Aller, R. C.: Sedimentary Diagenesis, Depositional Environments, and Benthic Fluxes, in: Treatise on Geochemistry, vol. 8, 2nd edn., edited by: Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. K., Elsevier, Oxford, 293–334, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00611-2, 2014.
Bradshaw, C., Tjensvoll, I., Sköld, M., Allan, I. J., Molvaer, J., Magnusson, J., Naes, K., and Nilsson, H. C.: Bottom trawling resuspends sediment and releases bioavailable contaminants in a polluted fjord, Environ. Pollut., 170, 232–241, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.06.019, 2012.
Bradshaw, C., Jakobsson, M., Brüchert, V., Bonaglia, S., Mörth, C.-M., Muchowski, J., Stranne, C., and Sköld, M.: Physical disturbance by bottom trawling suspends particulate matter and alters biogeochemical processes on and near the seafloor, Front. Mar. Sci., 8, 683331, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.683331, 2021.
Bromley, R. G.: Trace Fossils: Biology, Taphonomy and Applications, 2nd edn., Chapmann and Hall, 361 pp., ISBN 9780412614804, 0412614804, 1996.
Bunke, D., Leipe, T., Moros, M., Morys, C., Tauber, F., Virtasalo, J. J., Forster, S., and Arz, H. W.: Natural and Anthropogenic Sediment Mixing Processes in the South-Western Baltic Sea, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 677, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00677, 2019.
De Borger, E., Tiano, J., Braeckman, U., Rijnsdorp, A. D., and Soetaert, K.: Impact of bottom trawling on sediment biogeochemistry: a modelling approach, Biogeosciences, 18, 2539–2557, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2539-2021, 2021.
De Juan, S., Hewitt, J., Thrush, S., and Freeman, D.: Standardising the assessment of Functional Integrity in benthic ecosystems, J. Sea Res., 98, 33–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2014.06.001, 2015.
Depestele, J., Degrendele, K., Esmaeili, M., Ivanovi, A., Kro, S., Neill, F. G. O., Parker, R., Polet, H., Roche, M., Teal, L. R., Vanelslander, B., and Rijnsdorp, A. D.: Comparison of mechanical disturbance in soft sediments due to tickler-chain SumWing trawl vs. electro-fitted PulseWing trawl, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 76, 312–329, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy124, 2019.
Eigaard, O. R., Bastardie, F., Breen, M., Dinesen G. E., Hintzen, N. T., Laffargue, P., Mortensen, L. O., Nielsen, J. R., Nilsson, H. C., O'Neill, F. G., Polet, H., Reid, D. G., Sala, A., Sköld, M., Smith, C., Sørensen, T. K., Tully, O., Zengin, M., and Rijnsdorp, A. D.: Estimating seabed pressure from demersal trawls, seines, and dredges based on gear design and dimensions, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 73, i27–i43, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv099, 2016.
Epstein, G., Middelburg, J. J., Hawkins, J. P., Norris, C. R., and Roberts, C. M.: The impact of mobile demersal fishing on carbon storage in seabed sediments, Global Change Biol., 28, 2875–2894, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16105. 2022.
Forster, S.: Spatial and temporal distribution of oxidation events occurring below the sediment water interface, Mar. Ecol., 17, 309–319, 1996.
Forster, S., Runkel, C., Lemke, J., Pülm, L., and Powilleit, M.: Chlorophyll-a concentrations in marine sediments from experiments and Fehmarn Belt (2020–2021), University of Rostock [data set], https://doi.org/10.18453/rosdok_id00004543, 2024.
Gilbert, F., Hulth, S., Grossi, V., and Aller, R. C.: Redox oscillation and benthic nitrogen mineralization within burrowed sediment
s: An experimental simulation at low frequency, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 482, 75–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2016.05.003, 2016.
