Articles | Volume 19, issue 15
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3537-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3537-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
01 Aug 2022
Research article |
| 01 Aug 2022
| 01 Aug 2022
Ocean alkalinity enhancement – avoiding runaway CaCO3 precipitation during quick and hydrated lime dissolution
Charly A. Moras
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University,
Lismore, NSW, Australia
Lennart T. Bach
Ecology & Biodiversity, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies,
University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
Tyler Cyronak
Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Nova Southeastern
University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
Renaud Joannes-Boyau
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University,
Lismore, NSW, Australia
Kai G. Schulz
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University,
Lismore, NSW, Australia
Viewed
Total article views: 7,692 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 10 Dec 2021)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5,198 | 2,400 | 94 | 7,692 | 107 | 129 |
- HTML: 5,198
- PDF: 2,400
- XML: 94
- Total: 7,692
- BibTeX: 107
- EndNote: 129
Total article views: 5,054 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 01 Aug 2022)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3,441 | 1,548 | 65 | 5,054 | 93 | 104 |
- HTML: 3,441
- PDF: 1,548
- XML: 65
- Total: 5,054
- BibTeX: 93
- EndNote: 104
Total article views: 2,638 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Cumulative views and downloads
(calculated since 10 Dec 2021)
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,757 | 852 | 29 | 2,638 | 14 | 25 |
- HTML: 1,757
- PDF: 852
- XML: 29
- Total: 2,638
- BibTeX: 14
- EndNote: 25
Viewed (geographical distribution)
Total article views: 7,692 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 7,420 with geography defined
and 272 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 5,054 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 5,052 with geography defined
and 2 with unknown origin.
Total article views: 2,638 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
Thereof 2,368 with geography defined
and 270 with unknown origin.
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
1
Cited
63 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Assessing the Limit of CO2 Storage in Seawater as Bicarbonate-Enriched Solutions S. Varliero et al. 10.3390/molecules29174069
- Perspectives and challenges of marine carbon dioxide removal A. Oschlies et al. 10.3389/fclim.2024.1506181
- Broaden Research on Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement to Better Characterize Social Impacts S. Nawaz et al. 10.1021/acs.est.2c09595
- Field experiments in ocean alkalinity enhancement research T. Cyronak et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-7-2023
- Assessing the technical aspects of ocean-alkalinity-enhancement approaches M. Eisaman et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-3-2023
- Towards green carbon capture and storage using waste concrete based seawater: A microfluidic analysis A. Ratanpara et al. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118760
- Coupling Electrochemical Alkalinization and Mineral Dissolution for Ambient Removal of Both Influent CO2 and Dissolved Nitrite in Seawater H. Cong et al. 10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00313
- Alkaline mineral addition to anoxic to hypoxic Baltic Sea sediments as a potentially efficient CO2-removal technique M. Fuhr et al. 10.3389/fclim.2024.1338556
- Effects of ocean alkalinity enhancement on plankton in the Equatorial Pacific J. Guo et al. 10.1038/s43247-025-02248-7
- Fight for carbon neutrality with state-of-the-art negative carbon emission technologies J. Fu et al. 10.1016/j.eehl.2022.11.005
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement impacts: regrowth of marine microalgae in alkaline mineral concentrations simulating the initial concentrations after ship-based dispersions S. Delacroix et al. 10.5194/bg-21-3677-2024
- Marine methods for carbon dioxide removal: fundamentals and myth-busting for the wider community E. Rohling 10.1093/oxfclm/kgad004
- Calcite is an efficient and low-cost material to enhance benthic weathering in shelf sediments of the Baltic Sea M. Fuhr et al. 10.1038/s43247-025-02079-6
- Integrating bicarbonate-based microalgal production with alkaline sewage for ocean negative carbon emissions C. Zhu et al. 10.1016/j.tibtech.2024.06.015
- Mesocosm experiments in ocean alkalinity enhancement research U. Riebesell et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-6-2023
- Global carbonate chemistry gradients reveal a negative feedback on ocean alkalinity enhancement N. Lehmann & L. Bach 10.1038/s41561-025-01644-0
