Reconstruction of secular variation in seawater sulfate concentrations

Algeo, T. J.; Luo, G. M.; Song, H. Y.; Lyons, T. W.; Canfield, D. E.

doi:10.5194/bg-12-2131-2015

Articles | Volume 12, issue 7

https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2131-2015

© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2131-2015

© Author(s) 2015. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Articles | Volume 12, issue 7

Research article

|

10 Apr 2015

Research article |

| 10 Apr 2015

Reconstruction of secular variation in seawater sulfate concentrations

T. J. Algeo, G. M. Luo, H. Y. Song, T. W. Lyons, and D. E. Canfield

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Views and downloads (calculated since 10 Sep 2014)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Sep 2014	85	94	3	182
Oct 2014	33	26	2	61
Nov 2014	26	23	2	51
Dec 2014	29	23	1	53
Jan 2015	69	19	1	89
Feb 2015	45	9	0	54
Mar 2015	33	19	0	52
Apr 2015	114	107	2	223
May 2015	42	65	1	108
Jun 2015	49	65	1	115
Jul 2015	43	77	2	122
Aug 2015	22	66	0	88
Sep 2015	28	68	3	99
Oct 2015	28	55	4	87
Nov 2015	40	60	3	103
Dec 2015	20	35	0	55
Jan 2016	29	33	1	63
Feb 2016	16	22	1	39
Mar 2016	19	16	0	35
Apr 2016	3	6	0	9
May 2016	14	14	3	31
Jun 2016	14	17	4	35
Jul 2016	10	4	1	15
Aug 2016	10	4	0	14
Sep 2016	14	16	0	30
Oct 2016	13	16	0	29
Nov 2016	11	12	0	23
Dec 2016	7	10	2	19
Jan 2017	24	17	1	42
Feb 2017	13	12	2	27
Mar 2017	27	21	0	48
Apr 2017	36	24	1	61
May 2017	26	16	0	42
Jun 2017	31	10	0	41
Jul 2017	17	8	1	26
Aug 2017	7	15	1	23
Sep 2017	5	20	0	25
Oct 2017	9	21	0	30
Nov 2017	9	25	1	35
Dec 2017	13	24	0	37
Jan 2018	8	27	0	35
Feb 2018	12	20	0	32
Mar 2018	14	24	1	39
Apr 2018	17	31	0	48
May 2018	12	32	0	44
Jun 2018	12	33	0	45
Jul 2018	15	31	0	46
Aug 2018	13	32	0	45
Sep 2018	16	21	0	37
Oct 2018	19	29	1	49
Nov 2018	8	27	0	35
Dec 2018	11	23	1	35
Jan 2019	26	30	1	57
Feb 2019	11	13	0	24
Mar 2019	11	25	0	36
Apr 2019	19	21	1	41
May 2019	21	38	0	59
Jun 2019	13	27	0	40
Jul 2019	9	19	0	28
Aug 2019	9	21	0	30
Sep 2019	6	13	0	19
Oct 2019	16	27	2	45
Nov 2019	8	15	0	23
Dec 2019	11	20	1	32
Jan 2020	16	13	3	32
Feb 2020	5	16	0	21
Mar 2020	23	14	2	39
Apr 2020	21	7	0	28
May 2020	15	8	0	23
Jun 2020	22	5	0	27
Jul 2020	24	22	11	57
Aug 2020	12	10	6	28
Sep 2020	15	12	1	28
Oct 2020	10	16	1	27
Nov 2020	12	9	0	21
Dec 2020	17	20	2	39
Jan 2021	36	20	4	60
Feb 2021	21	18	3	42
Mar 2021	35	26	3	64
Apr 2021	24	29	0	53
May 2021	15	23	0	38
Jun 2021	22	16	1	39
Jul 2021	23	35	1	59
Aug 2021	14	25	4	43
Sep 2021	26	23	3	52
Oct 2021	25	38	2	65
Nov 2021	26	34	0	60
Dec 2021	26	23	3	52
Jan 2022	26	27	2	55
Feb 2022	18	27	1	46
Mar 2022	15	28	0	43
Apr 2022	17	24	0	41
May 2022	19	25	1	45
Jun 2022	20	16	1	37
Jul 2022	19	21	1	41
Aug 2022	15	14	0	29
Sep 2022	15	20	0	35
Oct 2022	21	24	0	45
Nov 2022	15	17	0	32
Dec 2022	17	17	0	34
Jan 2023	20	19	2	41
Feb 2023	22	12	1	35
Mar 2023	20	19	0	39
Apr 2023	16	20	0	36
May 2023	36	30	0	66
Jun 2023	17	19	2	38
Jul 2023	18	19	0	37
Aug 2023	17	17	3	37
Sep 2023	27	24	0	51
Oct 2023	30	12	1	43
Nov 2023	10	4	1	15
Dec 2023	18	5	0	23
Jan 2024	33	26	0	59
Feb 2024	18	21	0	39
Mar 2024	28	23	0	51
Apr 2024	32	23	2	57
May 2024	32	28	7	67
Jun 2024	44	18	2	64
Jul 2024	57	37	4	98
Aug 2024	56	19	2	77
Sep 2024	34	18	2	54
Oct 2024	53	29	1	83
Nov 2024	44	30	1	75
Dec 2024	32	17	1	50
Jan 2025	34	20	0	54
Feb 2025	34	13	0	47
Mar 2025	37	22	0	59
Apr 2025	45	33	2	80
May 2025	58	40	1	99
Jun 2025	68	14	0	82
Jul 2025	46	36	0	82
Aug 2025	61	26	1	88
Sep 2025	58	23	2	83
Oct 2025	50	62	6	118
Nov 2025	75	61	12	148

