Articles | Volume 18, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-39-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-39-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Vegetation modulates the impact of climate extremes on gross primary production
Milan Flach
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry,
P.O. Box 100164, 07701 Jena, Germany
Department of Geography, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
now at: INWT Statistics GmbH, Berlin, Germany
Alexander Brenning
Department of Geography, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
Fabian Gans
Department Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry,
P.O. Box 100164, 07701 Jena, Germany
Markus Reichstein
Department Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry,
P.O. Box 100164, 07701 Jena, Germany
German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
Sebastian Sippel
Division of Environment and Natural Resources
Biogeochemistry and Soil Quality, Norwegian
Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
ETH Zürich, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, Zurich, Switzerland
Miguel D. Mahecha
Department Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry,
P.O. Box 100164, 07701 Jena, Germany
German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
Remote Sensing Centre for Earth System Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Cited
65 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Plant functional traits as key regulators of interannual phenological variability in temperate forests Y. Zhao et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70784
- Variational Characteristics of Vegetation Recovery Period Under Extreme Drought Across Various Land Cover Types in Guizhou Province, China Y. Cen et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.72869
- Siberian 2020 heatwave increased spring CO2 uptake but not annual CO2 uptake M. Kwon et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac358b
- Effects of extreme heat on vegetation carbon sequestration in the Yellow River Basin G. Dong et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-024-1712-8
- Projected Increases in Global Terrestrial Net Primary Productivity Loss Caused by Drought Under Climate Change D. Cao et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EF002681
- Observations and modeling reveal that heatwaves reduce photosynthesis, plant carbon reserves, and net carbon uptake Z. Mekonnen et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae2939
- Increased stress from compound drought and heat events on vegetation S. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175113
- Sensing Vegetation Resistance and Recovery Along Urban–Rural Gradients K. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16071308
- On the Potential of Sentinel-2 for Estimating Gross Primary Production D. Pabon-Moreno et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2022.3152272
- Carbon cycle extremes accelerate weakening of the land carbon sink in the late 21st century B. Sharma et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1829-2023
- Remote sensing based assessment of urban microclimate extremes for advancing sustainable urban planning B. Mengiste et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2026.101215
- Contrasting Effects of Hydrothermal Drivers on Gross Primary Productivity and Ecosystem Respiration W. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/f17020205
- Insights into terrestrial carbon and water cycling from the global eddy covariance network J. Xiao et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-025-00743-1
- Thermal, water, and land cover factors led to contrasting urban and rural vegetation resilience to extreme hot months Y. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae147
- Earth System Data Cubes: Avenues for advancing Earth system research D. Montero et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/eds.2024.22
- Cascading impacts of compound drought-heat extremes on global gross primary production X. Zhu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-025-04052-w
- Impact of the interaction between drought and wildfires on the gross primary productivity (GPP) of boreal forest exhibit time-scale dependence on time scales S. Lai et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100953
- Heatwaves exacerbate the effects of early-season drought on peak vegetation growth in the Northern Hemisphere S. Lin et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2025.105139
- Prediction of Gross Primary Productivity Change in Central Asia Under Climate Change Using Deep Learning W. Shao et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2025.3556678
- Asymmetric window detection of abrupt global drought-wetness alternations and ecological responses Q. Wen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127743
- Distinct magnitude asymmetries of daily extreme anomalies in gross primary productivity between forests and non-forests J. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06158-8
- Quantitatively Assessing the Impact of Driving Factors on Vegetation Cover Change in China’s 32 Major Cities B. Mu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14040839
- River dike grasslands can reconcile biodiversity and different ecosystem services to provide multifunctionality L. Teixeira et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.001
- Plant community productivity and soil water are not resistant to extreme experimental drought in temperate grasslands but in the understory of temperate forests M. Herberich et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164625
- Impacts of extreme drought and heatwave events on evergreen forests in warm and humid climate regions Y. Ge et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ade60b
- Environmental Drivers of Gross Primary Production and Evapotranspiration at a Robinia pseudoacacia L. Restoration Plantation N. Markos et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14050916
- Divergent Sensitivity of Gross Primary Productivity to Compound Drought and Heatwaves Across China’s Three Major Urban Agglomerations H. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18081175
