Articles | Volume 20, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-781-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-781-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Stability of alkalinity in ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) approaches – consequences for durability of CO2 storage
Institute for Geology, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 55, 20146
Hamburg, Germany
Niels Suitner
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute for Geology, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 55, 20146
Hamburg, Germany
Faculty of Physics/Electrical Engineering, Universität Bremen,
Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
Julieta Schneider
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Germany
Laura Marín-Samper
Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global, Universidad de Las Palmas
de Gran Canaria, 35017 Telde, Spain
Javier Arístegui
Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global, Universidad de Las Palmas
de Gran Canaria, 35017 Telde, Spain
Phil Renforth
School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University,
EH14 4AS Edinburgh, UK
Jan Taucher
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Germany
Ulf Riebesell
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Germany
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Cited
96 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Climate change decreases groundwater carbon discharges in global tidal wetlands X. Ouyang et al.
- Assessment of solid ikaite release into seawater – implications for ocean alkalinity enhancement S. Baltruschat et al.
- Chemical Aspect of Ocean Liming for CO2 Removal: Dissolution Kinetics of Calcium Hydroxide in Seawater S. Varliero et al.
- Stability of alkalinity in the land-ocean transition zone: a geochemical CDR perspective for the Elbe River, Germany M. Tian et al.
- Climate targets, carbon dioxide removal, and the potential role of ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Oschlies et al.
- Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Using Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis: Technical Analysis and Cost Breakdown of a Full-Scale Plant F. Ferella et al.
- Novel field trial for ocean alkalinity enhancement using electrochemically derived aqueous alkalinity A. Savoie et al.
- Ten new insights in climate science 2023 M. Bustamante et al.
- Assessing the technical aspects of ocean-alkalinity-enhancement approaches M. Eisaman et al.
- Broaden Research on Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement to Better Characterize Social Impacts S. Nawaz et al.
- Biological response of eelgrass epifauna, Taylor's Sea hare (Phyllaplysia taylori) and eelgrass isopod (Idotea resecata), to elevated ocean alkalinity K. Jones et al.
- Effects of grain size and seawater salinity on magnesium hydroxide dissolution and secondary calcium carbonate precipitation kinetics: implications for ocean alkalinity enhancement C. Moras et al.
- pH-equilibrated ocean alkalinization: Mesoscale evaluation of long-term stability S. Jamali Alamooti et al.
- Prospective site-specific life cycle assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement M. Myridinas et al.
- Recent advancements and assessment of carbon capture technologies for climate crisis mitigation B. Zainal et al.
- Modelling considerations for research on ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) K. Fennel et al.
- Ocean liming can help achieve the Paris climate target J. Strefler et al.
- The carbon dioxide removal potential of cement and lime kiln dust via ocean alkalinity enhancement G. Flipkens et al.
- Sustainable carbon sequestration via olivine based ocean alkalinity enhancement in the east and South China Sea: Adhering to environmental norms for nickel and chromium T. Zhu et al.
- Considerations for hypothetical carbon dioxide removal via alkalinity addition in the Amazon River watershed L. Mu et al.
- Exhaustive Review of CO2 Sequestration in Depleted Hydrocarbon Reservoirs: Recent Advances, Challenges and Future Prospects K. Nsiama et al.
- Carbon fixation of a temperate plankton community in response to calcium- and silicate-based Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement using air-sea gas exchange measurements J. Schneider et al.
- Growth response of Emiliania huxleyi to ocean alkalinity enhancement G. Faucher et al.
- Phytoplankton response to increased nickel in the context of ocean alkalinity enhancement X. Xin et al.
- Assessing the efficacy of river-based ocean alkalinity enhancement for carbon sequestration under high emission pathways X. Zhu et al.
- Coccolithophores and diatoms resilient to ocean alkalinity enhancement: A glimpse of hope? J. Gately et al.
- A critical analysis of marine carbon sequestration opportunities in South Korea P. Macreadie et al.
- The Verification Challenge of Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal K. Fennel
- Enhancing CO2 storage and marine carbon sink based on seawater mineral carbonation S. Liu et al.
- Calcite is an efficient and low-cost material to enhance benthic weathering in shelf sediments of the Baltic Sea M. Fuhr et al.
- The potential of wastewater treatment on carbon storage through ocean alkalinity enhancement L. Zheng et al.
- On the emission-path dependency of the efficiency of ocean alkalinity enhancement J. Schwinger et al.
- Assessing the impact of CO2-equilibrated ocean alkalinity enhancement on microbial metabolic rates in an oligotrophic system L. Marín-Samper et al.
- The Science, Engineering, and Validation of Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal and Storage S. Doney et al.
- An assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement using aqueous hydroxides: kinetics, efficiency, and precipitation thresholds M. Ringham et al.
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement impacts: regrowth of marine microalgae in alkaline mineral concentrations simulating the initial concentrations after ship-based dispersions S. Delacroix et al.
- Particle fluxes by subtropical pelagic communities under ocean alkalinity enhancement P. Suessle et al.
- Prey dynamics as a buffer: enhancing copepod resilience to ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Bhaumik et al.
- Evaluating ocean alkalinity enhancement as a carbon dioxide removal strategy in the North Sea F. Liu et al.
- Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal and Storage C. Lee et al.
- Multidimensional impacts of ocean alkalinity enhancement on aquatic ecosystems and fisheries carbon sequestration capacity C. Liu et al.
- Olivine and dissolved alkalinity trigger different bacterial community shifts in water and oyster gills: insights from a mesocosm experiment D. Antoni et al.
- Magnesium hydroxide addition reduces aqueous carbon dioxide in wastewater discharged to the ocean V. Kitidis et al.
- Direct effects of ocean alkalinity enhancement in the Baltic Sea–results from in-silico experiments A. Anschütz et al.
- Assessment framework to predict sensitivity of marine calcifiers to ocean alkalinity enhancement – identification of biological thresholds and importance of precautionary principle N. Bednaršek et al.
- A tracer study for the development of in-water monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) of ship-based ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Subhas et al.
- Disentangling artificial and natural benthic weathering in organic rich Baltic Sea sediments M. Fuhr et al.
- Earth system responses to carbon dioxide removal as exemplified by ocean alkalinity enhancement: tradeoffs and lags A. Jeltsch-Thömmes et al.
- The alkalinity generation potential of olivine and oyster shell for laboratory experiments: testing the effects of ocean alkalinity enhancement C. Miller & F. Pernet
- Integrating experimental and geochemical modelling for productive carbon dioxide mineralization in the South China Sea B. Liu et al.
- Resilience of Phytoplankton and Microzooplankton Communities under Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement in the Oligotrophic Ocean X. Xin et al.
- Plankton food web structure and productivity under ocean alkalinity enhancement N. Sánchez et al.
- Potential Environmental Impacts and Management Strategies for Metal Release during Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Using Olivine W. Zhuang et al.
- Review of CO2 extraction from seawater through non-electrochemical and electrochemical approaches C. Lee et al.
- Monitoring marine carbon dioxide removal: quantitative analysis of indicators for carbon removed and environmental side-effects T. Morganti et al.
- Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Removal Technologies: A Data-Driven Decision-Making Model X. Ma & C. Bai
- Life Cycle Assessment of Coastal Enhanced Weathering for Carbon Dioxide Removal from Air S. Foteinis et al.
- Alkalinity enhancement in subduction regions and the global ocean: efficiency, earth system feedbacks, and scenario sensitivity T. Nagwekar et al.
- Uncertainties of enhanced rock weathering for climate-change mitigation M. Schiedung et al.
- Laboratory experiments in ocean alkalinity enhancement research M. Iglesias-Rodríguez et al.
- Interactions between ocean alkalinity enhancement and phytoplankton in an Earth system model M. Seifert et al.
- Regional potential of coastal ocean alkalinization with olivine within 100 years M. Ramasamy et al.
- Techno-economic evaluation of buffered accelerated weathering of limestone as a CO2 capture and storage option S. De Marco et al.
- Marine carbon dioxide removal by alkalinization should no longer be overlooked K. Kowalczyk et al.
- A numerical assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement efficiency on a river-dominated continental shelf—a case study in the northern Gulf of Mexico Y. Ou et al.
- Carbon dioxide removal efficiency of iron and steel slag in seawater via ocean alkalinity enhancement C. Moras et al.
- Potential buffering capacity of naturally distributed carbonate minerals against future rises in atmospheric CO2 and coastal acidification: the Yellow Sea and three major estuaries in China W. Shi et al.
- Early life stages of fish under ocean alkalinity enhancement in coastal plankton communities S. Goldenberg et al.
- Ocean liming effect on a North Atlantic microbial community: changes in composition and rates I. de Castro et al.
- Demonstration of direct ocean carbon capture using encapsulated solvents A. Lieber et al.
- Evaluating rainbowing for ocean alkalinity enhancement R. Bianchi et al.
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement approaches and the predictability of runaway precipitation processes: results of an experimental study to determine critical alkalinity ranges for safe and sustainable application scenarios N. Suitner et al.
- Monitoring, reporting, and verification for ocean alkalinity enhancement D. Ho et al.
- Mesocosm experiments in ocean alkalinity enhancement research U. Riebesell et al.
- Substantial Limitations of Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement in Mitigating the Negative Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Calcifiers H. van de Mortel et al.
- The need for carbon-emissions-driven climate projections in CMIP7 B. Sanderson et al.
- Regional ocean biogeochemical modeling challenges for predicting the effectiveness of marine carbon dioxide removal N. Ward et al.
- Assessing the Limit of CO2 Storage in Seawater as Bicarbonate-Enriched Solutions S. Varliero et al.
- Perspectives and challenges of marine carbon dioxide removal A. Oschlies et al.
- The additionality problem of ocean alkalinity enhancement L. Bach
- Responses of microbial metabolic rates to non-equilibrated silicate- versus calcium-based ocean alkalinity enhancement L. Marín-Samper et al.
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement in an open-ocean ecosystem: biogeochemical responses and carbon storage durability A. Paul et al.
- Alkalinity enhancement with sodium hydroxide in coastal ocean waters C. Wynn-Edwards et al.
- Alkaline mineral addition to anoxic to hypoxic Baltic Sea sediments as a potentially efficient CO2-removal technique M. Fuhr et al.
- Review and syntheses: Ocean alkalinity enhancement and carbon dioxide removal through marine enhanced rock weathering using olivine L. Geerts et al.
- Mineral formation during shipboard ocean alkalinity enhancement experiments in the North Atlantic M. Hashim et al.
- Assessing the impacts of simulated ocean alkalinity enhancement on viability and growth of nearshore species of phytoplankton J. Oberlander et al.
- Alkalinity biases in CMIP6 Earth system models and implications for simulated CO2 drawdown via artificial alkalinity enhancement C. Hinrichs et al.
- A systematic review of carbon sink pathways and deployment strategies J. Ma et al.
- Field experiments in ocean alkalinity enhancement research T. Cyronak et al.
- Integrating bicarbonate-based microalgal production with alkaline sewage for ocean negative carbon emissions C. Zhu et al.
- Manganese Oxide-Mediated Reactions with Olivine Dissolution Products: A Double-Edged Sword for Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement W. Zhuang et al.
- Determining the net influence of biological processes on aqueous hydroxide-based ocean alkalinity enhancement: a mesocosm approach D. Fucich et al.
- Reviews and syntheses: Potential and limitations of oceanic carbon dioxide storage via reactor-based accelerated weathering of limestone T. Huysmans et al.
- Differential impacts of ocean acidification and alkalinization on shell microstructure and molecular responses in Mytilus edulis Z. Chen et al.
- Why blue carbon cannot truly offset fossil fuel emissions S. Johannessen & J. Christian
96 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Climate change decreases groundwater carbon discharges in global tidal wetlands X. Ouyang et al.
- Assessment of solid ikaite release into seawater – implications for ocean alkalinity enhancement S. Baltruschat et al.
- Chemical Aspect of Ocean Liming for CO2 Removal: Dissolution Kinetics of Calcium Hydroxide in Seawater S. Varliero et al.
- Stability of alkalinity in the land-ocean transition zone: a geochemical CDR perspective for the Elbe River, Germany M. Tian et al.
- Climate targets, carbon dioxide removal, and the potential role of ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Oschlies et al.
- Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Using Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis: Technical Analysis and Cost Breakdown of a Full-Scale Plant F. Ferella et al.
- Novel field trial for ocean alkalinity enhancement using electrochemically derived aqueous alkalinity A. Savoie et al.
- Ten new insights in climate science 2023 M. Bustamante et al.
- Assessing the technical aspects of ocean-alkalinity-enhancement approaches M. Eisaman et al.
- Broaden Research on Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement to Better Characterize Social Impacts S. Nawaz et al.
- Biological response of eelgrass epifauna, Taylor's Sea hare (Phyllaplysia taylori) and eelgrass isopod (Idotea resecata), to elevated ocean alkalinity K. Jones et al.
- Effects of grain size and seawater salinity on magnesium hydroxide dissolution and secondary calcium carbonate precipitation kinetics: implications for ocean alkalinity enhancement C. Moras et al.
- pH-equilibrated ocean alkalinization: Mesoscale evaluation of long-term stability S. Jamali Alamooti et al.
- Prospective site-specific life cycle assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement M. Myridinas et al.
- Recent advancements and assessment of carbon capture technologies for climate crisis mitigation B. Zainal et al.
- Modelling considerations for research on ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) K. Fennel et al.
- Ocean liming can help achieve the Paris climate target J. Strefler et al.
- The carbon dioxide removal potential of cement and lime kiln dust via ocean alkalinity enhancement G. Flipkens et al.
- Sustainable carbon sequestration via olivine based ocean alkalinity enhancement in the east and South China Sea: Adhering to environmental norms for nickel and chromium T. Zhu et al.
- Considerations for hypothetical carbon dioxide removal via alkalinity addition in the Amazon River watershed L. Mu et al.
- Exhaustive Review of CO2 Sequestration in Depleted Hydrocarbon Reservoirs: Recent Advances, Challenges and Future Prospects K. Nsiama et al.
- Carbon fixation of a temperate plankton community in response to calcium- and silicate-based Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement using air-sea gas exchange measurements J. Schneider et al.
- Growth response of Emiliania huxleyi to ocean alkalinity enhancement G. Faucher et al.
- Phytoplankton response to increased nickel in the context of ocean alkalinity enhancement X. Xin et al.
- Assessing the efficacy of river-based ocean alkalinity enhancement for carbon sequestration under high emission pathways X. Zhu et al.
- Coccolithophores and diatoms resilient to ocean alkalinity enhancement: A glimpse of hope? J. Gately et al.
- A critical analysis of marine carbon sequestration opportunities in South Korea P. Macreadie et al.
- The Verification Challenge of Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal K. Fennel
- Enhancing CO2 storage and marine carbon sink based on seawater mineral carbonation S. Liu et al.
- Calcite is an efficient and low-cost material to enhance benthic weathering in shelf sediments of the Baltic Sea M. Fuhr et al.
- The potential of wastewater treatment on carbon storage through ocean alkalinity enhancement L. Zheng et al.
- On the emission-path dependency of the efficiency of ocean alkalinity enhancement J. Schwinger et al.
- Assessing the impact of CO2-equilibrated ocean alkalinity enhancement on microbial metabolic rates in an oligotrophic system L. Marín-Samper et al.
- The Science, Engineering, and Validation of Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal and Storage S. Doney et al.
- An assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement using aqueous hydroxides: kinetics, efficiency, and precipitation thresholds M. Ringham et al.
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement impacts: regrowth of marine microalgae in alkaline mineral concentrations simulating the initial concentrations after ship-based dispersions S. Delacroix et al.
- Particle fluxes by subtropical pelagic communities under ocean alkalinity enhancement P. Suessle et al.
- Prey dynamics as a buffer: enhancing copepod resilience to ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Bhaumik et al.
- Evaluating ocean alkalinity enhancement as a carbon dioxide removal strategy in the North Sea F. Liu et al.
- Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal and Storage C. Lee et al.
- Multidimensional impacts of ocean alkalinity enhancement on aquatic ecosystems and fisheries carbon sequestration capacity C. Liu et al.
- Olivine and dissolved alkalinity trigger different bacterial community shifts in water and oyster gills: insights from a mesocosm experiment D. Antoni et al.
- Magnesium hydroxide addition reduces aqueous carbon dioxide in wastewater discharged to the ocean V. Kitidis et al.
- Direct effects of ocean alkalinity enhancement in the Baltic Sea–results from in-silico experiments A. Anschütz et al.
- Assessment framework to predict sensitivity of marine calcifiers to ocean alkalinity enhancement – identification of biological thresholds and importance of precautionary principle N. Bednaršek et al.
- A tracer study for the development of in-water monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) of ship-based ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Subhas et al.
- Disentangling artificial and natural benthic weathering in organic rich Baltic Sea sediments M. Fuhr et al.
- Earth system responses to carbon dioxide removal as exemplified by ocean alkalinity enhancement: tradeoffs and lags A. Jeltsch-Thömmes et al.
- The alkalinity generation potential of olivine and oyster shell for laboratory experiments: testing the effects of ocean alkalinity enhancement C. Miller & F. Pernet
- Integrating experimental and geochemical modelling for productive carbon dioxide mineralization in the South China Sea B. Liu et al.
- Resilience of Phytoplankton and Microzooplankton Communities under Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement in the Oligotrophic Ocean X. Xin et al.
- Plankton food web structure and productivity under ocean alkalinity enhancement N. Sánchez et al.
- Potential Environmental Impacts and Management Strategies for Metal Release during Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Using Olivine W. Zhuang et al.
- Review of CO2 extraction from seawater through non-electrochemical and electrochemical approaches C. Lee et al.
- Monitoring marine carbon dioxide removal: quantitative analysis of indicators for carbon removed and environmental side-effects T. Morganti et al.
- Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Removal Technologies: A Data-Driven Decision-Making Model X. Ma & C. Bai
- Life Cycle Assessment of Coastal Enhanced Weathering for Carbon Dioxide Removal from Air S. Foteinis et al.
- Alkalinity enhancement in subduction regions and the global ocean: efficiency, earth system feedbacks, and scenario sensitivity T. Nagwekar et al.
- Uncertainties of enhanced rock weathering for climate-change mitigation M. Schiedung et al.
- Laboratory experiments in ocean alkalinity enhancement research M. Iglesias-Rodríguez et al.
- Interactions between ocean alkalinity enhancement and phytoplankton in an Earth system model M. Seifert et al.
- Regional potential of coastal ocean alkalinization with olivine within 100 years M. Ramasamy et al.
- Techno-economic evaluation of buffered accelerated weathering of limestone as a CO2 capture and storage option S. De Marco et al.
- Marine carbon dioxide removal by alkalinization should no longer be overlooked K. Kowalczyk et al.
- A numerical assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement efficiency on a river-dominated continental shelf—a case study in the northern Gulf of Mexico Y. Ou et al.
- Carbon dioxide removal efficiency of iron and steel slag in seawater via ocean alkalinity enhancement C. Moras et al.
- Potential buffering capacity of naturally distributed carbonate minerals against future rises in atmospheric CO2 and coastal acidification: the Yellow Sea and three major estuaries in China W. Shi et al.
- Early life stages of fish under ocean alkalinity enhancement in coastal plankton communities S. Goldenberg et al.
- Ocean liming effect on a North Atlantic microbial community: changes in composition and rates I. de Castro et al.
- Demonstration of direct ocean carbon capture using encapsulated solvents A. Lieber et al.
- Evaluating rainbowing for ocean alkalinity enhancement R. Bianchi et al.
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement approaches and the predictability of runaway precipitation processes: results of an experimental study to determine critical alkalinity ranges for safe and sustainable application scenarios N. Suitner et al.
- Monitoring, reporting, and verification for ocean alkalinity enhancement D. Ho et al.
- Mesocosm experiments in ocean alkalinity enhancement research U. Riebesell et al.
- Substantial Limitations of Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement in Mitigating the Negative Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Calcifiers H. van de Mortel et al.
- The need for carbon-emissions-driven climate projections in CMIP7 B. Sanderson et al.
- Regional ocean biogeochemical modeling challenges for predicting the effectiveness of marine carbon dioxide removal N. Ward et al.
- Assessing the Limit of CO2 Storage in Seawater as Bicarbonate-Enriched Solutions S. Varliero et al.
- Perspectives and challenges of marine carbon dioxide removal A. Oschlies et al.
- The additionality problem of ocean alkalinity enhancement L. Bach
- Responses of microbial metabolic rates to non-equilibrated silicate- versus calcium-based ocean alkalinity enhancement L. Marín-Samper et al.
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement in an open-ocean ecosystem: biogeochemical responses and carbon storage durability A. Paul et al.
- Alkalinity enhancement with sodium hydroxide in coastal ocean waters C. Wynn-Edwards et al.
- Alkaline mineral addition to anoxic to hypoxic Baltic Sea sediments as a potentially efficient CO2-removal technique M. Fuhr et al.
- Review and syntheses: Ocean alkalinity enhancement and carbon dioxide removal through marine enhanced rock weathering using olivine L. Geerts et al.
- Mineral formation during shipboard ocean alkalinity enhancement experiments in the North Atlantic M. Hashim et al.
- Assessing the impacts of simulated ocean alkalinity enhancement on viability and growth of nearshore species of phytoplankton J. Oberlander et al.
- Alkalinity biases in CMIP6 Earth system models and implications for simulated CO2 drawdown via artificial alkalinity enhancement C. Hinrichs et al.
- A systematic review of carbon sink pathways and deployment strategies J. Ma et al.
- Field experiments in ocean alkalinity enhancement research T. Cyronak et al.
- Integrating bicarbonate-based microalgal production with alkaline sewage for ocean negative carbon emissions C. Zhu et al.
- Manganese Oxide-Mediated Reactions with Olivine Dissolution Products: A Double-Edged Sword for Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement W. Zhuang et al.
- Determining the net influence of biological processes on aqueous hydroxide-based ocean alkalinity enhancement: a mesocosm approach D. Fucich et al.
- Reviews and syntheses: Potential and limitations of oceanic carbon dioxide storage via reactor-based accelerated weathering of limestone T. Huysmans et al.
- Differential impacts of ocean acidification and alkalinization on shell microstructure and molecular responses in Mytilus edulis Z. Chen et al.
- Why blue carbon cannot truly offset fossil fuel emissions S. Johannessen & J. Christian
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 04 May 2026
Short summary
CO2 can be stored in the ocean via increasing alkalinity of ocean water. Alkalinity can be created via dissolution of alkaline materials, like limestone or soda. Presented research studies boundaries for increasing alkalinity in seawater. The best way to increase alkalinity was found using an equilibrated solution, for example as produced from reactors. Adding particles for dissolution into seawater on the other hand produces the risk of losing alkalinity and degassing of CO2 to the atmosphere.
CO2 can be stored in the ocean via increasing alkalinity of ocean water. Alkalinity can be...
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