Cumulative views and downloads (calculated since 10 Sep 2014)

Month	HTML	PDF	XML	Total
Sep 2014	85	94	3	182
Oct 2014	33	26	2	61
Nov 2014	26	23	2	51
Dec 2014	29	23	1	53
Jan 2015	69	19	1	89
Feb 2015	45	9	0	54
Mar 2015	33	19	0	52
Apr 2015	114	107	2	223
May 2015	42	65	1	108
Jun 2015	49	65	1	115
Jul 2015	43	77	2	122
Aug 2015	22	66	0	88
Sep 2015	28	68	3	99
Oct 2015	28	55	4	87
Nov 2015	40	60	3	103
Dec 2015	20	35	0	55
Jan 2016	29	33	1	63
Feb 2016	16	22	1	39
Mar 2016	19	16	0	35
Apr 2016	3	6	0	9
May 2016	14	14	3	31
Jun 2016	14	17	4	35
Jul 2016	10	4	1	15
Aug 2016	10	4	0	14
Sep 2016	14	16	0	30
Oct 2016	13	16	0	29
Nov 2016	11	12	0	23
Dec 2016	7	10	2	19
Jan 2017	24	17	1	42
Feb 2017	13	12	2	27
Mar 2017	27	21	0	48
Apr 2017	36	24	1	61
May 2017	26	16	0	42
Jun 2017	31	10	0	41
Jul 2017	17	8	1	26
Aug 2017	7	15	1	23
Sep 2017	5	20	0	25
Oct 2017	9	21	0	30
Nov 2017	9	25	1	35
Dec 2017	13	24	0	37
Jan 2018	8	27	0	35
Feb 2018	12	20	0	32
Mar 2018	14	24	1	39
Apr 2018	17	31	0	48
May 2018	12	32	0	44
Jun 2018	12	33	0	45
Jul 2018	15	31	0	46
Aug 2018	13	32	0	45
Sep 2018	16	21	0	37
Oct 2018	19	29	1	49
Nov 2018	8	27	0	35
Dec 2018	11	23	1	35
Jan 2019	26	30	1	57
Feb 2019	11	13	0	24
Mar 2019	11	25	0	36
Apr 2019	19	21	1	41
May 2019	21	38	0	59
Jun 2019	13	27	0	40
Jul 2019	9	19	0	28
Aug 2019	9	21	0	30
Sep 2019	6	13	0	19
Oct 2019	16	27	2	45
Nov 2019	8	15	0	23
Dec 2019	11	20	1	32
Jan 2020	16	13	3	32
Feb 2020	5	16	0	21
Mar 2020	23	14	2	39
Apr 2020	21	7	0	28
May 2020	15	8	0	23
Jun 2020	22	5	0	27
Jul 2020	24	22	11	57
Aug 2020	12	10	6	28
Sep 2020	15	12	1	28
Oct 2020	10	16	1	27
Nov 2020	12	9	0	21
Dec 2020	17	20	2	39
Jan 2021	36	20	4	60
Feb 2021	21	18	3	42
Mar 2021	35	26	3	64
Apr 2021	24	29	0	53
May 2021	15	23	0	38
Jun 2021	22	16	1	39
Jul 2021	23	35	1	59
Aug 2021	14	25	4	43
Sep 2021	26	23	3	52
Oct 2021	25	38	2	65
Nov 2021	26	34	0	60
Dec 2021	26	23	3	52
Jan 2022	26	27	2	55
Feb 2022	18	27	1	46
Mar 2022	15	28	0	43
Apr 2022	17	24	0	41
May 2022	19	25	1	45
Jun 2022	20	16	1	37
Jul 2022	19	21	1	41
Aug 2022	15	14	0	29
Sep 2022	15	20	0	35
Oct 2022	21	24	0	45
Nov 2022	15	17	0	32
Dec 2022	17	17	0	34
Jan 2023	20	19	2	41
Feb 2023	22	12	1	35
Mar 2023	20	19	0	39
Apr 2023	16	20	0	36
May 2023	36	30	0	66
Jun 2023	17	19	2	38
Jul 2023	18	19	0	37
Aug 2023	17	17	3	37
Sep 2023	27	24	0	51
Oct 2023	30	12	1	43
Nov 2023	10	4	1	15
Dec 2023	18	5	0	23
Jan 2024	33	26	0	59
Feb 2024	18	21	0	39
Mar 2024	28	23	0	51
Apr 2024	32	23	2	57
May 2024	32	28	7	67
Jun 2024	44	18	2	64
Jul 2024	57	37	4	98
Aug 2024	56	19	2	77
Sep 2024	34	18	2	54
Oct 2024	53	29	1	83
Nov 2024	44	30	1	75
Dec 2024	32	17	1	50
Jan 2025	34	20	0	54
Feb 2025	34	13	0	47
Mar 2025	37	22	0	59
Apr 2025	45	33	2	80
May 2025	58	40	1	99
Jun 2025	68	14	0	82
Jul 2025	46	36	0	82
Aug 2025	61	26	1	88
Sep 2025	58	23	2	83
Oct 2025	50	62	6	118
Nov 2025	75	61	12	148

Latest update: 30 Nov 2025

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Short summary

Seawater sulfate concentrations are closely related to the oxygenation history of Earth's surface environment. We develop two approaches for quantification of ancient seawater sulfate concentrations based on the sulfur isotopic composition of pyrite and carbonate-associated sulfur (CAS). Our analysis indicates low seawater sulfate (<5mM) at 635 million years ago, rising in a stepwise manner to near-modern levels (~20-30mM) by about 250 million years ago.