Articles | Volume 14, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2441-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2441-2017
© Author(s) 2017. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
15 May 2017
Research article |
| 15 May 2017
Air–water CO2 evasion from US East Coast estuaries
Goulven Gildas Laruelle
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department Geosciences, Environment and Society, Université Libre de
Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
Nicolas Goossens
Department Geosciences, Environment and Society, Université Libre de
Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
Sandra Arndt
Department Geosciences, Environment and Society, Université Libre de
Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Wei-Jun Cai
School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Newark,
Delaware, USA
Pierre Regnier
Department Geosciences, Environment and Society, Université Libre de
Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
Related authors
Manon Maisonnier, Maoyuan Feng, David Bastviken, Sandra Arndt, Ronny Lauerwald, Aidin Jabbari, Goulven Gildas Laruelle, Murray D. MacKay, Zeli Tan, Wim Thiery, and Pierre Regnier
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1306, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1306, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A new process-based modelling framework, FLaMe v1.0 (Fluxes of Lake Methane version 1.0), is developed to simulate methane (CH4) emissions from lakes at large scales. FLaMe couples the dynamics of organic carbon, oxygen and methane in lakes and rests on an innovative, computationally efficient lake clustering approach for the simulation of CH4 emissions across a large number of lakes. The model evaluation suggests that FLaMe captures the sub-annual and spatial variability of CH4 emissions well.
Alizée Roobaert, Pierre Regnier, Peter Landschützer, and Goulven G. Laruelle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 421–441, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-421-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-421-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The quantification of the coastal air–sea CO2 exchange (FCO2) has improved in recent years, but its multiannual variability remains unclear. This study, based on interpolated observations, reconstructs the longest global time series of coastal FCO2 (1982–2020). Results show the coastal ocean acts as a CO2 sink, with increasing intensity over time. This new coastal FCO2-product allows establishing regional carbon budgets and provides new constraints for closing the global carbon cycle.
Xi Wei, Josette Garnier, Vincent Thieu, Paul Passy, Romain Le Gendre, Gilles Billen, Maia Akopian, and Goulven Gildas Laruelle
Biogeosciences, 19, 931–955, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-931-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-931-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Estuaries are key reactive ecosystems along the land–ocean aquatic continuum and are often strongly impacted by anthropogenic activities. We calculated nutrient in and out fluxes by using a 1-D transient model for seven estuaries along the French Atlantic coast. Among these, large estuaries with high residence times showed higher retention rates than medium and small ones. All reveal coastal eutrophication due to the excess of diffused nitrogen from intensive agricultural river basins.
Alizée Roobaert, Laure Resplandy, Goulven G. Laruelle, Enhui Liao, and Pierre Regnier
Ocean Sci., 18, 67–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-67-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-67-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses a global oceanic model to investigate the seasonal dynamics of the sea surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in the global coastal ocean. Our method quantifies the respective effects of thermal changes, biological activity, ocean circulation and freshwater fluxes on the temporal pCO2 variations. The performance of our model is also evaluated against a data product derived from observations to identify coastal regions where our approach is most robust.
Amanda R. Fay, Luke Gregor, Peter Landschützer, Galen A. McKinley, Nicolas Gruber, Marion Gehlen, Yosuke Iida, Goulven G. Laruelle, Christian Rödenbeck, Alizée Roobaert, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4693–4710, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4693-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4693-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The movement of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the ocean is estimated using surface ocean carbon (pCO2) measurements and an equation including variables such as temperature and wind speed; the choices of these variables lead to uncertainties. We introduce the SeaFlux ensemble which provides carbon flux maps calculated in a consistent manner, thus reducing uncertainty by using common choices for wind speed and a set definition of "global" coverage.
Peter Landschützer, Goulven G. Laruelle, Alizee Roobaert, and Pierre Regnier
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2537–2553, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2537-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2537-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In recent years, multiple estimates of the global air–sea CO2 flux emerged from upscaling shipboard pCO2 measurements. They are however limited to the open-ocean domain and do not consider the coastal ocean, i.e. a significant marine sink for CO2. We build towards an integrated pCO2 product that combines both the open-ocean and coastal-ocean domain and focus on the evaluation of the common overlap area of these products and how well the aquatic continuum is represented in the new climatology.
Li-Qing Jiang, Amanda Fay, Jens Daniel Müller, Lydia Keppler, Dustin Carroll, Siv K. Lauvset, Tim DeVries, Judith Hauck, Christian Rödenbeck, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Metzl, Andrea J. Fassbender, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Peter Landschützer, Rik Wanninkhof, Christopher Sabine, Simone R. Alin, Mario Hoppema, Are Olsen, Matthew P. Humphreys, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Nicole Besemer, Henry C. Bittig, Albert E. Boyd, Daniel Broullón, Wei-Jun Cai, Brendan R. Carter, Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Frédéric Cyr, John E. Dore, Ian Enochs, Richard A. Feely, Hernan E. Garcia, Marion Gehlen, Lucas Gloege, Melchor González-Dávila, Nicolas Gruber, Yosuke Iida, Masao Ishii, Esther Kennedy, Alex Kozyr, Nico Lange, Claire Lo Monaco, Derek P. Manzello, Galen A. McKinley, Natalie M. Monacci, Xose A. Padin, Ana M. Palacio-Castro, Fiz F. Pérez, Alizée Roobaert, J. Magdalena Santana-Casiano, Jonathan Sharp, Adrienne Sutton, Jim Swift, Toste Tanhua, Maciej Telszewski, Jens Terhaar, Ruben van Hooidonk, Anton Velo, Andrew J. Watson, Angelicque E. White, Zelun Wu, Hyelim Yoo, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-255, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-255, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
This review article provides an overview of 60 existing ocean carbonate chemistry data products, encompassing a broad range of types, including compilations of cruise datasets, gap-filled observational products, model simulations, and more. It is designed to help researchers identify and access the data products that best support their scientific objectives, thereby facilitating progress in understanding the ocean's changing carbonate chemistry.
Marielle Saunois, Adrien Martinez, Benjamin Poulter, Zhen Zhang, Peter A. Raymond, Pierre Regnier, Josep G. Canadell, Robert B. Jackson, Prabir K. Patra, Philippe Bousquet, Philippe Ciais, Edward J. Dlugokencky, Xin Lan, George H. Allen, David Bastviken, David J. Beerling, Dmitry A. Belikov, Donald R. Blake, Simona Castaldi, Monica Crippa, Bridget R. Deemer, Fraser Dennison, Giuseppe Etiope, Nicola Gedney, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Meredith A. Holgerson, Peter O. Hopcroft, Gustaf Hugelius, Akihiko Ito, Atul K. Jain, Rajesh Janardanan, Matthew S. Johnson, Thomas Kleinen, Paul B. Krummel, Ronny Lauerwald, Tingting Li, Xiangyu Liu, Kyle C. McDonald, Joe R. Melton, Jens Mühle, Jurek Müller, Fabiola Murguia-Flores, Yosuke Niwa, Sergio Noce, Shufen Pan, Robert J. Parker, Changhui Peng, Michel Ramonet, William J. Riley, Gerard Rocher-Ros, Judith A. Rosentreter, Motoki Sasakawa, Arjo Segers, Steven J. Smith, Emily H. Stanley, Joël Thanwerdas, Hanqin Tian, Aki Tsuruta, Francesco N. Tubiello, Thomas S. Weber, Guido R. van der Werf, Douglas E. J. Worthy, Yi Xi, Yukio Yoshida, Wenxin Zhang, Bo Zheng, Qing Zhu, Qiuan Zhu, and Qianlai Zhuang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 1873–1958, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1873-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-1873-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Methane (CH4) is the second most important human-influenced greenhouse gas in terms of climate forcing after carbon dioxide (CO2). A consortium of multi-disciplinary scientists synthesise and update the budget of the sources and sinks of CH4. This edition benefits from important progress in estimating emissions from lakes and ponds, reservoirs, and streams and rivers. For the 2010s decade, global CH4 emissions are estimated at 575 Tg CH4 yr-1, including ~65 % from anthropogenic sources.
Manon Maisonnier, Maoyuan Feng, David Bastviken, Sandra Arndt, Ronny Lauerwald, Aidin Jabbari, Goulven Gildas Laruelle, Murray D. MacKay, Zeli Tan, Wim Thiery, and Pierre Regnier
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1306, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1306, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
A new process-based modelling framework, FLaMe v1.0 (Fluxes of Lake Methane version 1.0), is developed to simulate methane (CH4) emissions from lakes at large scales. FLaMe couples the dynamics of organic carbon, oxygen and methane in lakes and rests on an innovative, computationally efficient lake clustering approach for the simulation of CH4 emissions across a large number of lakes. The model evaluation suggests that FLaMe captures the sub-annual and spatial variability of CH4 emissions well.
Zelun Wu, Wenfang Lu, Alizée Roobaert, Luping Song, Xiao-Hai Yan, and Wei-Jun Cai
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 43–63, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-43-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-43-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study addresses the lack of comprehensive sea surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) data in the North American Atlantic Coastal Ocean Margin (NAACOM) by developing the Reconstructed Coastal Acidification Database (ReCAD-NAACOM-pCO2). The product reconstructed sea surface pCO2 from 1993 to 2021 using machine-learning and environmental data, capturing seasonal cycles, regional variations, and long-term trends of pCO2 for coastal carbon research.
Alizée Roobaert, Pierre Regnier, Peter Landschützer, and Goulven G. Laruelle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 421–441, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-421-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-421-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The quantification of the coastal air–sea CO2 exchange (FCO2) has improved in recent years, but its multiannual variability remains unclear. This study, based on interpolated observations, reconstructs the longest global time series of coastal FCO2 (1982–2020). Results show the coastal ocean acts as a CO2 sink, with increasing intensity over time. This new coastal FCO2-product allows establishing regional carbon budgets and provides new constraints for closing the global carbon cycle.
Aubin Thibault de Chanvalon, George W. Luther, Emily R. Estes, Jennifer Necker, Bradley M. Tebo, Jianzhong Su, and Wei-Jun Cai
Biogeosciences, 20, 3053–3071, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3053-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3053-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The intensity of the oceanic trap of CO2 released by anthropogenic activities depends on the alkalinity brought by continental weathering. Between ocean and continent, coastal water and estuaries can limit or favour the alkalinity transfer. This study investigate new interactions between dissolved metals and alkalinity in the oxygen-depleted zone of estuaries.
Philippe Ciais, Ana Bastos, Frédéric Chevallier, Ronny Lauerwald, Ben Poulter, Josep G. Canadell, Gustaf Hugelius, Robert B. Jackson, Atul Jain, Matthew Jones, Masayuki Kondo, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Prabir K. Patra, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Ana Maria Roxana Petrescu, Shilong Piao, Chunjing Qiu, Celso Von Randow, Pierre Regnier, Marielle Saunois, Robert Scholes, Anatoly Shvidenko, Hanqin Tian, Hui Yang, Xuhui Wang, and Bo Zheng
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 1289–1316, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1289-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-1289-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The second phase of the Regional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP) will provide updated quantification and process understanding of CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions and sinks for ten regions of the globe. In this paper, we give definitions, review different methods, and make recommendations for estimating different components of the total land–atmosphere carbon exchange for each region in a consistent and complete approach.
Xi Wei, Josette Garnier, Vincent Thieu, Paul Passy, Romain Le Gendre, Gilles Billen, Maia Akopian, and Goulven Gildas Laruelle
Biogeosciences, 19, 931–955, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-931-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-931-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Estuaries are key reactive ecosystems along the land–ocean aquatic continuum and are often strongly impacted by anthropogenic activities. We calculated nutrient in and out fluxes by using a 1-D transient model for seven estuaries along the French Atlantic coast. Among these, large estuaries with high residence times showed higher retention rates than medium and small ones. All reveal coastal eutrophication due to the excess of diffused nitrogen from intensive agricultural river basins.
Alizée Roobaert, Laure Resplandy, Goulven G. Laruelle, Enhui Liao, and Pierre Regnier
Ocean Sci., 18, 67–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-67-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-18-67-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses a global oceanic model to investigate the seasonal dynamics of the sea surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in the global coastal ocean. Our method quantifies the respective effects of thermal changes, biological activity, ocean circulation and freshwater fluxes on the temporal pCO2 variations. The performance of our model is also evaluated against a data product derived from observations to identify coastal regions where our approach is most robust.
Amanda R. Fay, Luke Gregor, Peter Landschützer, Galen A. McKinley, Nicolas Gruber, Marion Gehlen, Yosuke Iida, Goulven G. Laruelle, Christian Rödenbeck, Alizée Roobaert, and Jiye Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4693–4710, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4693-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4693-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The movement of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the ocean is estimated using surface ocean carbon (pCO2) measurements and an equation including variables such as temperature and wind speed; the choices of these variables lead to uncertainties. We introduce the SeaFlux ensemble which provides carbon flux maps calculated in a consistent manner, thus reducing uncertainty by using common choices for wind speed and a set definition of "global" coverage.
Li-Qing Jiang, Richard A. Feely, Rik Wanninkhof, Dana Greeley, Leticia Barbero, Simone Alin, Brendan R. Carter, Denis Pierrot, Charles Featherstone, James Hooper, Chris Melrose, Natalie Monacci, Jonathan D. Sharp, Shawn Shellito, Yuan-Yuan Xu, Alex Kozyr, Robert H. Byrne, Wei-Jun Cai, Jessica Cross, Gregory C. Johnson, Burke Hales, Chris Langdon, Jeremy Mathis, Joe Salisbury, and David W. Townsend
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2777–2799, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2777-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2777-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal ecosystems account for most of the economic activities related to commercial and recreational fisheries and aquaculture industries, supporting about 90 % of the global fisheries yield and 80 % of known species of marine fish. Despite the large potential risks from ocean acidification (OA), internally consistent water column OA data products in the coastal ocean still do not exist. This paper is the first time we report a high quality OA data product in North America's coastal waters.
Ana Maria Roxana Petrescu, Chunjing Qiu, Philippe Ciais, Rona L. Thompson, Philippe Peylin, Matthew J. McGrath, Efisio Solazzo, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Francesco N. Tubiello, Peter Bergamaschi, Dominik Brunner, Glen P. Peters, Lena Höglund-Isaksson, Pierre Regnier, Ronny Lauerwald, David Bastviken, Aki Tsuruta, Wilfried Winiwarter, Prabir K. Patra, Matthias Kuhnert, Gabriel D. Oreggioni, Monica Crippa, Marielle Saunois, Lucia Perugini, Tiina Markkanen, Tuula Aalto, Christine D. Groot Zwaaftink, Hanqin Tian, Yuanzhi Yao, Chris Wilson, Giulia Conchedda, Dirk Günther, Adrian Leip, Pete Smith, Jean-Matthieu Haussaire, Antti Leppänen, Alistair J. Manning, Joe McNorton, Patrick Brockmann, and Albertus Johannes Dolman
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2307–2362, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2307-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2307-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study is topical and provides a state-of-the-art scientific overview of data availability from bottom-up and top-down CH4 and N2O emissions in the EU27 and UK. The data integrate recent emission inventories with process-based model data and regional/global inversions for the European domain, aiming at reconciling them with official country-level UNFCCC national GHG inventories in support to policy and to facilitate real-time verification procedures.
Ana Maria Roxana Petrescu, Matthew J. McGrath, Robbie M. Andrew, Philippe Peylin, Glen P. Peters, Philippe Ciais, Gregoire Broquet, Francesco N. Tubiello, Christoph Gerbig, Julia Pongratz, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Giacomo Grassi, Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Pierre Regnier, Ronny Lauerwald, Matthias Kuhnert, Juraj Balkovič, Mart-Jan Schelhaas, Hugo A. C. Denier van der
Gon, Efisio Solazzo, Chunjing Qiu, Roberto Pilli, Igor B. Konovalov, Richard A. Houghton, Dirk Günther, Lucia Perugini, Monica Crippa, Raphael Ganzenmüller, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Pete Smith, Saqr Munassar, Rona L. Thompson, Giulia Conchedda, Guillaume Monteil, Marko Scholze, Ute Karstens, Patrick Brockmann, and Albertus Johannes Dolman
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 2363–2406, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2363-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2363-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study is topical and provides a state-of-the-art scientific overview of data availability from bottom-up and top-down CO2 fossil emissions and CO2 land fluxes in the EU27+UK. The data integrate recent emission inventories with ecosystem data, land carbon models and regional/global inversions for the European domain, aiming at reconciling CO2 estimates with official country-level UNFCCC national GHG inventories in support to policy and facilitating real-time verification procedures.
Adam Hastie, Ronny Lauerwald, Philippe Ciais, Fabrice Papa, and Pierre Regnier
Earth Syst. Dynam., 12, 37–62, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-37-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-12-37-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used a model of the Congo Basin to investigate the transfer of carbon (C) from land (vegetation and soils) to inland waters. We estimate that leaching of C to inland waters, emissions of CO2 from the water surface, and the export of C to the coast have all increased over the last century, driven by increasing atmospheric CO2 levels and climate change. We predict that these trends may continue through the 21st century and call for long-term monitoring of these fluxes.