- Carbonate sedimentation and early diagenesis of the Doushantuo Formation, South China: A window into the terminal Proterozoic M. Ren 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2025.106847
- Assessment framework to predict sensitivity of marine calcifiers to ocean alkalinity enhancement – identification of biological thresholds and importance of precautionary principle N. Bednaršek et al. 10.5194/bg-22-473-2025
- Seawater alkalinity enhancement with magnesium hydroxide and its implication for carbon dioxide removal B. Yang et al. 10.1016/j.marchem.2023.104251
- Counting (on) blue carbon—Challenges and ways forward for carbon accounting of ecosystem-based carbon removal in marine environments N. Mengis et al. 10.1371/journal.pclm.0000148
- Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Removal: A Physical Science Perspective W. Taylor et al. 10.1103/PRXEnergy.4.017001
- Machine learning-based identification of key biotic and abiotic drivers of mineral weathering rate in a complex enhanced weathering experiment I. Janssens et al. 10.12688/openreseurope.19252.1
- A biogeochemical model of mineral-based ocean alkalinity enhancement: impacts on the biological pump and ocean carbon uptake M. Fakhraee et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/acc9d4
- Potential Environmental Impacts and Management Strategies for Metal Release during Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Using Olivine W. Zhuang et al. 10.1021/acs.est.4c10705
- Light and carbon: Synthetic biology toward new cyanobacteria-based living biomaterials I. Goodchild-Michelman et al. 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100583
- Laboratory experiments in ocean alkalinity enhancement research M. Iglesias-Rodríguez et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-5-2023
- Marine carbon dioxide removal by alkalinization should no longer be overlooked K. Kowalczyk et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad5192
- Monitoring, reporting, and verification for ocean alkalinity enhancement D. Ho et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-12-2023
- Evaluating rainbowing for ocean alkalinity enhancement R. Bianchi et al. 10.1088/2515-7620/ad707b
- Magnesium hydroxide addition reduces aqueous carbon dioxide in wastewater discharged to the ocean V. Kitidis et al. 10.1038/s43247-024-01506-4
- An assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement using aqueous hydroxides: kinetics, efficiency, and precipitation thresholds M. Ringham et al. 10.5194/bg-21-3551-2024
- Disentangling artificial and natural benthic weathering in organic rich Baltic Sea sediments M. Fuhr et al. 10.3389/fclim.2023.1245580
- Earth system responses to carbon dioxide removal as exemplified by ocean alkalinity enhancement: tradeoffs and lags A. Jeltsch-Thömmes et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad4401
- Carbon dioxide removal efficiency of iron and steel slag in seawater via ocean alkalinity enhancement C. Moras et al. 10.3389/fclim.2024.1396487
- Enhanced olivine dissolution in seawater through continuous grain collisions G. Flipkens et al. 10.1016/j.gca.2023.09.002
- A numerical assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement efficiency on a river-dominated continental shelf—a case study in the northern Gulf of Mexico Y. Ou et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/adaa8b
- Assessing the impacts of simulated ocean alkalinity enhancement on viability and growth of nearshore species of phytoplankton J. Oberlander et al. 10.5194/bg-22-499-2025
- The additionality problem of ocean alkalinity enhancement L. Bach 10.5194/bg-21-261-2024
- Simultaneous sequestration of cadmium and lead in brackish aquaculture water by biochars: A mechanistic insight S. Rafiq et al. 10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100501
- Particle fluxes by subtropical pelagic communities under ocean alkalinity enhancement P. Suessle et al. 10.5194/bg-22-71-2025
- Assessing the impact of CO2-equilibrated ocean alkalinity enhancement on microbial metabolic rates in an oligotrophic system L. Marín-Samper et al. 10.5194/bg-21-2859-2024
- Regional potential of coastal ocean alkalinization with olivine within 100 years M. Ramasamy et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad4664
- Seawater carbonate chemistry considerations for ocean alkalinity enhancement research: theory, measurements, and calculations K. Schulz et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-2-2023
- Mixing and dilution controls on marine CO2 removal using alkalinity enhancement T. Khangaonkar et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad7521
- Resilience of Phytoplankton and Microzooplankton Communities under Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement in the Oligotrophic Ocean X. Xin et al. 10.1021/acs.est.4c09838
- Modelling considerations for research on ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) K. Fennel et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-9-2023
- Potential capture and conversion of CO2 from oceanwater through mineral carbonation W. Zhuang et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161589
- Chemical Aspect of Ocean Liming for CO2 Removal: Dissolution Kinetics of Calcium Hydroxide in Seawater S. Varliero et al. 10.1021/acsengineeringau.4c00008
- Effects of grain size and seawater salinity on magnesium hydroxide dissolution and secondary calcium carbonate precipitation kinetics: implications for ocean alkalinity enhancement C. Moras et al. 10.5194/bg-21-3463-2024
- Stability of alkalinity in ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) approaches – consequences for durability of CO2 storage J. Hartmann et al. 10.5194/bg-20-781-2023
- Review and syntheses: Ocean alkalinity enhancement and carbon dioxide removal through marine enhanced rock weathering using olivine L. Geerts et al. 10.5194/bg-22-355-2025
- Experimental investigation of multiple industrial wastes for carbon dioxide removal strategies L. Bullock et al. 10.1016/j.ijggc.2023.103990
- Climate targets, carbon dioxide removal, and the potential role of ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Oschlies et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-1-2023
- Enhancing CO2 storage and marine carbon sink based on seawater mineral carbonation S. Liu et al. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116685
- A review of atmospheric carbon dioxide sequestration pathways; processes and current status in Nigeria O. Nwali et al. 10.1016/j.ccst.2024.100208
- Biological response of eelgrass epifauna, Taylor's Sea hare (Phyllaplysia taylori) and eelgrass isopod (Idotea resecata), to elevated ocean alkalinity K. Jones et al. 10.5194/bg-22-1615-2025
- Sustainable carbon sequestration via olivine based ocean alkalinity enhancement in the east and South China Sea: Adhering to environmental norms for nickel and chromium T. Zhu et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172853
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement approaches and the predictability of runaway precipitation processes: results of an experimental study to determine critical alkalinity ranges for safe and sustainable application scenarios N. Suitner et al. 10.5194/bg-21-4587-2024
- Simulated Impact of Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement on Atmospheric CO2 Removal in the Bering Sea H. Wang et al. 10.1029/2022EF002816
- Considerations for hypothetical carbon dioxide removal via alkalinity addition in the Amazon River watershed L. Mu et al. 10.5194/bg-20-1963-2023
- Limits and CO2equilibration of near-coast alkalinity enhancement J. He & M. Tyka 10.5194/bg-20-27-2023
- Microbial ecosystem responses to alkalinity enhancement in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre A. Subhas et al. 10.3389/fclim.2022.784997
- Electrolytic Seawater Mineralization and the Mass Balances That Demonstrate Carbon Dioxide Removal E. La Plante et al. 10.1021/acsestengg.3c00004
58 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Assessing the Limit of CO2 Storage in Seawater as Bicarbonate-Enriched Solutions S. Varliero et al. 10.3390/molecules29174069
- Perspectives and challenges of marine carbon dioxide removal A. Oschlies et al. 10.3389/fclim.2024.1506181
- Broaden Research on Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement to Better Characterize Social Impacts S. Nawaz et al. 10.1021/acs.est.2c09595
- Field experiments in ocean alkalinity enhancement research T. Cyronak et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-7-2023
- Assessing the technical aspects of ocean-alkalinity-enhancement approaches M. Eisaman et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-3-2023
- Towards green carbon capture and storage using waste concrete based seawater: A microfluidic analysis A. Ratanpara et al. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118760
- Coupling Electrochemical Alkalinization and Mineral Dissolution for Ambient Removal of Both Influent CO2 and Dissolved Nitrite in Seawater H. Cong et al. 10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00313
- Alkaline mineral addition to anoxic to hypoxic Baltic Sea sediments as a potentially efficient CO2-removal technique M. Fuhr et al. 10.3389/fclim.2024.1338556
- Effects of ocean alkalinity enhancement on plankton in the Equatorial Pacific J. Guo et al. 10.1038/s43247-025-02248-7
- Fight for carbon neutrality with state-of-the-art negative carbon emission technologies J. Fu et al. 10.1016/j.eehl.2022.11.005
