Articles | Volume 20, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-781-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-781-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
20 Feb 2023
Research article |
| 20 Feb 2023
| 20 Feb 2023
Stability of alkalinity in ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) approaches – consequences for durability of CO2 storage
Institute for Geology, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 55, 20146
Hamburg, Germany
Niels Suitner
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute for Geology, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 55, 20146
Hamburg, Germany
Faculty of Physics/Electrical Engineering, Universität Bremen,
Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
Julieta Schneider
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Germany
Laura Marín-Samper
Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global, Universidad de Las Palmas
de Gran Canaria, 35017 Telde, Spain
Javier Arístegui
Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global, Universidad de Las Palmas
de Gran Canaria, 35017 Telde, Spain
Phil Renforth
School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University,
EH14 4AS Edinburgh, UK
Jan Taucher
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Germany
Ulf Riebesell
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Germany
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47 citations as recorded by crossref.
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- Chemical Aspect of Ocean Liming for CO2 Removal: Dissolution Kinetics of Calcium Hydroxide in Seawater S. Varliero et al. 10.1021/acsengineeringau.4c00008
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- Considerations for hypothetical carbon dioxide removal via alkalinity addition in the Amazon River watershed L. Mu et al. 10.5194/bg-20-1963-2023
- Exhaustive Review of CO2 Sequestration in Depleted Hydrocarbon Reservoirs: Recent Advances, Challenges and Future Prospects K. Nsiama et al. 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.4c03512
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- Coccolithophores and diatoms resilient to ocean alkalinity enhancement: A glimpse of hope? J. Gately et al. 10.1126/sciadv.adg6066
- Enhancing CO2 storage and marine carbon sink based on seawater mineral carbonation S. Liu et al. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116685
- On the emission-path dependency of the efficiency of ocean alkalinity enhancement J. Schwinger et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad5a27
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- An assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement using aqueous hydroxides: kinetics, efficiency, and precipitation thresholds M. Ringham et al. 10.5194/bg-21-3551-2024
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement impacts: regrowth of marine microalgae in alkaline mineral concentrations simulating the initial concentrations after ship-based dispersions S. Delacroix et al. 10.5194/bg-21-3677-2024
- Particle fluxes by subtropical pelagic communities under ocean alkalinity enhancement P. Suessle et al. 10.5194/bg-22-71-2025
- Magnesium hydroxide addition reduces aqueous carbon dioxide in wastewater discharged to the ocean V. Kitidis et al. 10.1038/s43247-024-01506-4
- Disentangling artificial and natural benthic weathering in organic rich Baltic Sea sediments M. Fuhr et al. 10.3389/fclim.2023.1245580
- Earth system responses to carbon dioxide removal as exemplified by ocean alkalinity enhancement: tradeoffs and lags A. Jeltsch-Thömmes et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad4401
- Resilience of Phytoplankton and Microzooplankton Communities under Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement in the Oligotrophic Ocean X. Xin et al. 10.1021/acs.est.4c09838
- Plankton food web structure and productivity under ocean alkalinity enhancement N. Sánchez et al. 10.1126/sciadv.ado0264
- Potential Environmental Impacts and Management Strategies for Metal Release during Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Using Olivine W. Zhuang et al. 10.1021/acs.est.4c10705
- Review of CO2 extraction from seawater through non-electrochemical and electrochemical approaches C. Lee et al. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.117301
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- Regional potential of coastal ocean alkalinization with olivine within 100 years M. Ramasamy et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad4664
- Techno-economic evaluation of buffered accelerated weathering of limestone as a CO2 capture and storage option S. De Marco et al. 10.1007/s11027-023-10052-x
- Marine carbon dioxide removal by alkalinization should no longer be overlooked K. Kowalczyk et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad5192
- Carbon dioxide removal efficiency of iron and steel slag in seawater via ocean alkalinity enhancement C. Moras et al. 10.3389/fclim.2024.1396487
- Early life stages of fish under ocean alkalinity enhancement in coastal plankton communities S. Goldenberg et al. 10.5194/bg-21-4521-2024
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- The need for carbon-emissions-driven climate projections in CMIP7 B. Sanderson et al. 10.5194/gmd-17-8141-2024
- Assessing the Limit of CO2 Storage in Seawater as Bicarbonate-Enriched Solutions S. Varliero et al. 10.3390/molecules29174069
- Perspectives and challenges of marine carbon dioxide removal A. Oschlies et al. 10.3389/fclim.2024.1506181
- The additionality problem of ocean alkalinity enhancement L. Bach 10.5194/bg-21-261-2024
- Responses of microbial metabolic rates to non-equilibrated silicate- versus calcium-based ocean alkalinity enhancement L. Marín-Samper et al. 10.5194/bg-21-5707-2024
- Alkaline mineral addition to anoxic to hypoxic Baltic Sea sediments as a potentially efficient CO2-removal technique M. Fuhr et al. 10.3389/fclim.2024.1338556
- Alkalinity biases in CMIP6 Earth system models and implications for simulated CO2 drawdown via artificial alkalinity enhancement C. Hinrichs et al. 10.5194/bg-20-3717-2023
- Integrating bicarbonate-based microalgal production with alkaline sewage for ocean negative carbon emissions C. Zhu et al. 10.1016/j.tibtech.2024.06.015
- Why blue carbon cannot truly offset fossil fuel emissions S. Johannessen & J. Christian 10.1038/s43247-023-01068-x
- Simulated Impact of Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement on Atmospheric CO2 Removal in the Bering Sea H. Wang et al. 10.1029/2022EF002816
- Limits and CO2equilibration of near-coast alkalinity enhancement J. He & M. Tyka 10.5194/bg-20-27-2023
- Microbial ecosystem responses to alkalinity enhancement in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre A. Subhas et al. 10.3389/fclim.2022.784997
44 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Climate change decreases groundwater carbon discharges in global tidal wetlands X. Ouyang et al. 10.1016/j.oneear.2024.07.009
- Chemical Aspect of Ocean Liming for CO2 Removal: Dissolution Kinetics of Calcium Hydroxide in Seawater S. Varliero et al. 10.1021/acsengineeringau.4c00008
- Climate targets, carbon dioxide removal, and the potential role of ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Oschlies et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-1-2023
- Ten new insights in climate science 2023 M. Bustamante et al. 10.1017/sus.2023.25
- Assessing the technical aspects of ocean-alkalinity-enhancement approaches M. Eisaman et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-3-2023
- Broaden Research on Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement to Better Characterize Social Impacts S. Nawaz et al. 10.1021/acs.est.2c09595
- Effects of grain size and seawater salinity on magnesium hydroxide dissolution and secondary calcium carbonate precipitation kinetics: implications for ocean alkalinity enhancement C. Moras et al. 10.5194/bg-21-3463-2024
- Sustainable carbon sequestration via olivine based ocean alkalinity enhancement in the east and South China Sea: Adhering to environmental norms for nickel and chromium T. Zhu et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172853
- Considerations for hypothetical carbon dioxide removal via alkalinity addition in the Amazon River watershed L. Mu et al. 10.5194/bg-20-1963-2023
- Exhaustive Review of CO2 Sequestration in Depleted Hydrocarbon Reservoirs: Recent Advances, Challenges and Future Prospects K. Nsiama et al. 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.4c03512
- Phytoplankton response to increased nickel in the context of ocean alkalinity enhancement X. Xin et al. 10.5194/bg-21-761-2024
- Coccolithophores and diatoms resilient to ocean alkalinity enhancement: A glimpse of hope? J. Gately et al. 10.1126/sciadv.adg6066
- Enhancing CO2 storage and marine carbon sink based on seawater mineral carbonation S. Liu et al. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116685
- On the emission-path dependency of the efficiency of ocean alkalinity enhancement J. Schwinger et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad5a27
- Assessing the impact of CO2-equilibrated ocean alkalinity enhancement on microbial metabolic rates in an oligotrophic system L. Marín-Samper et al. 10.5194/bg-21-2859-2024
- An assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement using aqueous hydroxides: kinetics, efficiency, and precipitation thresholds M. Ringham et al. 10.5194/bg-21-3551-2024
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement impacts: regrowth of marine microalgae in alkaline mineral concentrations simulating the initial concentrations after ship-based dispersions S. Delacroix et al. 10.5194/bg-21-3677-2024
- Particle fluxes by subtropical pelagic communities under ocean alkalinity enhancement P. Suessle et al. 10.5194/bg-22-71-2025
- Magnesium hydroxide addition reduces aqueous carbon dioxide in wastewater discharged to the ocean V. Kitidis et al. 10.1038/s43247-024-01506-4
- Disentangling artificial and natural benthic weathering in organic rich Baltic Sea sediments M. Fuhr et al. 10.3389/fclim.2023.1245580
- Earth system responses to carbon dioxide removal as exemplified by ocean alkalinity enhancement: tradeoffs and lags A. Jeltsch-Thömmes et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad4401
- Resilience of Phytoplankton and Microzooplankton Communities under Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement in the Oligotrophic Ocean X. Xin et al. 10.1021/acs.est.4c09838
- Plankton food web structure and productivity under ocean alkalinity enhancement N. Sánchez et al. 10.1126/sciadv.ado0264
- Potential Environmental Impacts and Management Strategies for Metal Release during Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Using Olivine W. Zhuang et al. 10.1021/acs.est.4c10705
- Review of CO2 extraction from seawater through non-electrochemical and electrochemical approaches C. Lee et al. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.117301
- Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Removal Technologies: A Data-Driven Decision-Making Model X. Ma & C. Bai 10.1109/TEM.2023.3331034
- Life Cycle Assessment of Coastal Enhanced Weathering for Carbon Dioxide Removal from Air S. Foteinis et al. 10.1021/acs.est.2c08633
- Regional potential of coastal ocean alkalinization with olivine within 100 years M. Ramasamy et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad4664
- Techno-economic evaluation of buffered accelerated weathering of limestone as a CO2 capture and storage option S. De Marco et al. 10.1007/s11027-023-10052-x
- Marine carbon dioxide removal by alkalinization should no longer be overlooked K. Kowalczyk et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad5192
- Carbon dioxide removal efficiency of iron and steel slag in seawater via ocean alkalinity enhancement C. Moras et al. 10.3389/fclim.2024.1396487
- Early life stages of fish under ocean alkalinity enhancement in coastal plankton communities S. Goldenberg et al. 10.5194/bg-21-4521-2024
- Demonstration of direct ocean carbon capture using encapsulated solvents A. Lieber et al. 10.1016/j.cej.2023.144140
- Evaluating rainbowing for ocean alkalinity enhancement R. Bianchi et al. 10.1088/2515-7620/ad707b
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement approaches and the predictability of runaway precipitation processes: results of an experimental study to determine critical alkalinity ranges for safe and sustainable application scenarios N. Suitner et al. 10.5194/bg-21-4587-2024
- The need for carbon-emissions-driven climate projections in CMIP7 B. Sanderson et al. 10.5194/gmd-17-8141-2024
- Assessing the Limit of CO2 Storage in Seawater as Bicarbonate-Enriched Solutions S. Varliero et al. 10.3390/molecules29174069
- Perspectives and challenges of marine carbon dioxide removal A. Oschlies et al. 10.3389/fclim.2024.1506181
- The additionality problem of ocean alkalinity enhancement L. Bach 10.5194/bg-21-261-2024
- Responses of microbial metabolic rates to non-equilibrated silicate- versus calcium-based ocean alkalinity enhancement L. Marín-Samper et al. 10.5194/bg-21-5707-2024
- Alkaline mineral addition to anoxic to hypoxic Baltic Sea sediments as a potentially efficient CO2-removal technique M. Fuhr et al. 10.3389/fclim.2024.1338556
- Alkalinity biases in CMIP6 Earth system models and implications for simulated CO2 drawdown via artificial alkalinity enhancement C. Hinrichs et al. 10.5194/bg-20-3717-2023
- Integrating bicarbonate-based microalgal production with alkaline sewage for ocean negative carbon emissions C. Zhu et al. 10.1016/j.tibtech.2024.06.015
- Why blue carbon cannot truly offset fossil fuel emissions S. Johannessen & J. Christian 10.1038/s43247-023-01068-x
3 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Simulated Impact of Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement on Atmospheric CO2 Removal in the Bering Sea H. Wang et al. 10.1029/2022EF002816
- Limits and CO2equilibration of near-coast alkalinity enhancement J. He & M. Tyka 10.5194/bg-20-27-2023
- Microbial ecosystem responses to alkalinity enhancement in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre A. Subhas et al. 10.3389/fclim.2022.784997
Latest update: 17 Jan 2025
Short summary
CO2 can be stored in the ocean via increasing alkalinity of ocean water. Alkalinity can be created via dissolution of alkaline materials, like limestone or soda. Presented research studies boundaries for increasing alkalinity in seawater. The best way to increase alkalinity was found using an equilibrated solution, for example as produced from reactors. Adding particles for dissolution into seawater on the other hand produces the risk of losing alkalinity and degassing of CO2 to the atmosphere.
CO2 can be stored in the ocean via increasing alkalinity of ocean water. Alkalinity can be...
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