Peter Landschützer, Goulven G. Laruelle, Alizee Roobaert, and Pierre Regnier
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2537–2553, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2537-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2537-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In recent years, multiple estimates of the global air–sea CO2 flux emerged from upscaling shipboard pCO2 measurements. They are however limited to the open-ocean domain and do not consider the coastal ocean, i.e. a significant marine sink for CO2. We build towards an integrated pCO2 product that combines both the open-ocean and coastal-ocean domain and focus on the evaluation of the common overlap area of these products and how well the aquatic continuum is represented in the new climatology.
Cited articles
Abril, G., Nogueira, M., Etcheber, H., Cabeçadas, G., Lemaire, E., and Brogueira, M. J.: Behaviour of organic carbon in nine contrasting European estuaries, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 54, 241–262, 2002.
Antonov, J. I., Seidov, D., Boyer, T. P., Locarnini, R. A., Mishonov, A. V., Garcia, H. E., Baranova, O. K., Zweng, M. M., and Johnson, D. R.: World Ocean Atlas 2009, 2, 184 pp., 2010.
Arndt, S., Vanderborght, J. P., and Regnier, P.: Diatom growth response to physical forcing in a macrotidal estuary: Coupling hydrodynamics, sediment transport, and biogeochemistry, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 112, C05045, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003581, 2007.
Arndt, S. and Regnier, P.: A model for the benthic-pelagic coupling of silica in estuarine ecosystems: sensitivity analysis and system scale simulation, Biogeosciences, 4, 331–352, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-331-2007, 2007.
Arndt, S., Regnier, P., and Vanderborght, J. P.: Seasonally-resolved nutrient export fluxes and filtering capacities in a macrotidal estuary, J. Mar. Syst., 78, 42–58, 2009.
Arndt, S., Lacroix, G., Gypens, N., Regnier, P., and Lancelot, C.: Nutrient dynamics and phytoplankton development along an estuary-coastal zone continuum: A model study, J. Mar. Syst., 84, 49–66, 2011.
Atlas, R., Hoffman, R. N., Ardizzone, J., Leidner, S. M., Jusem, J. C., Smith, D. K., and Gombos, D.: A cross-calibrated, multiplatform ocean surface wind velocity product for meteorological and oceanographic applications, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 92, 157–174, 2011.
Baklouti, M., Chevalier, C., Bouvy, M., Corbin, D., Pagano, M., Troussellier, M., and Arfi, R.: A study of plankton dynamics under osmotic stress in the Senegal River Estuary, West Africa, using a 3D mechanistic model, Ecol. Model., 222, 2704–2721, 2011.
Bauer, J. E., Cai, W. J., Raymond, P. A., Bianchi, T. S., Hopkinson, C. S., and Regnier, P. A. G.: The changing carbon cycle of the coastal ocean, Nature, 504, 61–70, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12857, 2013.
Beusen, A. H. W., Dekkers, A. L. M., Bouwman, A. F., Ludwig,W., and Harrison, J.: Estimation of global river transport of sediments and associated particulate C, N, and P, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB4S05, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002453, 2005.
Beusen, A. H. W., Bouwman, A. F., Dürr, H. H., Dekkers, A. L. M., and Hartmann, J.: Global patterns of dissolved silica export to the coastal zone: Results from a spatially explicit global model, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 23, GB0A02, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GB003281, 2009.
Borges, A. V. and Abril, G.: Carbon Dioxide and Methane Dynamics in Estuaries, in: Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science, edited by: Wolanski, E. and McLusky, D. S., Academic Press, Waltham, 119–161, 2012.
Borges, A. V., Delille, B., and Frankignoulle, M.: Budgeting sinks and sources of CO2 in the coastal ocean: Diversity of ecosystems counts, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14601, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023053, 2005.
Bricker, S., Longstaff, B., Dennison, W., Jones, A., Boicourt, K., Wicks, C., and Woerner, J.: Effects of Nutrient Enrichment In the Nation's Estuaries: A Decade of Change, NOAA, MD, 2007.
Brock, T. D.: Calculating solar radiation for ecological studies, Ecol. Modell., 14, 1–19, 1981.
Caffrey, J.: Factors controlling net ecosystem metabolism in US estuaries, Estuaries, 27, 90–101, 2004.
Cai, W. J.: Estuarine and coastal ocean carbon paradox: CO2 sinks or sites of terrestrial carbon incineration?, Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci., 3, 123–145, 2011.
Cai, W. J. and Wang, Y.: The chemistry, fluxes, and sources of carbon dioxide in the estuarine waters of the Satilla and Altamaha Rivers, Georgia, Limnol. Oceanogr., 43, 657–668, 1998.
Cai, W. J., Wang, Y., and Hodson, R. E.: Acid-base properties of dissolved organic matter in the estuarine waters of Georgia, USA, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 62, 473–483, 1998.
Cai, W. J., Pomeroy, L. R., Moran, M. A., and Wang, Y.: Oxygen and carbon dioxide mass balance for the estuarine-intertidal marsh complex of five rivers in the southeastern US, Limnol. Oceanogr., 44, 639–649, 1999.
Cerco, C., Kim, S.-C., and Noel, M.: The 2010 Chesapeake Bay eutrophication model, US Environmental Protection Agency Chesapeake Bay Program, Annapolis, MD, 2010.
Chen, C.-T. A., Huang, T.-H., Fu, Y.-H., Bai, Y., and He, X.: Strong sources of CO2 in upper estuaries become sinks of CO2 in large river plumes, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 4, 179–185, 2012.
