Articles | Volume 18, issue 20
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5831-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5831-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
29 Oct 2021
Research article |
| 29 Oct 2021
| 29 Oct 2021
Fast local warming is the main driver of recent deoxygenation in the northern Arabian Sea
Zouhair Lachkar
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Center for Prototype Climate Modeling, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Michael Mehari
Center for Prototype Climate Modeling, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Muchamad Al Azhar
Center for Prototype Climate Modeling, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, UK
Marina Lévy
Sorbonne Université (CNRS/IRD/MNHN), LOCEAN-IPSL, Paris, France
Shafer Smith
Center for Prototype Climate Modeling, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, USA
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- Oceanic Response to Tropical Cyclone Gonu (2007) in the Gulf of Oman and the Northern Arabian Sea: Estimating Depth of the Mixed Layer Using Satellite SST and Climatological Data K. Koohestani et al. 10.3390/jmse9111244
- Rising Trends in Winter Phytoplankton Blooms in the Northern Arabian Sea Over the Last Two Decades: Drivers and Implications Z. Song et al. 10.1029/2025GL116509
- Surface ocean-lower atmospheric processes in the Indian Ocean: Current understanding, knowledge gaps, and future directions A. Kumar et al. 10.1525/elementa.2023.00041
- Impact of atmospheric dry deposition of nutrients on phytoplankton pigment composition and primary production in the coastal Bay of Bengal V. Kumari et al. 10.1007/s11356-022-21477-3
- Contemporary decline in northern Indian Ocean primary production offset by rising atmospheric nitrogen deposition M. Malsang et al. 10.3389/fmars.2024.1418634
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- A review of the Indian Ocean carbon dynamics, acidity, and productivity in a changing environment J. Ghosh et al. 10.1016/j.pocean.2024.103210
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- Diapycnal oxygen flux in the oxycline region of the core of the Arabian Sea Oxygen Minimum Zone K. Ashin et al. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2025.105499
- A Synthesis of Global Coastal Ocean Greenhouse Gas Fluxes L. Resplandy et al. 10.1029/2023GB007803
- Air‐Sea Fluxes of CO2 in the Indian Ocean Between 1985 and 2018: A Synthesis Based on Observation‐Based Surface CO2, Hindcast and Atmospheric Inversion Models V. Sarma et al. 10.1029/2023GB007694
- Stressors of primary productivity in the north Indian ocean revealed by satellite, reanalysis and CMIP6 data N. Sunanda et al. 10.1016/j.pocean.2023.103164
- Recent expansion and intensification of hypoxia in the Arabian Gulf and its drivers Z. Lachkar et al. 10.3389/fmars.2022.891378
- Dynamical Response of the Arabian Sea Oxygen Minimum Zone to the Extreme Indian Ocean Dipole Events in 2016 and 2019 Z. Zhang et al. 10.1029/2023GL104226
- Impact of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on new production in the northern Indian Ocean: constrained based on satellite aerosol optical depth and particulate nitrogen levels V. Sarma et al. 10.1039/D2EM00234E
- Role of ocean circulation and settling of particulate organic matter in the decoupling between the oxygen minimum zone and the phytoplankton productive zone in the Arabian Sea: A modeling study Z. Zhang et al. 10.3389/fmars.2022.927921
- Biogeochemistry of greenhouse gases in coastal upwelling systems: Processes and sensitivity to global change Z. Lachkar et al. 10.1525/elementa.2023.00088
- A Regional Review of Marine and Coastal Impacts of Climate Change on the ROPME Sea Area S. Lincoln et al. 10.3390/su132413810
- Applications of biogeochemical models in different marine environments: a review K. Ismail & M. Al-Shehhi 10.3389/fenvs.2023.1198856
- Editorial: Recent developments in oxygen minimum zones biogeochemistry A. Bourbonnais et al. 10.3389/fmars.2023.1333731
- Regional variability in remotely sensed data with respect to the distribution of some snapper fishes (Family: Lutjanidae) between the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf R. Said et al. 10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02104
- Shrinking of the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone with climate change projected with a downscaled model P. Vallivattathillam et al. 10.3389/fmars.2023.1123739
- Unique ocean circulation pathways reshape the Indian Ocean oxygen minimum zone with warming S. Ditkovsky et al. 10.5194/bg-20-4711-2023
- The effects of climate change on the thermal stratification of the Gulf of Oman S. Farkhani & N. Zaker 10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2025.101560
- Narrow Margins: Aerobic Performance and Temperature Tolerance of Coral Reef Fishes Facing Extreme Thermal Variability G. Vaughan et al. 10.1111/gcb.70100
- Seasonal to Intraseasonal Variability of the Upper Ocean Mixed Layer in the Gulf of Oman E. Font et al. 10.1029/2021JC018045
26 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Oceanic Response to Tropical Cyclone Gonu (2007) in the Gulf of Oman and the Northern Arabian Sea: Estimating Depth of the Mixed Layer Using Satellite SST and Climatological Data K. Koohestani et al. 10.3390/jmse9111244
- Rising Trends in Winter Phytoplankton Blooms in the Northern Arabian Sea Over the Last Two Decades: Drivers and Implications Z. Song et al. 10.1029/2025GL116509
- Surface ocean-lower atmospheric processes in the Indian Ocean: Current understanding, knowledge gaps, and future directions A. Kumar et al. 10.1525/elementa.2023.00041
- Impact of atmospheric dry deposition of nutrients on phytoplankton pigment composition and primary production in the coastal Bay of Bengal V. Kumari et al. 10.1007/s11356-022-21477-3
- Contemporary decline in northern Indian Ocean primary production offset by rising atmospheric nitrogen deposition M. Malsang et al. 10.3389/fmars.2024.1418634
- Differences in recent and future trends in the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone: processes and uncertainties Z. Lachkar et al. 10.3389/fmars.2023.1122043
- Spatial patterns of reef fishes and corals in the thermally extreme waters of Qatar J. Bouwmeester et al. 10.3389/fmars.2022.989841
- A review of the Indian Ocean carbon dynamics, acidity, and productivity in a changing environment J. Ghosh et al. 10.1016/j.pocean.2024.103210
- Assessment of the effects of climate change on dissolved oxygen in the Gulf of Oman S. Farkhani & N. Zaker 10.1016/j.dsr.2025.104487
- Diapycnal oxygen flux in the oxycline region of the core of the Arabian Sea Oxygen Minimum Zone K. Ashin et al. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2025.105499
- A Synthesis of Global Coastal Ocean Greenhouse Gas Fluxes L. Resplandy et al. 10.1029/2023GB007803
- Air‐Sea Fluxes of CO2 in the Indian Ocean Between 1985 and 2018: A Synthesis Based on Observation‐Based Surface CO2, Hindcast and Atmospheric Inversion Models V. Sarma et al. 10.1029/2023GB007694
- Stressors of primary productivity in the north Indian ocean revealed by satellite, reanalysis and CMIP6 data N. Sunanda et al. 10.1016/j.pocean.2023.103164
- Recent expansion and intensification of hypoxia in the Arabian Gulf and its drivers Z. Lachkar et al. 10.3389/fmars.2022.891378
- Dynamical Response of the Arabian Sea Oxygen Minimum Zone to the Extreme Indian Ocean Dipole Events in 2016 and 2019 Z. Zhang et al. 10.1029/2023GL104226
- Impact of atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen on new production in the northern Indian Ocean: constrained based on satellite aerosol optical depth and particulate nitrogen levels V. Sarma et al. 10.1039/D2EM00234E
- Role of ocean circulation and settling of particulate organic matter in the decoupling between the oxygen minimum zone and the phytoplankton productive zone in the Arabian Sea: A modeling study Z. Zhang et al. 10.3389/fmars.2022.927921
- Biogeochemistry of greenhouse gases in coastal upwelling systems: Processes and sensitivity to global change Z. Lachkar et al. 10.1525/elementa.2023.00088
- A Regional Review of Marine and Coastal Impacts of Climate Change on the ROPME Sea Area S. Lincoln et al. 10.3390/su132413810
- Applications of biogeochemical models in different marine environments: a review K. Ismail & M. Al-Shehhi 10.3389/fenvs.2023.1198856
- Editorial: Recent developments in oxygen minimum zones biogeochemistry A. Bourbonnais et al. 10.3389/fmars.2023.1333731
- Regional variability in remotely sensed data with respect to the distribution of some snapper fishes (Family: Lutjanidae) between the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf R. Said et al. 10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02104
- Shrinking of the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone with climate change projected with a downscaled model P. Vallivattathillam et al. 10.3389/fmars.2023.1123739
- Unique ocean circulation pathways reshape the Indian Ocean oxygen minimum zone with warming S. Ditkovsky et al. 10.5194/bg-20-4711-2023
- The effects of climate change on the thermal stratification of the Gulf of Oman S. Farkhani & N. Zaker 10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2025.101560
- Narrow Margins: Aerobic Performance and Temperature Tolerance of Coral Reef Fishes Facing Extreme Thermal Variability G. Vaughan et al. 10.1111/gcb.70100
1 citations as recorded by crossref.
Latest update: 03 Jul 2025
Short summary
This study documents and quantifies a significant recent oxygen decline in the upper layers of the Arabian Sea and explores its drivers. Using a modeling approach we show that the fast local warming of sea surface is the main factor causing this oxygen drop. Concomitant summer monsoon intensification contributes to this trend, although to a lesser extent. These changes exacerbate oxygen depletion in the subsurface, threatening marine habitats and altering the local biogeochemistry.
This study documents and quantifies a significant recent oxygen decline in the upper layers of...
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