Articles | Volume 21, issue 22
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5321-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5321-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| Highlight paper
| 
28 Nov 2024
Research article | Highlight paper |
| 28 Nov 2024
| 28 Nov 2024
Representation of the terrestrial carbon cycle in CMIP6
University of Bremen, Institute of Environmental Physics (IUP), Bremen, Germany
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Manuel Schlund
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Pierre Friedlingstein
College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK
LMD/IPSL, ENS, PSL Université, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
Chris D. Jones
Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK
School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Colin Jones
National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Sönke Zaehle
Biogeochemical Signals Department, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
Veronika Eyring
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
University of Bremen, Institute of Environmental Physics (IUP), Bremen, Germany
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Total article views: 6,490 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
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Cited
22 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Global Sensitivity Analysis of the Future Land Carbon Sink R. Deepak et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2025.2540430
- The carbon and climate impacts of forestation in Australia T. Loughran et al. https://doi.org/10.1071/ES25019
- Efficacy of individual and combined terrestrial and marine carbon dioxide removal A. Sathyanadh et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae2af5
- Accelerated north–east shift of the global green wave trajectory M. Mahecha et al. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2515835123
- Disentangling the effects of FPAR, CO2, and climate on terrestrial vegetation productivity trends over two decades (2001–2023) J. Pu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111122
- Simulation of the Land and Ocean Carbon Cycle with the INM-CM6 Earth System Model A. Chernenkov et al. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068373925090067
- Soil moisture-induced changes in land carbon sink projections in CMIP6 L. Gabele et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-2729-2026
- CMIP7 data request: Earth system priorities and opportunities M. McPartland et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-2849-2026
- IPSL-Perm-LandN: improving the IPSL Earth System Model to represent permafrost carbon-nitrogen interactions R. Gaillard et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-661-2026
- Evaluation of NEX-GDDP-CMIP6 to simulate precipitation using multi-criteria decision-making analysis over Türkiye M. Yılmaz et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-025-05805-4
- Changing global vegetation-climate interactions constrain photosynthesis in the 21st century R. Kashyap & J. Kuttippurath https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.147402
- Spatiotemporal dynamics of carbon emissions induced by land-use change and their implications for climate resilience in West African drylands I. Kiribou et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-47031-6
- National climate change impact assessments underestimate the potential of autonomous adaptation J. Arbelaez-Gaviria et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-026-02521-1
- Large gains in leaf scale photosynthetic rates of sparsely vegetated arid and semi-arid lands J. Pu et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-03121-3
- Plant carbon fluxes govern soil organic carbon dynamics under climate change: Machine learning reveals critical GPP thresholds F. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2026.114925
- Do CMIP6 earth system models outperform their predecessors in simulating global vegetation changes? R. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111067
- Land Use–Future Climate Coupling Mechanism Analysis of Regional Agricultural Drought Spatiotemporal Patterns J. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17157119
- Plant nutrient acquisition under elevated CO2 and implications for the land carbon sink T. Cambron et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02386-y
- Land surface model underperformance tied to specific meteorological conditions J. Cranko Page et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-263-2026
- Advances in atmospheric, oceanic, and coupled models for meteorological forecasting M. Waqas et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nhres.2025.10.003
- A unified ensemble soil moisture dataset across the continental United States L. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04657-x
- The biogeophysical effects of carbon fertilization of the terrestrial biosphere R. Allen https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10361-2025
22 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Global Sensitivity Analysis of the Future Land Carbon Sink R. Deepak et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2025.2540430
- The carbon and climate impacts of forestation in Australia T. Loughran et al. https://doi.org/10.1071/ES25019
- Efficacy of individual and combined terrestrial and marine carbon dioxide removal A. Sathyanadh et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae2af5
- Accelerated north–east shift of the global green wave trajectory M. Mahecha et al. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2515835123
- Disentangling the effects of FPAR, CO2, and climate on terrestrial vegetation productivity trends over two decades (2001–2023) J. Pu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111122
- Simulation of the Land and Ocean Carbon Cycle with the INM-CM6 Earth System Model A. Chernenkov et al. https://doi.org/10.3103/S1068373925090067
- Soil moisture-induced changes in land carbon sink projections in CMIP6 L. Gabele et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-2729-2026
- CMIP7 data request: Earth system priorities and opportunities M. McPartland et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-2849-2026
- IPSL-Perm-LandN: improving the IPSL Earth System Model to represent permafrost carbon-nitrogen interactions R. Gaillard et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-661-2026
- Evaluation of NEX-GDDP-CMIP6 to simulate precipitation using multi-criteria decision-making analysis over Türkiye M. Yılmaz et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-025-05805-4
- Changing global vegetation-climate interactions constrain photosynthesis in the 21st century R. Kashyap & J. Kuttippurath https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.147402
- Spatiotemporal dynamics of carbon emissions induced by land-use change and their implications for climate resilience in West African drylands I. Kiribou et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-47031-6
- National climate change impact assessments underestimate the potential of autonomous adaptation J. Arbelaez-Gaviria et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-026-02521-1
- Large gains in leaf scale photosynthetic rates of sparsely vegetated arid and semi-arid lands J. Pu et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-03121-3
- Plant carbon fluxes govern soil organic carbon dynamics under climate change: Machine learning reveals critical GPP thresholds F. Huang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2026.114925
- Do CMIP6 earth system models outperform their predecessors in simulating global vegetation changes? R. Xu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2026.111067
- Land Use–Future Climate Coupling Mechanism Analysis of Regional Agricultural Drought Spatiotemporal Patterns J. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17157119
- Plant nutrient acquisition under elevated CO2 and implications for the land carbon sink T. Cambron et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02386-y
- Land surface model underperformance tied to specific meteorological conditions J. Cranko Page et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-263-2026
- Advances in atmospheric, oceanic, and coupled models for meteorological forecasting M. Waqas et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nhres.2025.10.003
- A unified ensemble soil moisture dataset across the continental United States L. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-04657-x
- The biogeophysical effects of carbon fertilization of the terrestrial biosphere R. Allen https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-25-10361-2025
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 03 Jun 2026
Editorial statement
The work documents the progress in modelling the terrestrial biosphere by including more biology. A new generation of global dynamic vegetation models contributing to the most recent phase of CMIP has included feedbacks between biogeochemical cycling and vegetation development and show improved simulation of photosynthesis. Other model challenges, such as the simulation of leaf area index and carbon pool dynamics still pertain.
The work documents the progress in modelling the terrestrial biosphere by including more...
Short summary
This study investigates present-day carbon cycle variables in CMIP5 and CMIP6 simulations. Overall, CMIP6 models perform better but also show many remaining biases. A significant improvement in the simulation of photosynthesis in models with a nitrogen cycle is found, with only small differences between emission- and concentration-based simulations. Thus, we recommend using emission-driven simulations in CMIP7 by default and including the nitrogen cycle in all future carbon cycle models.
This study investigates present-day carbon cycle variables in CMIP5 and CMIP6 simulations....
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