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement impacts: regrowth of marine microalgae in alkaline mineral concentrations simulating the initial concentrations after ship-based dispersions S. Delacroix et al. 10.5194/bg-21-3677-2024
- Marine methods for carbon dioxide removal: fundamentals and myth-busting for the wider community E. Rohling 10.1093/oxfclm/kgad004
- Calcite is an efficient and low-cost material to enhance benthic weathering in shelf sediments of the Baltic Sea M. Fuhr et al. 10.1038/s43247-025-02079-6
- Integrating bicarbonate-based microalgal production with alkaline sewage for ocean negative carbon emissions C. Zhu et al. 10.1016/j.tibtech.2024.06.015
- Mesocosm experiments in ocean alkalinity enhancement research U. Riebesell et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-6-2023
- Global carbonate chemistry gradients reveal a negative feedback on ocean alkalinity enhancement N. Lehmann & L. Bach 10.1038/s41561-025-01644-0
- Carbonate sedimentation and early diagenesis of the Doushantuo Formation, South China: A window into the terminal Proterozoic M. Ren 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2025.106847
- Assessment framework to predict sensitivity of marine calcifiers to ocean alkalinity enhancement – identification of biological thresholds and importance of precautionary principle N. Bednaršek et al. 10.5194/bg-22-473-2025
- Seawater alkalinity enhancement with magnesium hydroxide and its implication for carbon dioxide removal B. Yang et al. 10.1016/j.marchem.2023.104251
- Counting (on) blue carbon—Challenges and ways forward for carbon accounting of ecosystem-based carbon removal in marine environments N. Mengis et al. 10.1371/journal.pclm.0000148
- Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Removal: A Physical Science Perspective W. Taylor et al. 10.1103/PRXEnergy.4.017001
- Machine learning-based identification of key biotic and abiotic drivers of mineral weathering rate in a complex enhanced weathering experiment I. Janssens et al. 10.12688/openreseurope.19252.1
- A biogeochemical model of mineral-based ocean alkalinity enhancement: impacts on the biological pump and ocean carbon uptake M. Fakhraee et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/acc9d4
- Potential Environmental Impacts and Management Strategies for Metal Release during Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Using Olivine W. Zhuang et al. 10.1021/acs.est.4c10705
- Light and carbon: Synthetic biology toward new cyanobacteria-based living biomaterials I. Goodchild-Michelman et al. 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100583
- Laboratory experiments in ocean alkalinity enhancement research M. Iglesias-Rodríguez et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-5-2023
- Marine carbon dioxide removal by alkalinization should no longer be overlooked K. Kowalczyk et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad5192
- Monitoring, reporting, and verification for ocean alkalinity enhancement D. Ho et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-12-2023
- Evaluating rainbowing for ocean alkalinity enhancement R. Bianchi et al. 10.1088/2515-7620/ad707b
- Magnesium hydroxide addition reduces aqueous carbon dioxide in wastewater discharged to the ocean V. Kitidis et al. 10.1038/s43247-024-01506-4
- An assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement using aqueous hydroxides: kinetics, efficiency, and precipitation thresholds M. Ringham et al. 10.5194/bg-21-3551-2024
- Disentangling artificial and natural benthic weathering in organic rich Baltic Sea sediments M. Fuhr et al. 10.3389/fclim.2023.1245580
- Earth system responses to carbon dioxide removal as exemplified by ocean alkalinity enhancement: tradeoffs and lags A. Jeltsch-Thömmes et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad4401
- Carbon dioxide removal efficiency of iron and steel slag in seawater via ocean alkalinity enhancement C. Moras et al. 10.3389/fclim.2024.1396487
- Enhanced olivine dissolution in seawater through continuous grain collisions G. Flipkens et al. 10.1016/j.gca.2023.09.002
- A numerical assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement efficiency on a river-dominated continental shelf—a case study in the northern Gulf of Mexico Y. Ou et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/adaa8b
- Assessing the impacts of simulated ocean alkalinity enhancement on viability and growth of nearshore species of phytoplankton J. Oberlander et al. 10.5194/bg-22-499-2025
- The additionality problem of ocean alkalinity enhancement L. Bach 10.5194/bg-21-261-2024
- Simultaneous sequestration of cadmium and lead in brackish aquaculture water by biochars: A mechanistic insight S. Rafiq et al. 10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100501
- Particle fluxes by subtropical pelagic communities under ocean alkalinity enhancement P. Suessle et al. 10.5194/bg-22-71-2025
- Assessing the impact of CO2-equilibrated ocean alkalinity enhancement on microbial metabolic rates in an oligotrophic system L. Marín-Samper et al. 10.5194/bg-21-2859-2024
- Regional potential of coastal ocean alkalinization with olivine within 100 years M. Ramasamy et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad4664
- Seawater carbonate chemistry considerations for ocean alkalinity enhancement research: theory, measurements, and calculations K. Schulz et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-2-2023
- Mixing and dilution controls on marine CO2 removal using alkalinity enhancement T. Khangaonkar et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad7521
- Resilience of Phytoplankton and Microzooplankton Communities under Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement in the Oligotrophic Ocean X. Xin et al. 10.1021/acs.est.4c09838
- Modelling considerations for research on ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) K. Fennel et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-9-2023
- Potential capture and conversion of CO2 from oceanwater through mineral carbonation W. Zhuang et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161589
- Chemical Aspect of Ocean Liming for CO2 Removal: Dissolution Kinetics of Calcium Hydroxide in Seawater S. Varliero et al. 10.1021/acsengineeringau.4c00008
- Effects of grain size and seawater salinity on magnesium hydroxide dissolution and secondary calcium carbonate precipitation kinetics: implications for ocean alkalinity enhancement C. Moras et al. 10.5194/bg-21-3463-2024
- Stability of alkalinity in ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) approaches – consequences for durability of CO2 storage J. Hartmann et al. 10.5194/bg-20-781-2023
- Review and syntheses: Ocean alkalinity enhancement and carbon dioxide removal through marine enhanced rock weathering using olivine L. Geerts et al. 10.5194/bg-22-355-2025
- Experimental investigation of multiple industrial wastes for carbon dioxide removal strategies L. Bullock et al. 10.1016/j.ijggc.2023.103990
- Climate targets, carbon dioxide removal, and the potential role of ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Oschlies et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-1-2023
- Enhancing CO2 storage and marine carbon sink based on seawater mineral carbonation S. Liu et al. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116685
- A review of atmospheric carbon dioxide sequestration pathways; processes and current status in Nigeria O. Nwali et al. 10.1016/j.ccst.2024.100208
- Biological response of eelgrass epifauna, Taylor's Sea hare (Phyllaplysia taylori) and eelgrass isopod (Idotea resecata), to elevated ocean alkalinity K. Jones et al. 10.5194/bg-22-1615-2025
- Sustainable carbon sequestration via olivine based ocean alkalinity enhancement in the east and South China Sea: Adhering to environmental norms for nickel and chromium T. Zhu et al. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172853
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement approaches and the predictability of runaway precipitation processes: results of an experimental study to determine critical alkalinity ranges for safe and sustainable application scenarios N. Suitner et al. 10.5194/bg-21-4587-2024
5 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Simulated Impact of Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement on Atmospheric CO2 Removal in the Bering Sea H. Wang et al. 10.1029/2022EF002816
- Considerations for hypothetical carbon dioxide removal via alkalinity addition in the Amazon River watershed L. Mu et al. 10.5194/bg-20-1963-2023
- Limits and CO2equilibration of near-coast alkalinity enhancement J. He & M. Tyka 10.5194/bg-20-27-2023
- Microbial ecosystem responses to alkalinity enhancement in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre A. Subhas et al. 10.3389/fclim.2022.784997
- Electrolytic Seawater Mineralization and the Mass Balances That Demonstrate Carbon Dioxide Removal E. La Plante et al. 10.1021/acsestengg.3c00004
Latest update: 23 Apr 2025
Short summary
This research presents the first laboratory results of quick and hydrated lime dissolution in natural seawater. These two minerals are of great interest for ocean alkalinity enhancement, a strategy aiming to decrease atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Following the dissolution of these minerals, we identified several hurdles and presented ways to avoid them or completely negate them. Finally, we proceeded to various simulations in today’s oceans to implement the strategy at its highest potential.
This research presents the first laboratory results of quick and hydrated lime dissolution in...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint