Articles | Volume 17, issue 13
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3643-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3643-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
13 Jul 2020
Research article |
| 13 Jul 2020
| 13 Jul 2020
Modeling biological nitrogen fixation in global natural terrestrial ecosystems
Tong Yu
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907,
USA
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Cited
37 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Connecting competitor, stress-tolerator and ruderal (CSR) theory and Lund Potsdam Jena managed Land 5 (LPJmL 5) to assess the role of environmental conditions, management and functional diversity for grassland ecosystem functions S. Wirth et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-381-2024
- Metagenomic study on microbial function in increasing total nitrogen content in soil under crop rotation systems H. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2025.106331
- Plant traits explain variation in symbiotic nitrogen fixation responses to global nitrogen enrichment: a meta-analysis Y. Yao et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-69876-1
- Structure and function of bacterial metaproteomes across biomes F. Bastida et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108331
- Forty years of anthropogenic nutrient pressures: agriculture and domestic nitrogen and phosphorus inventory in view of sustainable nutrient management A. Malagó & F. Bouraoui https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1062435
- Electrical discharge assisted nitrogen fixation: An alternative to chemical fertilizers E. Yadav et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2025.131313
- Sustainable valorization of fish head wastes into nitrogen-based nutrients: a comparative life cycle assessment S. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13036-025-00560-6
- The role of biological nitrogen in the mineral nutrition of oilseeds in the Rostov region R. Kamenev et al. https://doi.org/10.55186/25876740_2025_68_5_624
- Plant nutrient acquisition under elevated CO2 and implications for the land carbon sink T. Cambron et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02386-y
- Low-level nitrogen and short-term addition increase soil carbon sequestration in Chinese forest ecosystems M. Ngaba et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106333
- Overestimated natural biological nitrogen fixation translates to an exaggerated CO 2 fertilization effect in Earth system models S. Kou-Giesbrecht et al. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2514628122
- Effects of Lithology on Asymbiotic N2 Fixation in Subtropical Secondary Forests, Southwest China Z. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-023-00824-6
- Deposition-mediated phytoremediation of nitrogen oxide emissions M. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119706
- The Potential of Cold Plasma-Based Seed Treatments in Legume–Rhizobia Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation: A Review D. Abeysingha et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/crops4010008
- Spatial Distribution of Bioavailable Inorganic Nitrogen From Thawing Permafrost H. Hansen & B. Elberling https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GB007589
- Role of reactive nitrogen species in changing climate and future concerns of environmental sustainability M. Rizwan et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-34647-2
- Exploring Azotobacter: a nitrogen-fixing microorganism as a powerhouse for sustainable and green ammonia synthesis N. Kosem et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/jambio/lxag083
- Rethinking symbiotic nitrogen fixation: Could surplus carbon drive unexpected patterns of resource allocation? L. McCulloch et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-026-08391-0
- A Nitrogen budget for Norway analysis of Nitrogen flows from societal and natural sources (1961–2020) M. Hohmann-Marriott & T. Chiang https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313598
- Investigation of the direct effect of a precision Ascophyllum nodosum biostimulant on nitrogen use efficiency in wheat seedlings Ł. Łangowski et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.03.006
- Global importance of nitrogen fixation across inland and coastal waters R. Fulweiler et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adt1511
- Natural variability and heritability of root-nodulation traits in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) minicore R. Verma et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-023-03908-1
- Low-Level Nitrogen and Short-Term Addition Increase Soil Carbon Sequestration in Chinese Forest Ecosystems M. NGABA et al. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3983964
- Nitrogen cycle impacts on CO2 fertilisation and climate forcing of land carbon stores C. Huntingford et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac6148
- Aquatic plants dominate spatiotemporal dynamics of N2O fluxes in small urban lake by regulating nutrient distribution and emission path G. Wentao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.121290
- Improving wheat yield while reducing nutrient surplus by optimizing water-fertilizer management strategies in dryland of the Loess Plateau W. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2026.110445
- Structural and Functional Characterization of Heterologous Nitrogenase Complexes Y. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.6c00360
- Modeling symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation in grain legumes globally with LPJ-GUESS (v4.0, r10285) J. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-815-2022
- Soil texture and pH exhibit important effects on biological nitrogen fixation in paddy soil Z. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2022.104571
- The Dynamics of Molybdenum, Boron, and Iron Uptake, Translocation and Accumulation by Pea (Pisum sativum L.) A. Wysokinski et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040935
- Contrasting controls on symbiotic and asymbiotic nitrogen fixation rates along altitudinal gradients in subtropical forests X. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100335
- Optimizing nitrogen fertilizer inputs and plant populations for greener wheat production with high yields and high efficiency in dryland areas C. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108374
- Biological nitrogen fixation of natural and agricultural vegetation simulated with LPJmL 5.7.9 S. Wirth et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7889-2024
- Revisiting the microbial nitrogen-cycling network: bibliometric analysis and recent advances X. Gui et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-025-12481-0
- Atmospheric Wet Iron, Molybdenum, and Vanadium Deposition in Chinese Terrestrial Ecosystems Y. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c03213
- Water environmental pressure assessment in agricultural systems in Central Asia based on an Integrated Excess Nitrogen Load Model W. Feng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149912
- Patterns and controlling factors of soil carbon sequestration in nitrogen-limited and -rich forests in China—a meta-analysis M. Ngaba et al. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14694
37 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Connecting competitor, stress-tolerator and ruderal (CSR) theory and Lund Potsdam Jena managed Land 5 (LPJmL 5) to assess the role of environmental conditions, management and functional diversity for grassland ecosystem functions S. Wirth et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-381-2024
- Metagenomic study on microbial function in increasing total nitrogen content in soil under crop rotation systems H. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2025.106331
- Plant traits explain variation in symbiotic nitrogen fixation responses to global nitrogen enrichment: a meta-analysis Y. Yao et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-69876-1
- Structure and function of bacterial metaproteomes across biomes F. Bastida et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108331
- Forty years of anthropogenic nutrient pressures: agriculture and domestic nitrogen and phosphorus inventory in view of sustainable nutrient management A. Malagó & F. Bouraoui https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1062435
- Electrical discharge assisted nitrogen fixation: An alternative to chemical fertilizers E. Yadav et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2025.131313
- Sustainable valorization of fish head wastes into nitrogen-based nutrients: a comparative life cycle assessment S. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13036-025-00560-6
- The role of biological nitrogen in the mineral nutrition of oilseeds in the Rostov region R. Kamenev et al. https://doi.org/10.55186/25876740_2025_68_5_624
- Plant nutrient acquisition under elevated CO2 and implications for the land carbon sink T. Cambron et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02386-y
- Low-level nitrogen and short-term addition increase soil carbon sequestration in Chinese forest ecosystems M. Ngaba et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106333
- Overestimated natural biological nitrogen fixation translates to an exaggerated CO 2 fertilization effect in Earth system models S. Kou-Giesbrecht et al. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2514628122
- Effects of Lithology on Asymbiotic N2 Fixation in Subtropical Secondary Forests, Southwest China Z. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-023-00824-6
- Deposition-mediated phytoremediation of nitrogen oxide emissions M. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119706
- The Potential of Cold Plasma-Based Seed Treatments in Legume–Rhizobia Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation: A Review D. Abeysingha et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/crops4010008
- Spatial Distribution of Bioavailable Inorganic Nitrogen From Thawing Permafrost H. Hansen & B. Elberling https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GB007589
- Role of reactive nitrogen species in changing climate and future concerns of environmental sustainability M. Rizwan et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-34647-2
- Exploring Azotobacter: a nitrogen-fixing microorganism as a powerhouse for sustainable and green ammonia synthesis N. Kosem et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/jambio/lxag083
- Rethinking symbiotic nitrogen fixation: Could surplus carbon drive unexpected patterns of resource allocation? L. McCulloch et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-026-08391-0
- A Nitrogen budget for Norway analysis of Nitrogen flows from societal and natural sources (1961–2020) M. Hohmann-Marriott & T. Chiang https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313598
- Investigation of the direct effect of a precision Ascophyllum nodosum biostimulant on nitrogen use efficiency in wheat seedlings Ł. Łangowski et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.03.006
- Global importance of nitrogen fixation across inland and coastal waters R. Fulweiler et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adt1511
- Natural variability and heritability of root-nodulation traits in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) minicore R. Verma et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-023-03908-1
- Low-Level Nitrogen and Short-Term Addition Increase Soil Carbon Sequestration in Chinese Forest Ecosystems M. NGABA et al. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3983964
- Nitrogen cycle impacts on CO2 fertilisation and climate forcing of land carbon stores C. Huntingford et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac6148
- Aquatic plants dominate spatiotemporal dynamics of N2O fluxes in small urban lake by regulating nutrient distribution and emission path G. Wentao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.121290
- Improving wheat yield while reducing nutrient surplus by optimizing water-fertilizer management strategies in dryland of the Loess Plateau W. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2026.110445
- Structural and Functional Characterization of Heterologous Nitrogenase Complexes Y. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.6c00360
- Modeling symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation in grain legumes globally with LPJ-GUESS (v4.0, r10285) J. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-815-2022
- Soil texture and pH exhibit important effects on biological nitrogen fixation in paddy soil Z. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2022.104571
- The Dynamics of Molybdenum, Boron, and Iron Uptake, Translocation and Accumulation by Pea (Pisum sativum L.) A. Wysokinski et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040935
- Contrasting controls on symbiotic and asymbiotic nitrogen fixation rates along altitudinal gradients in subtropical forests X. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fecs.2025.100335
- Optimizing nitrogen fertilizer inputs and plant populations for greener wheat production with high yields and high efficiency in dryland areas C. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108374
- Biological nitrogen fixation of natural and agricultural vegetation simulated with LPJmL 5.7.9 S. Wirth et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7889-2024
- Revisiting the microbial nitrogen-cycling network: bibliometric analysis and recent advances X. Gui et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-025-12481-0
- Atmospheric Wet Iron, Molybdenum, and Vanadium Deposition in Chinese Terrestrial Ecosystems Y. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c03213
- Water environmental pressure assessment in agricultural systems in Central Asia based on an Integrated Excess Nitrogen Load Model W. Feng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149912
- Patterns and controlling factors of soil carbon sequestration in nitrogen-limited and -rich forests in China—a meta-analysis M. Ngaba et al. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14694
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 07 Aug 2026
Short summary
Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) plays an important role in the global nitrogen cycle. However, the fixation rate has usually been measured or estimated at a particular observational site. This study develops a BNF model considering the symbiotic relationship between legume plants and bacteria. The model is extensively calibrated with site-level observational data and then extrapolated to the global terrestrial ecosystems to quantify the fixation rate in the 1990s.
Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) plays an important role in the global nitrogen cycle....
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