- Higher atmospheric aridity-dominated drought stress contributes to aggravating dryland productivity loss under global warming X. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2024.100692
- Pre-Season Precipitation and Temperature Have a Larger Influence on Vegetation Productivity than That of the Growing Season in the Agro-Pastoral Ecotone in Northern China Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15020219
- Long vs. short: understanding the dynamics of persistent summer hot spells in Europe D. Pappert et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-769-2025
- Drought Resistance of Vegetation and Its Change Characteristics before and after the Implementation of the Grain for Green Program on the Loess Plateau, China D. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205142
- Global increase in future compound heat stress-heavy precipitation hazards and associated socio-ecosystem risks Z. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-024-00579-4
- Response of Spruce Forest Ecosystem CO2 Fluxes to Inter-Annual Climate Anomalies in the Southern Taiga V. Mamkin et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13071019
- Spatiotemporal Variations in Compound Extreme Events and Their Cumulative and Lagged Effects on Vegetation in the Northern Permafrost Regions from 1982 to 2022 Y. Dong et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17010169
- Spatiotemporal Variation in Water Deficit- and Heatwave-Driven Flash Droughts in Songnen Plain and Its Ecological Impact J. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16081408
- Hydroclimatic extremes contribute to asymmetric trends in ecosystem productivity loss J. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00869-4
- Analysis of drought response thresholds and drought-causing factors of central Asian vegetation W. Tangjialeke et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112926
- Dynamic process of ecosystem water use efficiency and response to drought in the Yellow River Basin, China S. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173339
- Planted forests intensified soil microbial metabolic nitrogen and phosphorus limitation on the Loess Plateau, China B. Yan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2021.105982
- Critical snowpack thresholds and escalating risks for extreme decreases in vegetation productivity across Northern Hemisphere ecosystems H. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110992
- Responses of Terrestrial GPP to Extreme Compound Heatwave and Drought Events of Different Intensities in the Yangtze River Basin J. Zhu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17050848
- Assessing the response of vegetation photosynthesis to flash drought events based on a new identification framework L. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2023.109545
- A Regional Earth System Data Lab for Understanding Ecosystem Dynamics: An Example from Tropical South America L. Estupinan-Suarez et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.613395
- A process model-guided transfer learning framework for mapping global gross primary production X. Guan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110678
- 影响青藏高原植被生产力的极端气候阈值 正. 朴 et al. https://doi.org/10.1360/N072023-0221
- Effect of drought and soil heavy metal contamination on three maple species: a case study of Kastamonu University campus in Türkiye G. Savacı et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-12233-2
- Divergent seasonal responses of carbon fluxes to extreme droughts over China Y. Deng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.109253
- Sub-seasonal forest carbon dynamics lose persistence under extremes T. Williams et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ade8ff
- Text mining uncovers the unique dynamics of socio-economic impacts of the 2018–2022 multi-year drought in Germany J. Sodoge et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1757-2024
- 黄河流域极端高温对植被固碳能力的影响研究 冠. 董 et al. https://doi.org/10.1360/SSTe-2024-0253
- DeepExtremeCubes: Earth system spatio-temporal data for assessing compound heatwave and drought impacts C. Ji et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04447-5
- Global evidence on the asymmetric response of gross primary productivity to interannual precipitation changes Y. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152786
- Quantifying impact-relevant heatwave durations K. Polt et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/acf05e
- Increasing impact of warm droughts on northern ecosystem productivity over recent decades D. Gampe et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01112-8
- Dheed: an ERA5 based global database of compound dry and hot extreme events from 1950 to 2023 M. Weynants et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-6621-2025
- Compound droughts and hot extremes: Characteristics, drivers, changes, and impacts Z. Hao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104241
- Shade-tolerant temperate broad-leaved trees are more sensitive to thermal stress than light-demanding species during a moderate heatwave N. Kunert & P. Hajek https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100282
- Observed changes in hydroclimate attributed to human forcing D. Herrera et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000303
- Vegetation Index‐Based Models Without Meteorological Constraints Underestimate the Impact of Drought on Gross Primary Productivity X. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JG007499
- Threshold of climate extremes that impact vegetation productivity over the Tibetan Plateau Z. Piao et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-023-1262-y
- The Effect of Drought on Vegetation Gross Primary Productivity under Different Vegetation Types across China from 2001 to 2020 X. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184658
- Probabilistic assessments of the impacts of compound dry and hot events on global vegetation during growing seasons Y. Hao et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac1015
- Large Variability in Simulated Response of Vegetation Composition and Carbon Dynamics to Variations in Drought‐Heat Occurrence E. Tschumi et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JG007332
- Differential impacts of compound dry- and humid-hot events on global vegetation productivity M. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1597553
- A tribute to whom defend the forest: Hyptidendron dorothyanum (Lamiaceae: Hyptidinae), a new species from the Amazonian domain G. Antar et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.03932
65 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Plant functional traits as key regulators of interannual phenological variability in temperate forests Y. Zhao et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.70784
- Variational Characteristics of Vegetation Recovery Period Under Extreme Drought Across Various Land Cover Types in Guizhou Province, China Y. Cen et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.72869
- Siberian 2020 heatwave increased spring CO2 uptake but not annual CO2 uptake M. Kwon et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac358b
- Effects of extreme heat on vegetation carbon sequestration in the Yellow River Basin G. Dong et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-024-1712-8
- Projected Increases in Global Terrestrial Net Primary Productivity Loss Caused by Drought Under Climate Change D. Cao et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EF002681
- Observations and modeling reveal that heatwaves reduce photosynthesis, plant carbon reserves, and net carbon uptake Z. Mekonnen et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae2939
- Increased stress from compound drought and heat events on vegetation S. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175113
- Sensing Vegetation Resistance and Recovery Along Urban–Rural Gradients K. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16071308
- On the Potential of Sentinel-2 for Estimating Gross Primary Production D. Pabon-Moreno et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2022.3152272
- Carbon cycle extremes accelerate weakening of the land carbon sink in the late 21st century B. Sharma et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1829-2023
- Remote sensing based assessment of urban microclimate extremes for advancing sustainable urban planning B. Mengiste et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2026.101215
- Contrasting Effects of Hydrothermal Drivers on Gross Primary Productivity and Ecosystem Respiration W. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/f17020205
- Insights into terrestrial carbon and water cycling from the global eddy covariance network J. Xiao et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-025-00743-1
- Thermal, water, and land cover factors led to contrasting urban and rural vegetation resilience to extreme hot months Y. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae147
- Earth System Data Cubes: Avenues for advancing Earth system research D. Montero et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/eds.2024.22
- Cascading impacts of compound drought-heat extremes on global gross primary production X. Zhu et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-025-04052-w
- Impact of the interaction between drought and wildfires on the gross primary productivity (GPP) of boreal forest exhibit time-scale dependence on time scales S. Lai et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2025.100953
- Heatwaves exacerbate the effects of early-season drought on peak vegetation growth in the Northern Hemisphere S. Lin et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2025.105139
- Prediction of Gross Primary Productivity Change in Central Asia Under Climate Change Using Deep Learning W. Shao et al. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2025.3556678
- Asymmetric window detection of abrupt global drought-wetness alternations and ecological responses Q. Wen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.127743
- Distinct magnitude asymmetries of daily extreme anomalies in gross primary productivity between forests and non-forests J. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-022-06158-8
- Quantitatively Assessing the Impact of Driving Factors on Vegetation Cover Change in China’s 32 Major Cities B. Mu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14040839
- River dike grasslands can reconcile biodiversity and different ecosystem services to provide multifunctionality L. Teixeira et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2022.12.001
- Plant community productivity and soil water are not resistant to extreme experimental drought in temperate grasslands but in the understory of temperate forests M. Herberich et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164625
- Impacts of extreme drought and heatwave events on evergreen forests in warm and humid climate regions Y. Ge et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ade60b
- Environmental Drivers of Gross Primary Production and Evapotranspiration at a Robinia pseudoacacia L. Restoration Plantation N. Markos et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14050916
- Divergent Sensitivity of Gross Primary Productivity to Compound Drought and Heatwaves Across China’s Three Major Urban Agglomerations H. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18081175
- Higher atmospheric aridity-dominated drought stress contributes to aggravating dryland productivity loss under global warming X. Yu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2024.100692
- Pre-Season Precipitation and Temperature Have a Larger Influence on Vegetation Productivity than That of the Growing Season in the Agro-Pastoral Ecotone in Northern China Y. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15020219
- Long vs. short: understanding the dynamics of persistent summer hot spells in Europe D. Pappert et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/wcd-6-769-2025
- Drought Resistance of Vegetation and Its Change Characteristics before and after the Implementation of the Grain for Green Program on the Loess Plateau, China D. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205142
- Global increase in future compound heat stress-heavy precipitation hazards and associated socio-ecosystem risks Z. Zhou et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-024-00579-4
- Response of Spruce Forest Ecosystem CO2 Fluxes to Inter-Annual Climate Anomalies in the Southern Taiga V. Mamkin et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13071019
- Spatiotemporal Variations in Compound Extreme Events and Their Cumulative and Lagged Effects on Vegetation in the Northern Permafrost Regions from 1982 to 2022 Y. Dong et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17010169
- Spatiotemporal Variation in Water Deficit- and Heatwave-Driven Flash Droughts in Songnen Plain and Its Ecological Impact J. Sun et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16081408
- Hydroclimatic extremes contribute to asymmetric trends in ecosystem productivity loss J. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00869-4
- Analysis of drought response thresholds and drought-causing factors of central Asian vegetation W. Tangjialeke et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112926
- Dynamic process of ecosystem water use efficiency and response to drought in the Yellow River Basin, China S. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173339
- Planted forests intensified soil microbial metabolic nitrogen and phosphorus limitation on the Loess Plateau, China B. Yan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2021.105982
- Critical snowpack thresholds and escalating risks for extreme decreases in vegetation productivity across Northern Hemisphere ecosystems H. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110992
- Responses of Terrestrial GPP to Extreme Compound Heatwave and Drought Events of Different Intensities in the Yangtze River Basin J. Zhu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17050848
- Assessing the response of vegetation photosynthesis to flash drought events based on a new identification framework L. Yang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2023.109545
- A Regional Earth System Data Lab for Understanding Ecosystem Dynamics: An Example from Tropical South America L. Estupinan-Suarez et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.613395
- A process model-guided transfer learning framework for mapping global gross primary production X. Guan et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110678
- 影响青藏高原植被生产力的极端气候阈值 正. 朴 et al. https://doi.org/10.1360/N072023-0221
- Effect of drought and soil heavy metal contamination on three maple species: a case study of Kastamonu University campus in Türkiye G. Savacı et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-12233-2
- Divergent seasonal responses of carbon fluxes to extreme droughts over China Y. Deng et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.109253
- Sub-seasonal forest carbon dynamics lose persistence under extremes T. Williams et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ade8ff
- Text mining uncovers the unique dynamics of socio-economic impacts of the 2018–2022 multi-year drought in Germany J. Sodoge et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1757-2024
- 黄河流域极端高温对植被固碳能力的影响研究 冠. 董 et al. https://doi.org/10.1360/SSTe-2024-0253
- DeepExtremeCubes: Earth system spatio-temporal data for assessing compound heatwave and drought impacts C. Ji et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04447-5
- Global evidence on the asymmetric response of gross primary productivity to interannual precipitation changes Y. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152786
- Quantifying impact-relevant heatwave durations K. Polt et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/acf05e
- Increasing impact of warm droughts on northern ecosystem productivity over recent decades D. Gampe et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01112-8
- Dheed: an ERA5 based global database of compound dry and hot extreme events from 1950 to 2023 M. Weynants et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-6621-2025
- Compound droughts and hot extremes: Characteristics, drivers, changes, and impacts Z. Hao et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104241
- Shade-tolerant temperate broad-leaved trees are more sensitive to thermal stress than light-demanding species during a moderate heatwave N. Kunert & P. Hajek https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100282
- Observed changes in hydroclimate attributed to human forcing D. Herrera et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000303
- Vegetation Index‐Based Models Without Meteorological Constraints Underestimate the Impact of Drought on Gross Primary Productivity X. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JG007499
- Threshold of climate extremes that impact vegetation productivity over the Tibetan Plateau Z. Piao et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-023-1262-y
- The Effect of Drought on Vegetation Gross Primary Productivity under Different Vegetation Types across China from 2001 to 2020 X. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184658
- Probabilistic assessments of the impacts of compound dry and hot events on global vegetation during growing seasons Y. Hao et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac1015
- Large Variability in Simulated Response of Vegetation Composition and Carbon Dynamics to Variations in Drought‐Heat Occurrence E. Tschumi et al. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JG007332
- Differential impacts of compound dry- and humid-hot events on global vegetation productivity M. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1597553
- A tribute to whom defend the forest: Hyptidendron dorothyanum (Lamiaceae: Hyptidinae), a new species from the Amazonian domain G. Antar et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.03932
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 13 Jun 2026
Short summary
Drought and heat events affect the uptake and sequestration of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems. We study the impact of droughts and heatwaves on the uptake of CO2 of different vegetation types at the global scale. We find that agricultural areas are generally strongly affected. Forests instead are not particularly sensitive to the events under scrutiny. This implies different water management strategies of forests but also a lack of sensitivity to remote-sensing-derived vegetation activity.
Drought and heat events affect the uptake and sequestration of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems....
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