Biogeosciences
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Articles | Volume 22, issue 18
Articles | Volume 22, issue 18
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5069-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5069-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 22, issue 18
Research article
 | Highlight paper
 | 
29 Sep 2025
Research article | Highlight paper |  | 29 Sep 2025

Physiological responses to ultra-high CO2 levels in an evergreen tree species

Ben-El Levy, Yedidya Ben-Eliyahu, Yaniv-Brian Grunstein, Itay Halevy, and Tamir Klein

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Biogeosciences, 21, 2973–2994, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2973-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2973-2024, 2024
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Cited articles

Agra, H. E., Uni, D., Horwitz, R., Klein, T., and Blaustein, L.: Leaf color segmentation and pot volume influence on the CO2 absorption efficiency in two common green-wall plants, J. Green Build., 16, 3–12, https://doi.org/10.3992/jgb.16.3.3, 2021. 
Ainsworth, E. A. and Rogers, A.: The response of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to rising [CO2]: mechanisms and environmental interactions, Plant Cell Environ., 30, 258–270, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01641.x, 2007. 
Azuma, K., Kagi, N., Yanagi, U., and Osawa, H.: Effects of low-level inhalation exposure to carbon dioxide in indoor environments: A short review on human health and psychomotor performance, Environ. Int., 121, 51–56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.059, 2018.  
Bartlett, M. K., Klein, T., Jansen, S., Choat, B., and Sack, L.: The correlations and sequence of plant stomatal, hydraulic, and wilting responses to drought, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 13098–13103, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604088113, 2016. 
Bazzaz, F. A.: The response of natural ecosystems to the rising global CO2 levels, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. S., 21, 167–196, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.21.110190.001123, 1990. 
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The study provides novel findings about plant strategies under very high CO2 atmospheric conditions, such as on Mars. The authors show a large increase in fruit tree water use efficiency, an indicator for how efficiently plants photosynthesize for a given amount of water supply, when the CO2 concentrations are about an order of magnitude higher than that experienced on Earth. Therefore, these fruit trees potentially can survive and grow with less water in these conditions.
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As atmospheric CO2 increases globally, plants increase the rate of photosynthesis. Still, leaf–gas exchange can be downregulated by the plant. Here we tested the limits of these plant responses in a fruit tree species under very high CO2 levels relevant to the future Earth and to contemporary Mars. Plant water use decreased at 1600 ppm CO2 and remained low at 6000 ppm. Photosynthesis significantly increased at 6000 ppm. In summary, ultra-high CO2 may partly compensate for limited water availability.
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