Articles | Volume 21, issue 15
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3551-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3551-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
09 Aug 2024
Research article |
| 09 Aug 2024
| 09 Aug 2024
An assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement using aqueous hydroxides: kinetics, efficiency, and precipitation thresholds
Mallory C. Ringham
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
current address: Ebb Carbon Inc., San Carlos, CA, USA
Nathan Hirtle
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
Cody Shaw
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
Xi Lu
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
Julian Herndon
Cooperative Institute for Climate Ocean and Ecosystem Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
Brendan R. Carter
Cooperative Institute for Climate Ocean and Ecosystem Studies, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
Matthew D. Eisaman
Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
Yale Center for Natural Carbon Capture, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Cited
22 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Nickel extraction from olivine using waste acid from an electrochemical marine CO2 removal process A. Robinson et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00850F
- Prospective site-specific life cycle assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement M. Myridinas et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae5a4e
- Mining waste-driven carbon capture via ocean alkalinity enhancement N. Gregorich et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccst.2026.100629
- Bipolar membrane electrodialyzers as flexible demand response resources: Co-optimization of cost savings and product formation S. Bhattacharya et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127977
- Novel field trial for ocean alkalinity enhancement using electrochemically derived aqueous alkalinity A. Savoie et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenve.2025.1641277
- Manganese Oxide-Mediated Reactions with Olivine Dissolution Products: A Double-Edged Sword for Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement W. Zhuang et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c16120
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement in a coastal channel: simulating localised dispersion, carbon sequestration and ecosystem impact H. Anderson et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/adce5a
- The effects of elevated seawater pH and total alkalinity following dosing of sodium hydroxide in Calanus finmarchicus C. Murray et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsag057
- Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal and Storage C. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5c00433
- Alkaline closed-loop operation of bipolar membrane electrodialysis for efficient CO2 capture from seawater M. Aliaskari et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2026.174769
- Carbon dioxide sequestration through mineralization from seawater: The interplay of alkalinity, pH, and dissolved inorganic carbon N. Karo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.156380
- Site selection for ocean alkalinity enhancement informed by passive tracer simulations Y. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02480-1
- FIELD STUDY ON CARBON DIOXIDE UPTAKE OF WASTE LEACHATE AT COASTAL LANDFILL SITES K. NOSHO et al. https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejj.24-00178
- Using magnesium hydroxide for ocean alkalinity enhancement: elucidating the role of formation conditions on material properties and dissolution kinetics C. Shaw et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1616362
- Regional ocean biogeochemical modeling challenges for predicting the effectiveness of marine carbon dioxide removal N. Ward et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1640617
- Alkalinity enhancement with sodium hydroxide in coastal ocean waters C. Wynn-Edwards et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31606-w
- pH-equilibrated ocean alkalinization: Mesoscale evaluation of long-term stability S. Jamali Alamooti et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104589
- A novel methodology to characterize the potential impacts of electrochemical ocean alkalinity enhancement on juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) M. Ringham et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1717924
- Biological response of eelgrass epifauna, Taylor's Sea hare (Phyllaplysia taylori) and eelgrass isopod (Idotea resecata), to elevated ocean alkalinity K. Jones et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1615-2025
- Determining the net influence of biological processes on aqueous hydroxide-based ocean alkalinity enhancement: a mesocosm approach D. Fucich et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1652680
- Growth response of Emiliania huxleyi to ocean alkalinity enhancement G. Faucher et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-405-2025
- Assessment of solid ikaite release into seawater – implications for ocean alkalinity enhancement S. Baltruschat et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2026.106781
22 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Nickel extraction from olivine using waste acid from an electrochemical marine CO2 removal process A. Robinson et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SU00850F
- Prospective site-specific life cycle assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement M. Myridinas et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae5a4e
- Mining waste-driven carbon capture via ocean alkalinity enhancement N. Gregorich et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccst.2026.100629
- Bipolar membrane electrodialyzers as flexible demand response resources: Co-optimization of cost savings and product formation S. Bhattacharya et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127977
- Novel field trial for ocean alkalinity enhancement using electrochemically derived aqueous alkalinity A. Savoie et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenve.2025.1641277
- Manganese Oxide-Mediated Reactions with Olivine Dissolution Products: A Double-Edged Sword for Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement W. Zhuang et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c16120
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement in a coastal channel: simulating localised dispersion, carbon sequestration and ecosystem impact H. Anderson et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/adce5a
- The effects of elevated seawater pH and total alkalinity following dosing of sodium hydroxide in Calanus finmarchicus C. Murray et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsag057
- Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal and Storage C. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5c00433
- Alkaline closed-loop operation of bipolar membrane electrodialysis for efficient CO2 capture from seawater M. Aliaskari et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2026.174769
- Carbon dioxide sequestration through mineralization from seawater: The interplay of alkalinity, pH, and dissolved inorganic carbon N. Karo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.156380
- Site selection for ocean alkalinity enhancement informed by passive tracer simulations Y. Guo et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02480-1
- FIELD STUDY ON CARBON DIOXIDE UPTAKE OF WASTE LEACHATE AT COASTAL LANDFILL SITES K. NOSHO et al. https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejj.24-00178
- Using magnesium hydroxide for ocean alkalinity enhancement: elucidating the role of formation conditions on material properties and dissolution kinetics C. Shaw et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1616362
- Regional ocean biogeochemical modeling challenges for predicting the effectiveness of marine carbon dioxide removal N. Ward et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1640617
- Alkalinity enhancement with sodium hydroxide in coastal ocean waters C. Wynn-Edwards et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31606-w
- pH-equilibrated ocean alkalinization: Mesoscale evaluation of long-term stability S. Jamali Alamooti et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2026.104589
- A novel methodology to characterize the potential impacts of electrochemical ocean alkalinity enhancement on juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) M. Ringham et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1717924
- Biological response of eelgrass epifauna, Taylor's Sea hare (Phyllaplysia taylori) and eelgrass isopod (Idotea resecata), to elevated ocean alkalinity K. Jones et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1615-2025
- Determining the net influence of biological processes on aqueous hydroxide-based ocean alkalinity enhancement: a mesocosm approach D. Fucich et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1652680
- Growth response of Emiliania huxleyi to ocean alkalinity enhancement G. Faucher et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-405-2025
- Assessment of solid ikaite release into seawater – implications for ocean alkalinity enhancement S. Baltruschat et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2026.106781
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 09 Jun 2026
Short summary
Ocean alkalinity enhancement leverages the large surface area and carbon storage capacity of the oceans to store atmospheric CO2 as dissolved bicarbonate. We monitored CO2 uptake in seawater treated with NaOH to establish operational boundaries for carbon removal experiments. Results show that CO2 equilibration occurred on the order of weeks to months, was consistent with values expected from equilibration calculations, and was limited by mineral precipitation at high pH and CaCO3 saturation.
Ocean alkalinity enhancement leverages the large surface area and carbon storage capacity of the...
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