Chen, C.-T. A., Huang, T.-H., Chen, Y.-C., Bai, Y., He, X., and Kang, Y.: Air-sea exchanges of CO2 in the world's coastal seas, Biogeosciences, 10, 6509–6544, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6509-2013, 2013.
Dai, T. and Wiegert, R. G.: Estimation of the primary productivity of Spartina alterniflora using a canopy model, Ecography, 19, 410–423, 1996.
Dürr, H. H., Meybeck, M., and Dürr, S. H.: Lithological composition of the Earth's continental surfaces derived from a new digital map emphasizing riverine material transfer, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB4S10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002540, 2005.
Dürr, H. H., Laruelle, G. G., van Kempen, C. M., Slomp, C. P., Meybeck, M., and Middelkoop, H.: Worldwide Typology of Nearshore Coastal Systems: Defining the Estuarine Filter of River Inputs to the Oceans, Estuar. Coast., 34, 441–458, 2011.
EPA: Average annual emissions, all criteria pollutants in MS Excel, National Emissions Inventory (NEI) Air Pollutant Emissions Trends Data, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, available at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/trends/index.html (last access: 11 July 2014), 2009.
Fekete, B. M., Vörösmarty, C. J., and Grabs, W.: High-resolution fields of global runoff combining observed river discharge and simulated water balances, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 1–10, 2002.
Fischer, H. B.: Mixing and Dispersion in Estuaries, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 8, 107–133, 1976.
Friedrichs, M. A .M. and Hofmann, E. E.: Physical control of biological processes in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 48, 1023–1069, 2001.
Garcia, H. E., Locarnini, R. A., Boyer, E. W., Antonov, A., Baranova, O. K., Zweng, M. M., and Johnson, D. R.: World Ocean Atlas 2009, Volume 3: Dissolved Oxygen, Apparent Oxygen Utilization, and Oxygen Saturation, 344 pp., 2010a.
Garcia, H. E., Locarnini, R. A., Boyer, E. W., Antonov, J. I., Baranova, O. K., Zweng, M. M., and Johnson, D. R.: World Ocean Atlas 2009, Nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, silicate), 4, 398 pp., 2010b.
Garnier, J., Servais, P., Billen, G., Akopian, M., and Brion, N.: Lower Seine River and Estuary (France) Carbon and Oxygen Budgets During Low Flow, Estuaries, 24, 964–976, 2001.
GRDC: Global Freshwater Fluxes into the World Oceans/Online provided by Global Runoff Data Centre, Koblenz, Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), 2014.
Harrison, J. A., Caraco, N., and Seitzinger, S. P.: Global patterns and sources of dissolved organic matter export to the coastal zone: Results from a spatially explicit, global model, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB4S03, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002357, 2005.
Hartmann, J., Jansen, N., Dürr, H. H., Kempe, S., and Köhler, P.: Global CO2 consumption by chemical weathering: What is the contribution of highly active weathering regions?, Glob. Planet. Change, 69, 185–194, 2009.
Hartmann, J., Dürr, H. H., Moosdorf, N., Meybeck, M., and Kempe, S.: The geochemical composition of the terrestrial surface (without soils) and comparison with the upper continental crust, Int. J. Earth Sci., 101, 365–376, 2012.
Herrmann, M., Najjar, R. G., Kemp, W. M., Alexander, R. B., Boyer, E. W., Cai, W.-J., Griffith, P. C., Kroeger, K. D., McCallister, S. L., and Smith, R. A.: Net ecosystem production and organic carbon balance of US East Coast estuaries: A synthesis approach, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 29, 96–111, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GB004736, 2015.
Hofmann, A. F., Soetaert, K., and Middelburg, J. J.: Present nitrogen and carbon dynamics in the Scheldt estuary using a novel 1-D model, Biogeosciences, 5, 981–1006, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-981-2008, 2008.
Hofmann, E. E., Cahill, B., Fennel, K., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Hyde, K., Lee, C., Mannino, A., Najjar, R. G., O'Reilly, J. E., Wilkin, J., and Xue, J.: Modeling the dynamics of continental shelf carbon, Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci., 3, 93–122, 2011.
Hunt, C. W., Salisbury, J. E., Vandemark, D., and McGillis, W.: Contrasting Carbon Dioxide Inputs and Exchange in Three Adjacent New England Estuaries, Estuar. Coast., 34, 68–77, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-010-9299-9, 2010.
Hunt, C. W., Salisbury, J. E., Vandemark, D., and McGillis, W.: Contrasting Carbon Dioxide Inputs and Exchange in Three Adjacent New England Estuaries, Estuar. Coast., 34, 68–77, 2011.
Ippen, A. T. and Harleman, D. R. F.: One-dimensional Analysis of Salinity Intrusion in Estuaries, Technical Bulletin No. 5, Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, Corps of Engineers, US Army, Vicksburg, 1961.
Jiang, L. Q., Cai, W. J., and Wang, Y.: A comparative study of carbon dioxide degassing in river- and marine-dominated estuaries, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 2603–2615, 2008.
Jiang, L.-Q., Cai, W.-J., Wang, Y., and Bauer, J. E.: Influence of terrestrial inputs on continental shelf carbon dioxide, Biogeosciences, 10, 839–849, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-839-2013, 2013.
Joesoef, A., Huang, W.-J., Gao, Y., and Cai, W.-J.: Air–water fluxes and sources of carbon dioxide in the Delaware Estuary: spatial and seasonal variability, Biogeosciences, 12, 6085–6101, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6085-2015, 2015.
Kent, B. H.: Turbulent diffusion in a Sectionally Homogeneous Estuary, Technical Report 16, Chesapeake Bay Institute, John Hopkins, University, Baltimore, 1958.
Key, R. M., Kozyr, A., Sabine, C. L., Lee, K., Wanninkhof, R., Bullister, J. L., Feely, R. A., Millero, F. J., Mordy, C., and Peng, T. H.: A global ocean carbon climatology: Results from Global Data Analysis Project (GLODAP), Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, 1–23, 2004.
Laruelle, G. G.: Quantifying nutrient cycling and retention in coastal waters at the global scale, Ph.D. dissertation, Utrecht University, 2009.
Laruelle, G. G., Regnier, P., Ragueneau, O., Kempa, M., Moriceau, B., Ni Longphuirt, S., Leynaert, A., Thouzeau, G., and Chauvaud, L.: Benthic-pelagic coupling and the seasonal silica cycle in the Bay of Brest (France): new insights from a coupled physical-biological model, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 385, 15–32, 2009.
Laruelle, G. G., Dürr, H. H., Slomp, C. P., and Borges, A. V.: Evaluation of sinks and sources of CO2 in the global coastal ocean using a spatially-explicit typology of estuaries and continental shelves, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L15607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043691, 2010.
Laruelle, G. G., Dürr, H. H., Lauerwald, R., Hartmann, J., Slomp, C. P., Goossens, N., and Regnier, P. A. G.: Global multi-scale segmentation of continental and coastal waters from the watersheds to the continental margins, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2029–2051, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-2029-2013, 2013.
Laruelle, G. G., Lauerwald, R., Rotschi, J., Raymond, P. A., Hartmann, J., and Regnier, P.: Seasonal response of air-water CO2 exchange along the land-ocean aquatic continuum of the northeast North American coast., Biogeosciences, 12, 1447–1458, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1447-2015, 2015.
Lauerwald, R., Hartmann, J., Moosdorf, N., Kempe, S., and Raymond, P.A.: What controls the spatial patterns of the riverine carbonate system? – A case study for North America, Chem. Geol., 337/338, 114–127, 2013.
Lauerwald, R., Laruelle, G. G., Hartmann, J., Ciais, P., and Regnier, P. A. G.: Spatial patterns in CO2 evasion from the global river network, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 29, 534–554, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GB004941, 2015.
Leonard, B.: Third-Order Upwinding as a Rational Basis for Computational Fluid Dynamics, in: Computational Techniques and Applications: CTAC-83, edited by: Noye, J. and Fletcher, C. A. J., Elsevier, North-Holland, 1984.
Le Quéré, C., Peters, G. P., Andres, R. J., Andrew, R. M., Boden, T. A., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Houghton, R. A., Marland, G., Moriarty, R., Sitch, S., Tans, P., Arneth, A., Arvanitis, A., Bakker, D. C. E., Bopp, L., Canadell, J. G., Chini, L. P., Doney, S. C., Harper, A., Harris, I., House, J. I., Jain, A. K., Jones, S. D., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, K., Körtzinger, A., Koven, C., Lefèvre, N., Maignan, F., Omar, A., Ono, T., Park, G.-H., Pfeil, B., Poulter, B., Raupach, M. R., Regnier, P., Rödenbeck, C., Saito, S., Schwinger, J., Segschneider, J., Stocker, B. D., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., van Heuven, S., Viovy, N., Wanninkhof, R., Wiltshire, A., and Zaehle, S.: Global carbon budget 2013, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 6, 235–263, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-235-2014, 2014.
Lin, J., Xie, L., Pietrafesa, L. J., Ramus, J. S., and Paerl, H.W.: Water Quality Gradients across Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine System: Seasonal Variations and Model Applications, J. Coast. Res., 23, 213–229, 2007.
Locarnini, R. A., Mishonov, A. V., Antonov, J. I., Boyer, T. P., Garcia, H. E., Baranova, O. K., Zweng, M. M., and Johnson, D. R.: World Ocean Atlas 2009, Temperature, 1, 2010.
Ludwig, W., Probst, J. L., and Kempe, S.: predicting the oceanic input of organic carbon by continental erosion, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 10, 23–41, 1996.
Maher, D. T. and Eyre, B. D.: Carbon budgets for three autotrophic Australian estuaries: Implications for global estimates of the coastal air-water CO2 flux, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 26, GB1032, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GB004075, 2012.
Mateus, M., Vaz, N., and Neves, R.: A process-oriented model of pelagic biogeochemistry for marine systems, Part II: Application to a mesotidal estuary, J. Mar. Syst., 94, 90–101, 2012.
Mayorga, E., Seitzinger, S. P., Harrison, J. A., Dumont, E., Beusen, A. H. W., Bouwman, A. F., Fekete, B. M., Kroeze, C., and Van Drecht, G.: Global Nutrient Export from WaterSheds 2 (NEWS 2): Model development and implementation. Environmental Modelling and Software, 25, 837–853, 2010.
Meybeck, M.: Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus transport by world rivers, Am. J. Sci., 282, 401–450, 1982.
Meybeck, M., Dürr, H. H., and Vörosmarty, C. J.: Global coastal segmentation and its river catchment contributors: A new look at land-ocean linkage, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB1S90, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002540, 2006.
Middelburg, J. J., Klaver, G., Nieuwenhuize, J., Wielemaker, A., De Haas, W., Vlug, T., and Van Der Nat, J. F. W. A.: Organic matter mineralization in intertidal sediments along an estuarine gradient, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 132, 157–168, 1996.
Najjar, R. G., Friedrichs, M., and Cai, W.-J. (Eds.): Report of The US East Coast Carbon Cycle Synthesis Workshop, 19–20 January 2012, Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry Program and North American Carbon Program, 34 pp., 2012.
NASA/NGA: SRTM Water Body Data Product Specific Guidance, Version 2.0, 2003.
Nihoul, J. C. J. and Ronday, F.: Modèles d'estuaires partiellement stratifiés, Projet Mer, Service de la Programmation Scientifique, Bruxelles, Belgium, 10, 71–98, 1976.