Gogina, M. and Feldens, P.: Elisabeth Mann Borgese-Berichte, MGF-Ostsee Project: Potential effects of closure for bottom fishing in the marine protected areas (MPAs) of the western Baltic Sea – baseline observations, Cruise No. EMB238 / Leg1+2, 26.05.2020–09.06.2020, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, 43 pp., 2020.
Graf, G. and Rosenberg, R.: Bioresuspension and biodeposition: a review, J. Marine Syst., 11, 269–278, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(96)00126-1, 1997.
Hiddink, J. G., Jennings, S., Sciberras, M., Bolam, S. G., Cambiè, G., McConnaughey, R. A., Mazor, T., Hilborn, R., Collie, J. S., Pitcher, C. R., Parma, A. M., Suuronen, P., Kaiser, M. J., and Rijnsdorp, A. D.: Assessing bottom trawling impacts based on the longevity of benthic invertebrates, J. Appl. Ecol., 56, 1075–1084, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13278, 2019.
Kristensen, E., Penha-Lopes, G., Delefosse, M., Valdemarsen, T., Quintana, C. O., and Banta, G. T.: REVIEW – what is bioturbation? The need for a precise definition for fauna in aquatic sciences, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 446, 285–285, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09506, 2012.
JGOFS Report: Report 19, Chap. 14, Protocols for the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) Core Measurements, 97–100, 1994.
Mestdagh, S., Bagaço, L., Braeckman, U., Ysebaert, T., De Smet, B., Moens, T., and Van Colen, C.: Functional trait responses to sediment deposition reduce macrofauna-mediated ecosystem functioning in an estuarine mudflat, Biogeosciences, 15, 2587–2599, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2587-2018, 2018.
Meysman, F. J. R., Boudreau, B. P., and Middelburg, J. J.: Relations between local, nonlocal, discrete and continuous models of bioturbation, J. Mar. Res., 61, 391–410, 2003.
Morys, C., Forster, S., and Graf, G.: Variability of bioturbation in various sediment types and on different spatial scales in the southwestern Baltic Sea, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 557, 31–49, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11837, 2016.
Morys, C., Powilleit, M., and Forster, S.: Bioturbation in relation to the depth distribution of macrozoobenthos in the southwestern Baltic Sea, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 579, 19–36, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12236, 2017.
Morys, C., Brüchert, V., and Bradshaw, C.: Impacts of bottom trawling on benthic biogeochemistry in muddy sediments: Removal of surface sediment using an experimental field study, Mar. Environm. Res., 169, 105384, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105384, 2021.
Oberle, F. K. J., Storlazzi, C. D., and Hanebuth, T. J. J.: What a drag: Quantifying the global impact of chronic bottom trawling on continental shelf sediment, J. Mar. Res., 159, 109–119, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2015.12.007, 2016a.
Oberle, F. K. J., Swarzenski, P. W., Reddy, C. M., Nelson, R. K., Baasch, B., and Hanebuth, T. J. J.: Deciphering the lithological consequences of bottom trawling to sedimentary habitats on the shelf, J. Mar. Res., 159, 120–131, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2015.12.008, 2016b.
Powilleit, M., Graf, G., Kleine, J., Riethmüller, R., Stockmann, K., Wetzel, M. A., and Koop, J. H. E.: The critical survival depth of common brackish macrofauna invertebrates from the Baltic Sea to dredged disposal induced sediment cover: A laboratory experiment and its implications for the field, J. Marine Syst., 75, 441–451, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.06.011, 2009.
Queirós, A. M., Birchenough, S. N. R., Bremner, J., Godbold, J. A., Parker, R. E., Romero-Ramirez, A., Reiss, H., Solan, M., Somerfield, P. J., Van Colen, C., Van Hoey, G., and Widdicombe, S.: A bioturbation classification of European marine infaunal invertebrates, Ecol. Evol., 3, 3958–3985, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.769, 2013.
Roeser, P., Zeller, M. A., Feldens, P., Kallmeyer, J., Clemens, D., Rooze, J., Radtke, H., Schönke, M., Schmiedinger, I., Forster, S., Sommer, S., and Böttcher, M. E.: Short-term anthropogenic impact of mobile bottom-contact fishing on the biogeochemistry of coastal sediments and its long-term effects on mineral distribution, EGU General Assembly 2022, Vienna, Austria, 23–27 May 2022, EGU22-5051, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu22-5051, 2022.
Rooze, J., Zeller, M. A., Gogina, M., Roeser, P., Kallmeyer, J., Schönke, M., Radtke, H., and Böttcher, M. E.: Bottom-trawling signals lost in sediment: A combined biogeochemical and modeling approach to early diagenesis in a perturbed coastal area of the southern Baltic Sea, Sci. Total Environ., 906, 167551, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167551, 2024.
Schönke, M., Clemens, D., and Feldens, P.: Quantifying the Physical Impact of Bottom Trawling Based on High-Resolution Bathymetric Data, Remote Sens.-Basel, 14, 2782, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14122782, 2022.
Soetaert, K. H., Herman, P. M. J., Middelburg J. J., Heip, C., Destigter, H. S., Van Weering, T. C. E., Epping, E., and Helder, W.: Modeling
210Pb-derived mixing activity in ocean margin sediments: Diffusive versus nonlocal mixing, J. Mar. Res., 54, 1207–1227, 1996.
Solan, M., Ward, E. R., White, E. L., Cassidy, C., Schuster, J. M., Hale, R., and Godbold, J. A.: Worldwide measurements of bioturbation intensity, ventilation rate, and the mixing depth of marine sediments, Scientific Data, 6, 58, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0069-7, 2019.
Sparks-McConkey, P. J. and Watling, L.: Effects on the ecological integrity of a soft-bottom habitat from a trawling disturbance, Hydrobiologia, 456, 73–85, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013071629591, 2001.
Sun, M., Aller, R. C., and Lee, C.: Early diagenesis of chlorophyll-a in Long Island Sound sediments: A measure of carbon flux and particle reworking, J. Mar. Res., 49, 379–401, 1991.
Tiano, J. C., Witbaard, R., Bergman, M. J. N., Van Rijswijk, P., Tramper, A., Van Oevelen, D., and Soetaert, K.: Acute impacts of bottom trawl gears on benthic metabolism and nutrient cycling, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 77, 2285–2294, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz027, 2019.
Tiano, J. C., Depestele, J., Van Hoey, G., Fernandes, J., van Rijswijk, P., and Soetaert, K.: Trawling effects on biogeochemical processes are mediated by fauna in high-energy biogenic-reef-inhabited coastal sediments, Biogeosciences, 19, 2583–2598, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2583-2022, 2022.
van de Velde, S., Van Lancker, V., Hidalgo-Martinez, S., and Berelson, W. M.: Anthropogenic disturbance keeps the coastal seafloor biogeochemistry in a transient state, Sci. Rep.-UK, 8, 5582, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23925-y, 2018.
van Denderen, D., Törnroos, A., Sciberras, M., Hinz, H., Friedland, R., Lasota, R., Mangano, M., Robertson, C., Valanko, S., and Hiddink, J.: Effects of bottom trawling and hypoxia on benthic invertebrate communities, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 694, 13–27, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14094, 2022.
Watling, L. and Norse, E. A.: Disturbance of the Seabed by Mobile Fishing Gear: A Comparison to Forest Clearcutting, Conserv. Biol., 12, 1180–1197, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.0120061178.x, 1998.
Winter, J. E.: Über den Einfluß der Nahrungskonzentration und anderer Faktoren auf Filtrierleistung und Nahrungsausnutzung der Muscheln
Arctica islandica und
Modiolus modiolus, Mar. Biol., 4, 87–135, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00347037, 1969.
Zettler, M. L., Bönsch, R., and Gosselck, F.: Distribution, abundance and some population characteristics on the ocean quahog,
Arctica islandica (Linnaeus, 1767) in the Mecklenburg Bight (Baltic Sea), J. Shellfish Res., 20, 161–169, 2001.
