reduction of the Atlantic ventilation over several decades would severely change this relationship”. However, the second conclusion is not directly supported by the results of this study. It remains unclear why ventilation changes need to be effective for several decades in order to impact the sensitivity of the oceanic sink for anthropogenic carbon. Wouldn’t a hypothetical collapse of the AMOC over the course of a single decade already drastically change the accumulation of Cant? I suggest removing this statement or argue more carefully and comprehensively.
The overall quality of the figures is high, but a few edits could help to improve the interpretability:
- Avoid rainbow colour scale for sequential data and use one of the plenty appropriate alternatives, such as the Viridis, Brewer or Scientific colour scales
- Avoid unevenly spaced breaks in colour scales
- Use the fine grid onto which Cant was interpolated instead of corse boxes to produce maps
The text is generally well structured. However, I would suggest moving the somewhat lengthy description of water masses from the methods to the appendix, and restructure the results section such that you start with the most important findings, which to my understanding are the decadal anomalies in the Cant accumulation. In contrast, the general patterns in Cant are well known and have been described and attributed extensively in previous studies. Hence, this part of the results could be compressed.
Minor comments
Please refer to the annotations in the attached pdf file for additional minor comments, and consider them as an integral component of this review.
References
Bronselaer, B., Winton, M., Russell, J., Sabine, C. L., and Khatiwala, S.: Agreement of CMIP5 Simulated and Observed Ocean Anthropogenic CO2 Uptake, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 12,298-12,305, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074435, 2017.
Clement, D. and Gruber, N.: The eMLR(C*) Method to Determine Decadal Changes in the Global Ocean Storage of Anthropogenic CO 2, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 32, 654–679, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GB005819, 2018.
Gruber, N., Clement, D., Carter, B. R., Feely, R. A., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, M., Ishii, M., Key, R. M., Kozyr, A., Lauvset, S. K., Lo Monaco, C., Mathis, J. T., Murata, A., Olsen, A., Perez, F. F., Sabine, C. L., Tanhua, T., and Wanninkhof, R.: The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2 from 1994 to 2007, Science, 363, 1193–1199, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau5153, 2019.
Lauvset, S. K., Lange, N., Tanhua, T., Bittig, H. C., Olsen, A., Kozyr, A., Alin, S., Álvarez, M., Azetsu-Scott, K., Barbero, L., Becker, S., Brown, P. J., Carter, B. R., da Cunha, L. C., Feely, R. A., Hoppema, M., Humphreys, M. P., Ishii, M., Jeansson, E., Jiang, L.-Q., Jones, S. D., Lo Monaco, C., Murata, A., Müller, J. D., Pérez, F. F., Pfeil, B., Schirnick, C., Steinfeldt, R., Suzuki, T., Tilbrook, B., Ulfsbo, A., Velo, A., Woosley, R. J., and Key, R. M.: GLODAPv2.2022: the latest version of the global interior ocean biogeochemical data product, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5543–5572, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5543-2022, 2022.
Müller, J. D., Gruber, N., Carter, B., Feely, R., Ishii, M., Lange, N., Lauvset, S. K., Murata, A., Olsen, A., Pérez, F. F., Sabine, C., Tanhua, T., Wanninkhof, R., and Zhu, D.: Decadal Trends in the Oceanic Storage of Anthropogenic Carbon From 1994 to 2014, AGU Adv., 4, e2023AV000875, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023AV000875, 2023.
Raimondi, L., Tanhua, T., Azetsu-Scott, K., Yashayaev, I., and Wallace, D. w. r.: A 30 -Year Time Series of Transient Tracer-Based Estimates of Anthropogenic Carbon in the Central Labrador Sea, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 126, e2020JC017092, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC017092, 2021.
Terhaar, J., Frölicher, T. L., and Joos, F.: Observation-constrained estimates of the global ocean carbon sink from Earth system models, Biogeosciences, 19, 4431–4457, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4431-2022, 2022.
- AC2: 'Reply on RC1', Reiner Steinfeldt, 01 Jan 2024
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RC2: 'Comment on bg-2023-113', Anonymous Referee #2, 25 Oct 2023
Dear authors,
I apologise the tremendous delay of this review.
Please find the review comments attached.
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AC1: 'Reply on RC2', Reiner Steinfeldt, 01 Jan 2024
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://bg.copernicus.org/preprints/bg-2023-113/bg-2023-113-AC1-supplement.pdf
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AC1: 'Reply on RC2', Reiner Steinfeldt, 01 Jan 2024
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