Nixon, S. W., J. W. Ammerman, L. P. Atkinson, V. M. Berounsky, G. Billen, W. C. Boicourt, W. R. Boynton, T. M. Church, D. M. Ditoro, R. Elmgren, J. H. Garber, A. E. Giblin, R. A. Jahnke, N. J. P. Owens, M. E. Q. Pilson, and Seitzinger, S. P.: The fate of nitrogen and phosphorus at the land–sea margin of the North Atlantic Ocean, Biogeochemistry, 3, 141–180, 1996.
NOAA: National Estuarine Inventory Data Atlas, Volume 1: Physical and Hydrologic Characteristics, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, MD, 1985.
Odum, H. T.: Primary Production in Flowing Waters, Limnol. Oceanogr., 1, 102–117, 1956.
O'Kane, J. P.: Estuarine Water Quality Management, Pitman, London, UK, 1980.
Platt, T., Gallegos, C. L., and Harrison, W. G.: Photoinhibition of photosynthesis in natural assemblages of marine phytoplankton, J. Mar. Res., 38, 687–701, 1980.
Preddy, W. S.: The mixing and movement of water in the estuary of the Thames, J. Mar. biol. Ass. UK, 33, 645–662, 1954.
Press, W. H., Teukolosky, S. A., Vetterling, W. T., and Flannery, B. P.: Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Programming, 2nd Edn., Cambridge University Press, USA, 1992.
Pritchard, D. W.: The Equations of Mass Continuity and Salt Continuity in Estuaries, J. Mar. Res., 15, 33–42, 1958.
Raymond, P. A. and Hopkinson, C. S.: Ecosystem Modulation of Dissolved Carbon Age in a Temperate Marsh-Dominated Estuary, Ecosystems, 6, 694–705, 2003.
Raymond, P. A., Caraco, N. F., and Cole, J. J.: Carbon dioxide concentration and atmospheric flux in the Hudson River, Estuaries, 20, 381–390, 1997.
Raymond, P. A., Bauer, J. E., and Cole, J. J.: Atmospheric CO2 evasion, dissolved inorganic carbon production, and net heterotrophy in the York River estuary, Limnol. Oceanogr., 45, 1707–1717, 2000.
Raymond, P. A., Hartmann, J., Lauerwald, R., Sobek, S., McDonald, C., Hoover, M., Butman, D., Striegl, R., Mayorga, E., Humborg, C., Kortelainen, P., Dürr, H., Meybeck, M., Ciais, P., and Guth, P.: Global carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters, Nature, 503, 355–359, 2013.
Regnier, P. and Steefel, C. I.: A high resolution estimate of the inorganic nitrogen flux from the Scheldt estuary to the coastal North Sea during a nitrogen-limited algal bloom, spring 1995, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 63, 1359–1374, 1999.
Regnier, P., Wollast, R., and Steefel, C. I.: Long-term fluxes of reactive species in macrotidal estuaries: Estimates from a fully transient, multicomponent reaction-transport model, Mar. Chem., 58, 127–145, 1997.
Regnier, P., Mouchet, A., Wollast, R., and Ronday, F.: A discussion of methods for estimating residual fluxes in strong tidal estuaries, Cont. Shelf Res., 18, 1543–1571, 1998.
Regnier, P., Vanderborght, J. P., Steefel, C. I., and O'Kane, J. P.: Modeling complex multi-component reactive-transport systems: Towards a simulation environment based on the concept of a Knowledge Base, Appl. Math. Model., 26, 913–927, 2002.
Regnier, P., Friedlingstein, P., Ciais, P., Mackenzie, F. T., Gruber, N., Janssens, I. A., Laruelle, G. G., Lauerwald, R., Luyssaert, S., Andersson, A. J., Arndt, S., Arnosti, C., Borges, A. V., Dale, A. W., Gallego-Sala, A., Godderis, Y., Goossens, N., Hartmann, J., Heinze, C., Ilyina, T., Joos, F., LaRowe, D. E., Leifeld, J., Meysman, F. J. R., Munhoven, G., Raymond, P. A., Spahni, R., Suntharalingam, P., and Thullner, M.: Anthropogenic perturbation of the carbon fluxes from land to ocean, Nat. Geosci., 6, 597–607, 2013a.
Regnier, P., Arndt, S., Goossens, N., Volta, C., Laruelle, G. G., Lauerwald, R., and Hartmann, J.: Modelling Estuarine Biogeochemical Dynamics: From the Local to the Global Scale, Aquat. Geochem., 19, 591–626, 2013b.
Riemann, B., Simonsen, P., and Stensgaard, L.: The carbon and chlorophyll content of phytoplankton from various nutrient regimes, J. Plank. Res., 11, 1037–1045, 1989.
Rossow, W. B., and Schiffer, R. A.: Advances in understanding clouds from ISCCP, Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 80, 2261–2288, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080<2261:AIUCFI>2.0.CO;2, 1999.
Sarma, V. V. S. S., Viswanadham, R., Rao, G. D., Prasad, V. R., Kumar, B. S. K., Naidu, S. A., Kumar, N. A., Rao, D. B., Sridevi, T., Krishna, M. S., Reddy, N. P. C., Sadhuram, Y., and Murty, T. V. R.: Carbon dioxide emissions from Indian monsoonal estuaries, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L03602, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050709, 2012.
Savenije, H. H. G.: A one-dimensional model for salinity intrusion in alluvial estuaries, J. Hydrol., 85, 87–109, 1986. Savenije, H. H. G.: Lagrangian solution of St. Venant's equations for alluvial estuary, J. Hydraul. Engin., 118, 1153–1163, 1992.
Savenije, H. H. G. (Ed.): Salinity and Tides in Alluvial Estuaries, 1st Edn., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2005.
Savenije, H. H. G. (Ed.): Salinity and Tides in Alluvial Estuaries, 2nd Edn., available at: http://salinityandtides.com (last access: 8 March 2015), 2012.
Seitzinger, S. P., Harrison, J. A., Dumont, E., Beusen, A. H. W., and Bouwman, A. F.: Sources and delivery of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus to the coastal zone: An overview of Global Nutrient Export from Watersheds (NEWS) models and their application, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB4S01, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GB002606, 2005.
Schwarz, G. E., Hoos, A. B., Alexander, R. B., and Smith, R. A.: The SPARROW Surface Water-Quality Model: Theory, Application and User Documentation, US Geological Survey, Techniques and Methods Report, Book 6, Chapter B3, Reston, Virginia, 2006
Sharp, J. H., Yoshiyama, K., Parker, Schwartz, M. C., Curless, S. E., Beauregard, A. Y., Ossolinski, J. E., and Davis, A. R.: A Biogeochemical View of Estuarine Eutrophication: Seasonal and Spatial Trends and Correlations in the Delaware Estuary, Estuar. Coast., 32, 1023–1043, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-009-9210-8, 2009.
Sharp, J. H.: Estuarine oxygen dynamics: What can we learn about hypoxia from long-time records in the Delaware Estuary?, Limnol. Oceanogr., 55, 2010, 535–548, 2010.
Shih, J.-S., Alexander, R. B., Smith, R. A., Boyer, E. W., Schwarz, G. E., and Chung, S.: An initial SPARROW model of land use and in-stream controls on total organic carbon in streams of the conterminous United States, US Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, 2010.
Signorini, S. R., Mannino, A., Najjar Jr., R. G., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Cai, W. J., Salisbury, J., Wang, Z. A., Thomas, H., and Shadwick, E.: Surface ocean pCO2 seasonality and sea-air CO2 flux estimates for the North American east coast, J. Geophys. Res.-Ocean., 118, 5439–5460, 2013.
Simmons, H. B.: Some effects of inland discharge on estuarine hydraulics, Proc. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng.-ASCE, 81, p. 792, 1955.
Soetaert, K. and Herman, P. M. J.: Nitrogen dynamics in the Westerschelde estuary (SW Netherlands) estimated by means of the ecosystem model MOSES, Hydrobiologia, 311, 225–246, 1995.
Stets, E. G. and Strieg, R. G.: Carbon export by rivers draining the conterminous united states, Inland Waters, 2, 177–184, 2012.
Stigter, C. and Siemons, J.: Calculation of longitudinal salt distribution in estuaries as function of time, Publication Delft Hydraulics Laboratory, the Netherlands, 52, 1967.
Tian, H., Chen, G., Liu, M., Zhang, C., Sun, G., Lu, C., Xu, X., Ren, W., Pan, S., and Chappelka, A.: Model estimates of net primary productivity, evapotranspiration, and water use efficiency in the terrestrial ecosystems of the southern United States during 1895–2007, Forest Ecol. Manag., 259, 1311–1327, 2010.
Tian, H., Chen, G., Zhang, C., Liu, M., Sun, G., Chappelka, A., Ren, W., Xu, X., Lu, C., Pan, S., Chen, H., Hui, D., McNulty, S., Lockaby, G., and Vance, E.: Century-Scale Responses of Ecosystem Carbon Storage and Flux to Multiple Environmental Changes in the Southern United States, Ecosystems, 15, 674–694, 2012.
US Fish and Wildlife Service: National Wetlands Inventory website, US Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/ (last accessed: February 2015), 2014.
Vanderborght, J. P., Wollast, R., Loijens, M., and Regnier, P.: Application of a transport-reaction model to the estimation of biogas fluxes in the Scheldt Estuary, Biogeochemistry, 59, 207–237, 2002.
Vanderborght, J. P., Folmer, I., Aguilera, D. R., Uhrenholdt, T., and Regnier, P.: Reactive-transport modelling of a river-estuarine-coastal zone system: application to the Scheldt estuary, Mar. Chem., 106, 92–110, 2007.
Volta, C., Arndt, S., Savenije, H. H. G., Laruelle, G. G., and Regnier, P.: C-GEM (v 1.0): a new, cost-efficient biogeochemical model for estuaries and its application to a funnel-shaped system, Geosci. Model Dev., 7, 1271–1295, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1271-2014, 2014.
Volta, C., Laruelle, G. G., and Regnier, P.: Regional carbon and CO2 budgets of North Sea tidal estuaries, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 176, 76–90, 2016a.
Volta, C., Laruelle, G. G., Arndt, S., and Regnier, P.: Linking biogeochemistry to hydro-geometrical variability in tidal estuaries: a generic modeling approach, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 20, 991–1030, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-991-2016, 2016b.
Vörösmarty, C. J., Fekete, B., and Tucker, B. A.: River Discharge Database, Version 1.0 (RivDIS v1.0), Volumes 0 through 6. A contribution to IHP-V Theme 1, Technical Documents in Hydrology Series, UNESCO, Paris, 1996.
Wang, Z. A. and Cai, W. J.: Carbon dioxide degassing and inorganic carbon export from a marsh-dominated estuary (the Duplin River): A marsh CO2 pump, Limnol. Oceanogr., 49, 341–354, 2004.
Zeebe, R. E. and Wolf-Gladrow, D. (Eds.): CO2 in seawater: equilibrium, kinetics, isotopes, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2001.
Short summary
The C-GEM generic reactive-transport model is applied to each tidal estuary of the US East Coast. Seasonal simulations are performed, which allows the understanding and quantification of the effect of the estuarine filter on the lateral fluxes of carbon coming from rivers.
The C-GEM generic reactive-transport model is applied to each tidal estuary of the US East...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint