Articles | Volume 11, issue 23 
            
                
                    
            
            
            https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6827-2014
                    © Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under 
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
                the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6827-2014
                    © Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under 
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
                the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Local spatial structure of forest biomass and its consequences for remote sensing of carbon stocks
M. Réjou-Méchain
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
                                            
                                    
                                            Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
                                        
                                    H. C. Muller-Landau
                                            Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092 Balboa, Ancon, Panama
                                        
                                    M. Detto
                                            Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092 Balboa, Ancon, Panama
                                        
                                    S. C. Thomas
                                            University of Toronto, Faculty of Forestry, Toronto, Canada
                                        
                                    T. Le Toan
                                            Centre d'Etudes Spatiales de la Biosphère, UMR5126 CNRS, CNES, Université Paul Sabatier, IRD, 31401 Toulouse, France
                                        
                                    S. S. Saatchi
                                            Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
                                        
                                    J. S. Barreto-Silva
                                            Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas SINCHI, Avenida Vásquez Cobo entre calles 15 y 16, Leticia, Amazonas, Colombia
                                        
                                    N. A. Bourg
                                            Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Rd., Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
                                        
                                    S. Bunyavejchewin
                                            National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Research Office, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
                                        
                                    N. Butt
                                            ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia
                                        
                                    
                                            Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
                                        
                                    W. Y. Brockelman
                                            Ecology Lab, Bioresources Technology Unit, 113 Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Khlong 1, Khlongluang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
                                        
                                    M. Cao
                                            Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
                                        
                                    D. Cárdenas
                                            Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas SINCHI, Calle 20 No. 5 -44. Bogotá, Colombia
                                        
                                    J.-M. Chiang
                                            Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
                                        
                                    G. B. Chuyong
                                            Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Buea, PO Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
                                        
                                    K. Clay
                                            Department of Biology, Indiana University, Jordan Hall, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
                                        
                                    R. Condit
                                            Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092 Balboa, Ancon, Panama
                                        
                                    H. S. Dattaraja
                                            Center for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
                                        
                                    S. J. Davies
                                            Center for Tropical Forest Science, Smithsonian Institution Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20012, USA
                                        
                                    A. Duque
                                            Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín. Calle 59A No 63-20, Medellín, Colombia
                                        
                                    S. Esufali
                                            Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
                                        
                                    C. Ewango
                                            Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Conservation Forestière (CEFRECOF), Wildlife Conservation Society, Kinshasa, DR Congo
                                        
                                    R. H. S. Fernando
                                            Royal Botanical Garden, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
                                        
                                    C. D. Fletcher
                                            Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia
                                        
                                    I. A. U. N. Gunatilleke
                                            Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
                                        
                                    Z. Hao
                                            State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, China
                                        
                                    K. E. Harms
                                            Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
                                        
                                    T. B. Hart
                                            Project TL2, Kinshasa, DR Congo
                                        
                                    B. Hérault
                                            Cirad, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG), Campus Agronomique, BP701, 97310 Kourou, French Guiana
                                        
                                    R. W. Howe
                                            Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, WI 54311, USA
                                        
                                    S. P. Hubbell
                                            Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
                                        
                                    
                                            Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092 Balboa, Ancon, Panama
                                        
                                    D. J. Johnson
                                            Department of Biology, Indiana University, Jordan Hall, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
                                        
                                    D. Kenfack
                                            CTFS-Arnold Arboretum Office, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
                                        
                                    A. J. Larson
                                            Department of Forest Management, College of Forestry and Conservation, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
                                        
                                    L. Lin
                                            Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
                                        
                                    Y. Lin
                                            Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
                                        
                                    J. A. Lutz
                                            Wildland Resources Department, Utah State University, 5230 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-5230, USA
                                        
                                    J.-R. Makana
                                            Wildlife Conservation Society – DRC Program, Kinshasa, DR Congo
                                        
                                    Y. Malhi
                                            Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
                                        
                                    T. R. Marthews
                                            Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
                                        
                                    R. W. McEwan
                                            Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469-2320, USA
                                        
                                    S. M. McMahon
                                            Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute {&} Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
                                        
                                    W. J. McShea
                                            Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Rd., Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
                                        
                                    R. Muscarella
                                            Department of Ecology, Evolution {&} Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
                                        
                                    A. Nathalang
                                            Ecology Lab, Bioresources Technology Unit, 113 Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Khlong 1, Khlongluang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
                                        
                                    N. S. M. Noor
                                            Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia
                                        
                                    C. J. Nytch
                                            Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico, Box 70377, Rio Piedras, San Juan, 00936-8377, Puerto Rico
                                        
                                    A. A. Oliveira
                                            Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 04582050 São Paulo, Brazil
                                        
                                    R. P. Phillips
                                            Department of Biology, Indiana University, Jordan Hall, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
                                        
                                    N. Pongpattananurak
                                            Department of Conservation, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
                                        
                                    R. Punchi-Manage
                                            Department of Ecosystem Modelling, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
                                        
                                    R. Salim
                                            Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia
                                        
                                    J. Schurman
                                            University of Toronto, Faculty of Forestry, Toronto, Canada
                                        
                                    R. Sukumar
                                            Center for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
                                        
                                    H. S. Suresh
                                            Center for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
                                        
                                    U. Suwanvecho
                                            Ecology Lab, Bioresources Technology Unit, 113 Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Khlong 1, Khlongluang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
                                        
                                    D. W. Thomas
                                            Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
                                        
                                    J. Thompson
                                            Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico, Box 70377, Rio Piedras, San Juan, 00936-8377, Puerto Rico
                                        
                                    
                                            Centre for Ecology {&} Hydrology, Edinburgh, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland EH26 0QB, UK
                                        
                                    M. Uríarte
                                            Department of Ecology, Evolution {&} Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
                                        
                                    R. Valencia
                                            Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Apartado 17-01-2184, Quito, Ecuador
                                        
                                    A. Vicentini
                                            Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – Manaus, AM, Brazil
                                        
                                    A. T. Wolf
                                            Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Green Bay, WI 54311, USA
                                        
                                    S. Yap
                                            Institute of Biology University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
                                        
                                    Z. Yuan
                                            State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, China
                                        
                                    C. E. Zartman
                                            Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia – Manaus, AM, Brazil
                                        
                                    J. K. Zimmerman
                                            Department of Environmental Science, University of Puerto Rico, Box 70377, Rio Piedras, San Juan, 00936-8377, Puerto Rico
                                        
                                    J. Chave
                                            Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
                                        
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Cited
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 - Seeing Central African forests through their largest trees J. Bastin et al. 10.1038/srep13156
 - Spatial Structure of Above-Ground Biomass Limits Accuracy of Carbon Mapping in Rainforest but Large Scale Forest Inventories Can Help to Overcome S. Guitet et al. 10.1371/journal.pone.0138456
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 - Spatial Structure of Above-Ground Biomass Limits Accuracy of Carbon Mapping in Rainforest but Large Scale Forest Inventories Can Help to Overcome S. Guitet et al. 10.1371/journal.pone.0138456
 - Impact of deforestation and climate on the Amazon Basin’s above-ground biomass during 1993–2012 J. Exbrayat et al. 10.1038/s41598-017-15788-6
 - CTFS‐ForestGEO: a worldwide network monitoring forests in an era of global change K. Anderson‐Teixeira et al. 10.1111/gcb.12712
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 - Error in the estimation of emission factors for forest degradation in central Africa N. Picard et al. 10.1007/s10310-015-0510-5
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 - Co-variation in biomass and environment at the scale of a forest concession in central Africa G. Mankou et al. 10.1017/S0266467417000177
 - Long-term exposure to more frequent disturbances increases baseline carbon in some ecosystems: Mapping and quantifying the disturbance frequency-ecosystem C relationship B. Buma et al. 10.1371/journal.pone.0212526
 - Geomorphic control of rain-forest floristic composition in French Guiana: more than a soil filtering effect? S. Guitet et al. 10.1017/S0266467415000620
 - Effect of ground surface interpolation methods on the accuracy of forest attribute modelling using unmanned aerial systems-based digital aerial photogrammetry A. Graham et al. 10.1080/01431161.2019.1694722
 - Decrease of L-band SAR backscatter with biomass of dense forests S. Mermoz et al. 10.1016/j.rse.2014.12.019
 - SAR tomography for the retrieval of forest biomass and height: Cross-validation at two tropical forest sites in French Guiana D. Ho Tong Minh et al. 10.1016/j.rse.2015.12.037
 - Limited carbon and biodiversity co‐benefits for tropical forest mammals and birds L. Beaudrot et al. 10.1890/15-0935
 - Spatially explicit analysis of field inventories for national forest carbon monitoring D. Marvin & G. Asner 10.1186/s13021-016-0050-0
 
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Short summary
                    Forest carbon mapping may greatly reduce uncertainties in the global carbon budget. Accuracy of such maps depends however on the quality of field measurements. Using 30 large forest plots, we found large local spatial variability in biomass. When field calibration plots are smaller than the remote sensing pixels, this high local spatial variability results in an underestimation of the variance in biomass.
                    Forest carbon mapping may greatly reduce uncertainties in the global carbon budget. Accuracy of...
                    
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