Articles | Volume 19, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-93-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-93-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
06 Jan 2022
Research article |
| 06 Jan 2022
Derivation of seawater pCO2 from net community production identifies the South Atlantic Ocean as a CO2 source
Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, UK
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
Gavin H. Tilstone
Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, UK
Jamie D. Shutler
College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
Vassilis Kitidis
Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, UK
Related authors
Daniel J. Ford, Gavin H. Tilstone, Jamie D. Shutler, and Vassilis Kitidis
Biogeosciences, 19, 4287–4304, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4287-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4287-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the seasonal, inter-annual, and multi-year drivers of the South Atlantic air–sea CO2 flux. Our analysis showed seasonal sea surface temperatures dominate in the subtropics, and the subpolar regions correlated with biological processes. Inter-annually, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation correlated with the CO2 flux by modifying sea surface temperatures and biological activity. Long-term trends indicated an important biological contribution to changes in the air–sea CO2 flux.
Richard P. Sims, Thomas M. Holding, Peter E. Land, Jean-Francois Piolle, Hannah L. Green, and Jamie D. Shutler
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2499–2516, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2499-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2499-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The flow of carbon between the land and ocean is poorly quantified with existing measurements. It is not clear how seasonality and long-term variability impact this flow of carbon. Here, we demonstrate how satellite observations can be used to create decadal time series of the inorganic carbonate system in the Amazon and Congo River outflows.
Peter Edward Land, Helen S. Findlay, Jamie D. Shutler, Jean-Francois Piolle, Richard Sims, Hannah Green, Vassilis Kitidis, Alexander Polukhin, and Irina I. Pipko
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 921–947, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-921-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-921-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of the ocean’s carbonate system (e.g. CO2 and pH) have increased greatly in recent years, resulting in a need to combine these data with satellite measurements and model results, so they can be used to test predictions of how the ocean reacts to changes such as absorption of the CO2 emitted by humans. We show a method of combining data into regions of interest (100 km circles over a 10 d period) and apply it globally to produce a harmonised and easy-to-use data archive.
André Valente, Shubha Sathyendranath, Vanda Brotas, Steve Groom, Michael Grant, Thomas Jackson, Andrei Chuprin, Malcolm Taberner, Ruth Airs, David Antoine, Robert Arnone, William M. Balch, Kathryn Barker, Ray Barlow, Simon Bélanger, Jean-François Berthon, Şükrü Beşiktepe, Yngve Borsheim, Astrid Bracher, Vittorio Brando, Robert J. W. Brewin, Elisabetta Canuti, Francisco P. Chavez, Andrés Cianca, Hervé Claustre, Lesley Clementson, Richard Crout, Afonso Ferreira, Scott Freeman, Robert Frouin, Carlos García-Soto, Stuart W. Gibb, Ralf Goericke, Richard Gould, Nathalie Guillocheau, Stanford B. Hooker, Chuamin Hu, Mati Kahru, Milton Kampel, Holger Klein, Susanne Kratzer, Raphael Kudela, Jesus Ledesma, Steven Lohrenz, Hubert Loisel, Antonio Mannino, Victor Martinez-Vicente, Patricia Matrai, David McKee, Brian G. Mitchell, Tiffany Moisan, Enrique Montes, Frank Muller-Karger, Aimee Neeley, Michael Novak, Leonie O'Dowd, Michael Ondrusek, Trevor Platt, Alex J. Poulton, Michel Repecaud, Rüdiger Röttgers, Thomas Schroeder, Timothy Smyth, Denise Smythe-Wright, Heidi M. Sosik, Crystal Thomas, Rob Thomas, Gavin Tilstone, Andreia Tracana, Michael Twardowski, Vincenzo Vellucci, Kenneth Voss, Jeremy Werdell, Marcel Wernand, Bozena Wojtasiewicz, Simon Wright, and Giuseppe Zibordi
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5737–5770, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5737-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5737-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A compiled set of in situ data is vital to evaluate the quality of ocean-colour satellite data records. Here we describe the global compilation of bio-optical in situ data (spanning from 1997 to 2021) used for the validation of the ocean-colour products from the ESA Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (OC-CCI). The compilation merges and harmonizes several in situ data sources into a simple format that could be used directly for the evaluation of satellite-derived ocean-colour data.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Luke Gregor, Judith Hauck, Corinne Le Quéré, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Clemens Schwingshackl, Stephen Sitch, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone R. Alin, Ramdane Alkama, Almut Arneth, Vivek K. Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Nicolas Bellouin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Margot Cronin, Wiley Evans, Stefanie Falk, Richard A. Feely, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Thanos Gkritzalis, Lucas Gloege, Giacomo Grassi, Nicolas Gruber, Özgür Gürses, Ian Harris, Matthew Hefner, Richard A. Houghton, George C. Hurtt, Yosuke Iida, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Annika Jersild, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Daniel Kennedy, Kees Klein Goldewijk, Jürgen Knauer, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Keith Lindsay, Junjie Liu, Zhu Liu, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Mayot, Matthew J. McGrath, Nicolas Metzl, Natalie M. Monacci, David R. Munro, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Naiqing Pan, Denis Pierrot, Katie Pocock, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Carmen Rodriguez, Thais M. Rosan, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Jamie D. Shutler, Ingunn Skjelvan, Tobias Steinhoff, Qing Sun, Adrienne J. Sutton, Colm Sweeney, Shintaro Takao, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Xiangjun Tian, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Hiroyuki Tsujino, Francesco Tubiello, Guido R. van der Werf, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Chris Whitehead, Anna Willstrand Wranne, Rebecca Wright, Wenping Yuan, Chao Yue, Xu Yue, Sönke Zaehle, Jiye Zeng, and Bo Zheng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4811–4900, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2022 describes the datasets and methodology used to quantify the anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and their partitioning among the atmosphere, the land ecosystems, and the ocean. These living datasets are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Daniel J. Ford, Gavin H. Tilstone, Jamie D. Shutler, and Vassilis Kitidis
Biogeosciences, 19, 4287–4304, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4287-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4287-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the seasonal, inter-annual, and multi-year drivers of the South Atlantic air–sea CO2 flux. Our analysis showed seasonal sea surface temperatures dominate in the subtropics, and the subpolar regions correlated with biological processes. Inter-annually, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation correlated with the CO2 flux by modifying sea surface temperatures and biological activity. Long-term trends indicated an important biological contribution to changes in the air–sea CO2 flux.
Richard P. Sims, Michael Bedington, Ute Schuster, Andrew J. Watson, Vassilis Kitidis, Ricardo Torres, Helen S. Findlay, James R. Fishwick, Ian Brown, and Thomas G. Bell
Biogeosciences, 19, 1657–1674, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1657-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1657-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) being absorbed by the ocean is relevant to the earth's climate. CO2 values in the coastal ocean and estuaries are not well known because of the instrumentation used. We used a new approach to measure CO2 across the coastal and estuarine zone. We found that CO2 and salinity were linked to the state of the tide. We used our CO2 measurements and model salinity to predict CO2. Previous studies overestimate how much CO2 the coastal ocean draws down at our site.
Zixia Liu, Martin Osborne, Karen Anderson, Jamie D. Shutler, Andy Wilson, Justin Langridge, Steve H. L. Yim, Hugh Coe, Suresh Babu, Sreedharan K. Satheesh, Paquita Zuidema, Tao Huang, Jack C. H. Cheng, and James Haywood
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 14, 6101–6118, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6101-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-6101-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper first validates the performance of an advanced aerosol observation instrument POPS against a reference instrument and examines any biases introduced by operating it on a quadcopter drone. The results show the POPS performs relatively well on the ground. The impact of the UAV rotors on the POPS is small at low wind speeds, but when operating under higher wind speeds, larger discrepancies occur. It appears that the POPS measures sub-micron aerosol particles more accurately on the UAV.
Yuanxu Dong, Mingxi Yang, Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Vassilis Kitidis, and Thomas G. Bell
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 8089–8110, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8089-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8089-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Eddy covariance (EC) is the most direct method for measuring air–sea CO2 flux from ships. However, uncertainty in EC air–sea CO2 fluxes has not been well quantified. Here we show that with the state-of-the-art gas analysers, instrumental noise no longer contributes significantly to the CO2 flux uncertainty. Applying an appropriate averaging timescale (1–3 h) and suitable air–sea CO2 fugacity threshold (at least 20 µatm) to EC flux data enables an optimal analysis of the gas transfer velocity.
Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W. Jones, Robbie M. Andrew, Judith Hauck, Are Olsen, Glen P. Peters, Wouter Peters, Julia Pongratz, Stephen Sitch, Corinne Le Quéré, Josep G. Canadell, Philippe Ciais, Robert B. Jackson, Simone Alin, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Almut Arneth, Vivek Arora, Nicholas R. Bates, Meike Becker, Alice Benoit-Cattin, Henry C. Bittig, Laurent Bopp, Selma Bultan, Naveen Chandra, Frédéric Chevallier, Louise P. Chini, Wiley Evans, Liesbeth Florentie, Piers M. Forster, Thomas Gasser, Marion Gehlen, Dennis Gilfillan, Thanos Gkritzalis, Luke Gregor, Nicolas Gruber, Ian Harris, Kerstin Hartung, Vanessa Haverd, Richard A. Houghton, Tatiana Ilyina, Atul K. Jain, Emilie Joetzjer, Koji Kadono, Etsushi Kato, Vassilis Kitidis, Jan Ivar Korsbakken, Peter Landschützer, Nathalie Lefèvre, Andrew Lenton, Sebastian Lienert, Zhu Liu, Danica Lombardozzi, Gregg Marland, Nicolas Metzl, David R. Munro, Julia E. M. S. Nabel, Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka, Yosuke Niwa, Kevin O'Brien, Tsuneo Ono, Paul I. Palmer, Denis Pierrot, Benjamin Poulter, Laure Resplandy, Eddy Robertson, Christian Rödenbeck, Jörg Schwinger, Roland Séférian, Ingunn Skjelvan, Adam J. P. Smith, Adrienne J. Sutton, Toste Tanhua, Pieter P. Tans, Hanqin Tian, Bronte Tilbrook, Guido van der Werf, Nicolas Vuichard, Anthony P. Walker, Rik Wanninkhof, Andrew J. Watson, David Willis, Andrew J. Wiltshire, Wenping Yuan, Xu Yue, and Sönke Zaehle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3269–3340, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The Global Carbon Budget 2020 describes the data sets and methodology used to quantify the emissions of carbon dioxide and their partitioning among the atmosphere, land, and ocean. These living data are updated every year to provide the highest transparency and traceability in the reporting of CO2, the key driver of climate change.
Charel Wohl, Ian Brown, Vassilis Kitidis, Anna E. Jones, William T. Sturges, Philip D. Nightingale, and Mingxi Yang
Biogeosciences, 17, 2593–2619, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2593-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2593-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The oceans represent a poorly understood source of organic carbon to the atmosphere. In this paper, we present ship-based measurements of specific compounds in ambient air and seawater of the Southern Ocean. We present fluxes of these gases between air and sea at very high resolution. The data also contain evidence for day and night variations in some of these compounds. These measurements can be used to better understand the role of the Southern Ocean in the cycling of these compounds.
Thomas Holding, Ian G. Ashton, Jamie D. Shutler, Peter E. Land, Philip D. Nightingale, Andrew P. Rees, Ian Brown, Jean-Francois Piolle, Annette Kock, Hermann W. Bange, David K. Woolf, Lonneke Goddijn-Murphy, Ryan Pereira, Frederic Paul, Fanny Girard-Ardhuin, Bertrand Chapron, Gregor Rehder, Fabrice Ardhuin, and Craig J. Donlon
Ocean Sci., 15, 1707–1728, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1707-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1707-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
FluxEngine is an open-source software toolbox designed to allow for the easy and accurate calculation of air–sea gas fluxes. This article describes new functionality and capabilities, which include the ability to calculate fluxes for nitrous oxide and methane, optimisation for running FluxEngine on a stand-alone desktop computer, and extensive new features to support the in situ measurement community. Four research case studies are used to demonstrate these new features.
Mingxi Yang, Thomas G. Bell, Ian J. Brown, James R. Fishwick, Vassilis Kitidis, Philip D. Nightingale, Andrew P. Rees, and Timothy J. Smyth
Biogeosciences, 16, 961–978, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-961-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-961-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify the emissions and uptake of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane from the coastal seas of the UK over 1 year using the state-of-the-art eddy covariance technique. Our measurements show how these air–sea fluxes vary twice a day (tidal), diurnally (circadian) and seasonally. We also estimate the air–sea gas transfer velocity, which is essential for modelling and predicting coastal air-sea exchange.
Heather A. Bouman, Trevor Platt, Martina Doblin, Francisco G. Figueiras, Kristinn Gudmundsson, Hafsteinn G. Gudfinnsson, Bangqin Huang, Anna Hickman, Michael Hiscock, Thomas Jackson, Vivian A. Lutz, Frédéric Mélin, Francisco Rey, Pierre Pepin, Valeria Segura, Gavin H. Tilstone, Virginie van Dongen-Vogels, and Shubha Sathyendranath
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 251–266, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-251-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-251-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The photosynthetic response of marine phytoplankton to available irradiance is a central part of satellite-based models of ocean productivity. This study brings together data from a variety of oceanographic campaigns to examine how the parameters of photosynthesis–irradiance response curves vary over the global ocean. This global synthesis reveals biogeographic, latitudinal and depth-dependent patterns in the photosynthetic properties of natural phytoplankton assemblages.
Dorothee C. E. Bakker, Benjamin Pfeil, Camilla S. Landa, Nicolas Metzl, Kevin M. O'Brien, Are Olsen, Karl Smith, Cathy Cosca, Sumiko Harasawa, Stephen D. Jones, Shin-ichiro Nakaoka, Yukihiro Nojiri, Ute Schuster, Tobias Steinhoff, Colm Sweeney, Taro Takahashi, Bronte Tilbrook, Chisato Wada, Rik Wanninkhof, Simone R. Alin, Carlos F. Balestrini, Leticia Barbero, Nicholas R. Bates, Alejandro A. Bianchi, Frédéric Bonou, Jacqueline Boutin, Yann Bozec, Eugene F. Burger, Wei-Jun Cai, Robert D. Castle, Liqi Chen, Melissa Chierici, Kim Currie, Wiley Evans, Charles Featherstone, Richard A. Feely, Agneta Fransson, Catherine Goyet, Naomi Greenwood, Luke Gregor, Steven Hankin, Nick J. Hardman-Mountford, Jérôme Harlay, Judith Hauck, Mario Hoppema, Matthew P. Humphreys, Christopher W. Hunt, Betty Huss, J. Severino P. Ibánhez, Truls Johannessen, Ralph Keeling, Vassilis Kitidis, Arne Körtzinger, Alex Kozyr, Evangelia Krasakopoulou, Akira Kuwata, Peter Landschützer, Siv K. Lauvset, Nathalie Lefèvre, Claire Lo Monaco, Ansley Manke, Jeremy T. Mathis, Liliane Merlivat, Frank J. Millero, Pedro M. S. Monteiro, David R. Munro, Akihiko Murata, Timothy Newberger, Abdirahman M. Omar, Tsuneo Ono, Kristina Paterson, David Pearce, Denis Pierrot, Lisa L. Robbins, Shu Saito, Joe Salisbury, Reiner Schlitzer, Bernd Schneider, Roland Schweitzer, Rainer Sieger, Ingunn Skjelvan, Kevin F. Sullivan, Stewart C. Sutherland, Adrienne J. Sutton, Kazuaki Tadokoro, Maciej Telszewski, Matthias Tuma, Steven M. A. C. van Heuven, Doug Vandemark, Brian Ward, Andrew J. Watson, and Suqing Xu
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 383–413, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (www.socat.info) has 14.5 million CO2 (carbon dioxide) values for the years 1957 to 2014 covering the global oceans and coastal seas. Version 3 is an update to version 2 with a longer record and 44 % more CO2 values. The CO2 measurements have been made on ships, fixed moorings and drifting buoys. SOCAT enables quantification of the ocean carbon sink and ocean acidification, as well as model evaluation, thus informing climate negotiations.
Mingxi Yang, Thomas G. Bell, Frances E. Hopkins, Vassilis Kitidis, Pierre W. Cazenave, Philip D. Nightingale, Margaret J. Yelland, Robin W. Pascal, John Prytherch, Ian M. Brooks, and Timothy J. Smyth
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5745–5761, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5745-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5745-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal seas are sources of methane in the atmosphere and can fluctuate from emitting to absorbing carbon dioxide. Direct air–sea transport measurements of these two greenhouse gases in near shore regions remain scarce. From a recently established coastal atmospheric station on the south-west coast of the UK, we observed that the oceanic absorption of carbon dioxide peaked during the phytoplankton bloom, while methane emission varied with the tidal cycle, likely due to an estuary influence.
C. Rödenbeck, D. C. E. Bakker, N. Gruber, Y. Iida, A. R. Jacobson, S. Jones, P. Landschützer, N. Metzl, S. Nakaoka, A. Olsen, G.-H. Park, P. Peylin, K. B. Rodgers, T. P. Sasse, U. Schuster, J. D. Shutler, V. Valsala, R. Wanninkhof, and J. Zeng
Biogeosciences, 12, 7251–7278, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7251-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7251-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates variations in the CO2 uptake of the ocean from year to year. These variations have been calculated from measurements of the surface-ocean carbon content by various different interpolation methods. The equatorial Pacific is estimated to be the region with the strongest year-to-year variations, tied to the El Nino phase. The global ocean CO2 uptake gradually increased from about the year 2000. The comparison of the interpolation methods identifies these findings as robust.
J. Gloël, C. Robinson, G. H. Tilstone, G. Tarran, and J. Kaiser
Ocean Sci., 11, 947–952, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-947-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-947-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We assess benzalkonium chloride (BAC) as alternative to mercuric chloride (HgCl2) for preservation of seawater samples. BAC concentrations of 50mg dm–3 inhibited microbial activity for at least 3 days in samples tested with chlorophyll a concentrations up to 1mg m–3. With fewer risks to health and environment, and lower waste disposal costs, BAC could be a short-term alternative to HgCl2, but cannot replace it for oxygen triple isotope samples, which require storage over weeks to months.
C. Le Quéré, R. Moriarty, R. M. Andrew, J. G. Canadell, S. Sitch, J. I. Korsbakken, P. Friedlingstein, G. P. Peters, R. J. Andres, T. A. Boden, R. A. Houghton, J. I. House, R. F. Keeling, P. Tans, A. Arneth, D. C. E. Bakker, L. Barbero, L. Bopp, J. Chang, F. Chevallier, L. P. Chini, P. Ciais, M. Fader, R. A. Feely, T. Gkritzalis, I. Harris, J. Hauck, T. Ilyina, A. K. Jain, E. Kato, V. Kitidis, K. Klein Goldewijk, C. Koven, P. Landschützer, S. K. Lauvset, N. Lefèvre, A. Lenton, I. D. Lima, N. Metzl, F. Millero, D. R. Munro, A. Murata, J. E. M. S. Nabel, S. Nakaoka, Y. Nojiri, K. O'Brien, A. Olsen, T. Ono, F. F. Pérez, B. Pfeil, D. Pierrot, B. Poulter, G. Rehder, C. Rödenbeck, S. Saito, U. Schuster, J. Schwinger, R. Séférian, T. Steinhoff, B. D. Stocker, A. J. Sutton, T. Takahashi, B. Tilbrook, I. T. van der Laan-Luijkx, G. R. van der Werf, S. van Heuven, D. Vandemark, N. Viovy, A. Wiltshire, S. Zaehle, and N. Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 7, 349–396, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-349-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-349-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. We describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on a range of data and models and their interpretation by a broad scientific community.
B. Nechad, K. Ruddick, T. Schroeder, K. Oubelkheir, D. Blondeau-Patissier, N. Cherukuru, V. Brando, A. Dekker, L. Clementson, A. C. Banks, S. Maritorena, P. J. Werdell, C. Sá, V. Brotas, I. