Articles | Volume 22, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-355-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-355-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Reviews and syntheses
| 
21 Jan 2025
Reviews and syntheses |
| 21 Jan 2025
| 21 Jan 2025
Review and syntheses: Ocean alkalinity enhancement and carbon dioxide removal through marine enhanced rock weathering using olivine
Luna J. J. Geerts
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Geobiology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk Antwerp, Belgium
Astrid Hylén
Geobiology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk Antwerp, Belgium
Filip J. R. Meysman
Geobiology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk Antwerp, Belgium
Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands
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Cited
41 citations as recorded by crossref.
- A systematic review of carbon sink pathways and deployment strategies J. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105517
- Site-specific seawater conditions modulate bacterial community responses to ocean alkalinity enhancement L. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.120391
- Ocean alkalinity destruction by anthropogenic seafloor disturbances generates a hidden CO 2 emission S. van de Velde et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adp9112
- Rethinking ocean alkalinity enhancement L. Bach et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-026-00828-5
- High frequency in situ total alkalinity measurement for monitoring ocean alkalinity enhancement field trials A. Zabihihesari et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44172-026-00665-w
- Ecological risks of olivine with different particle sizes and dosages on planktonic ecosystems during ocean alkalinization Z. Ding et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110605
- Evaluation of microbially induced carbonate precipitation by Sporosarcina pasteurii targeting carbon sequestration S. Wilcox et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2026.102768
- Enhanced weathering of lizardite-rich sand in seawater: effects of pH and CO₂ pressure on carbonate formation for climate change mitigation A. Ali et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-026-38071-6
- Ecological feasibility of ocean alkalinity enhancement: Physiological and metabolic responses of Isochrysis galbana J. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120716
- Electrochemical seawater carbon capture for durable carbon storage: alkalinity modulation, interfacial ion transport and carbonate mineralization Q. Xie et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D6EE03837A
- Reviews and syntheses: Potential and limitations of oceanic carbon dioxide storage via reactor-based accelerated weathering of limestone T. Huysmans et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5557-2025
- Olivine-Induced Alkalinity Enhancement Amplifies Phytoplankton Carbon Export Efficiency X. Lin et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6c02131
- Manganese Oxide-Mediated Reactions with Olivine Dissolution Products: A Double-Edged Sword for Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement W. Zhuang et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c16120
- Expert elicitation on agricultural enhanced weathering reveals carbon dioxide removal potential and uncertainties in loss pathways B. Buma et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-026-03375-5
- CarbonFiberStone: a new carbon negative and cost-effective alternative to conventional building materials by fusing three different CDR technologies F. Bohn et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/addfed
- Mitigating atmospheric carbon dioxide through ocean-based carbon capture technologies: a delay mathematical model M. Verma & C. Gautam https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06881-1
- Life cycle assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement using hydrated carbonate minerals M. Katish et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2026.104849
- Gabbro as a sustainable geomaterial platform: a comprehensive review of environmental applications, carbon mineralization, and circular resource utilization M. Abukhadra et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-026-13069-y
- Towards circularity in shellfish aquaculture: stimulating mussel shell dissolution in marine sediments C. Goossens et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-6447-2026
- Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal and Storage C. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5c00433
- Seawater Electrolysis Enables Multipathway Climate Change Mitigation through Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Removal, Renewable Hydrogen Production, and Cement and Concrete Decarbonization X. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6c13870
- Tracking Olivine Dissolution Kinetics at the Grain Scale: Insights from 4D X-ray Microcomputed Tomography C. Winardhi et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.4c00275
- Alkaline mineral dissolution can impair embryonic development in the Pacific oyster (Magallana gigas), raising caution for ocean alkalinity enhancement F. Pernet et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsag011
- Alkaline materials for coastal ocean alkalinity enhancement: A comparative study of natural silicates and industrial byproducts X. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119338
- Microbial Community Structure in Contrasting Hawaiian Coastal Sediments B. Van Heurck et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-025-02548-7
- Hawaiian beaches as natural analogues for enhanced silicate weathering of olivine M. Kreuzburg et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae130c
- The carbon dioxide removal potential of cement and lime kiln dust via ocean alkalinity enhancement G. Flipkens et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-399-2026
- Reporting, verification, and accounting frameworks for carbon dioxide removal: Scientific integrity, permanence, and governance challenges across emerging pathways P. Murugadoss et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2026.103860
- Removal of dissolved inorganic carbon from seawater for climate mitigation: potential marine ecosystem impacts G. Hooper et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1528951
- Coupling Acid Neutralization and Resource Recovery to Scale Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement R. D’Ascanio et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6c01719
- Carbon dioxide removal through manipulation of the ocean carbonate system: Fundamentals, opportunities, and challenges C. Reinhard et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crsus.2026.100858
- Utilizing wastewater treatment plants to enhance ocean carbon sequestration: opportunities and challenges of alkalinity enhancement technology X. Tong et al. https://doi.org/10.1360/CSB-2025-5312
- Resilience to Alkalinity Perturbations Reveals Ecosystem Stability under Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Y. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.34133/olar.0157
- Enhancing alkalinity in Ria Formosa by deployment of alkaline substrates: variability in nutrients concentration and fluxes A. Cravo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2026.107986
- Genomic traits, transcriptional responses, and metabolic activities determine functional divergence in mineral dissolution between Priestia megaterium PMA2-2 and Priestia flexa PMD1-1 W. Dong et al. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01201-26
- Impact on oysters in first-of-its-kind field trial of marine Enhanced Rock Weathering (mERW) with olivine as carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategy E. Jankowska et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2026.1851765
- Resilience of the gelatinous zooplankton species Oikopleura dioica to ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Bhaumik et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0344503
- An ecosystem of carbon dioxide removal reviews – part 2: CO2 removal via blue carbon ecosystems C. Rischer et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EE04922A
- Tackling the technological, environmental, legal, and economic challenges of ocean alkalinity enhancement: A case study from the Baltic sea A. Lähteenmäki-Uutela et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.116928
- The CDR potential of olivine-based enhanced rock weathering in marine systems: a case study for the coastal zone of France L. Geerts et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/addf60
- Nickel from olivine dissolution induces diel photodamage and metabolic adjustment in Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis C. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143058
41 citations as recorded by crossref.
- A systematic review of carbon sink pathways and deployment strategies J. Ma et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105517
- Site-specific seawater conditions modulate bacterial community responses to ocean alkalinity enhancement L. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.120391
- Ocean alkalinity destruction by anthropogenic seafloor disturbances generates a hidden CO 2 emission S. van de Velde et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adp9112
- Rethinking ocean alkalinity enhancement L. Bach et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-026-00828-5
- High frequency in situ total alkalinity measurement for monitoring ocean alkalinity enhancement field trials A. Zabihihesari et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44172-026-00665-w
- Ecological risks of olivine with different particle sizes and dosages on planktonic ecosystems during ocean alkalinization Z. Ding et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110605
- Evaluation of microbially induced carbonate precipitation by Sporosarcina pasteurii targeting carbon sequestration S. Wilcox et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2026.102768
- Enhanced weathering of lizardite-rich sand in seawater: effects of pH and CO₂ pressure on carbonate formation for climate change mitigation A. Ali et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-026-38071-6
- Ecological feasibility of ocean alkalinity enhancement: Physiological and metabolic responses of Isochrysis galbana J. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120716
- Electrochemical seawater carbon capture for durable carbon storage: alkalinity modulation, interfacial ion transport and carbonate mineralization Q. Xie et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D6EE03837A
- Reviews and syntheses: Potential and limitations of oceanic carbon dioxide storage via reactor-based accelerated weathering of limestone T. Huysmans et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5557-2025
- Olivine-Induced Alkalinity Enhancement Amplifies Phytoplankton Carbon Export Efficiency X. Lin et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6c02131
- Manganese Oxide-Mediated Reactions with Olivine Dissolution Products: A Double-Edged Sword for Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement W. Zhuang et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c16120
- Expert elicitation on agricultural enhanced weathering reveals carbon dioxide removal potential and uncertainties in loss pathways B. Buma et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-026-03375-5
- CarbonFiberStone: a new carbon negative and cost-effective alternative to conventional building materials by fusing three different CDR technologies F. Bohn et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/addfed
- Mitigating atmospheric carbon dioxide through ocean-based carbon capture technologies: a delay mathematical model M. Verma & C. Gautam https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06881-1
- Life cycle assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement using hydrated carbonate minerals M. Katish et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2026.104849
- Gabbro as a sustainable geomaterial platform: a comprehensive review of environmental applications, carbon mineralization, and circular resource utilization M. Abukhadra et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-026-13069-y
- Towards circularity in shellfish aquaculture: stimulating mussel shell dissolution in marine sediments C. Goossens et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-6447-2026
- Ocean Carbon Dioxide Removal and Storage C. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5c00433
- Seawater Electrolysis Enables Multipathway Climate Change Mitigation through Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Removal, Renewable Hydrogen Production, and Cement and Concrete Decarbonization X. Chen et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6c13870
- Tracking Olivine Dissolution Kinetics at the Grain Scale: Insights from 4D X-ray Microcomputed Tomography C. Winardhi et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.4c00275
- Alkaline mineral dissolution can impair embryonic development in the Pacific oyster (Magallana gigas), raising caution for ocean alkalinity enhancement F. Pernet et al. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsag011
- Alkaline materials for coastal ocean alkalinity enhancement: A comparative study of natural silicates and industrial byproducts X. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119338
- Microbial Community Structure in Contrasting Hawaiian Coastal Sediments B. Van Heurck et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-025-02548-7
- Hawaiian beaches as natural analogues for enhanced silicate weathering of olivine M. Kreuzburg et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ae130c
- The carbon dioxide removal potential of cement and lime kiln dust via ocean alkalinity enhancement G. Flipkens et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-399-2026
- Reporting, verification, and accounting frameworks for carbon dioxide removal: Scientific integrity, permanence, and governance challenges across emerging pathways P. Murugadoss et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2026.103860
- Removal of dissolved inorganic carbon from seawater for climate mitigation: potential marine ecosystem impacts G. Hooper et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2025.1528951
- Coupling Acid Neutralization and Resource Recovery to Scale Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement R. D’Ascanio et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6c01719
- Carbon dioxide removal through manipulation of the ocean carbonate system: Fundamentals, opportunities, and challenges C. Reinhard et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crsus.2026.100858
- Utilizing wastewater treatment plants to enhance ocean carbon sequestration: opportunities and challenges of alkalinity enhancement technology X. Tong et al. https://doi.org/10.1360/CSB-2025-5312
- Resilience to Alkalinity Perturbations Reveals Ecosystem Stability under Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Y. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.34133/olar.0157
- Enhancing alkalinity in Ria Formosa by deployment of alkaline substrates: variability in nutrients concentration and fluxes A. Cravo et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2026.107986
- Genomic traits, transcriptional responses, and metabolic activities determine functional divergence in mineral dissolution between Priestia megaterium PMA2-2 and Priestia flexa PMD1-1 W. Dong et al. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01201-26
- Impact on oysters in first-of-its-kind field trial of marine Enhanced Rock Weathering (mERW) with olivine as carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategy E. Jankowska et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2026.1851765
- Resilience of the gelatinous zooplankton species Oikopleura dioica to ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Bhaumik et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0344503
- An ecosystem of carbon dioxide removal reviews – part 2: CO2 removal via blue carbon ecosystems C. Rischer et al. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EE04922A
- Tackling the technological, environmental, legal, and economic challenges of ocean alkalinity enhancement: A case study from the Baltic sea A. Lähteenmäki-Uutela et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.116928
- The CDR potential of olivine-based enhanced rock weathering in marine systems: a case study for the coastal zone of France L. Geerts et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/addf60
- Nickel from olivine dissolution induces diel photodamage and metabolic adjustment in Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis C. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.143058
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Marine enhanced rock weathering (mERW) with olivine is a promising method for capturing CO2 from the atmosphere, yet studies in field conditions are lacking. We bridge the gap between theoretical studies and the real-world environment by estimating the predictability of mERW parameters and identifying aspects to consider when applying mERW. A major source of uncertainty is the lack of experimental studies with sediment, which can heavily influence the speed and efficiency of CO2 drawdown.
Marine enhanced rock weathering (mERW) with olivine is a promising method for capturing CO2 from...
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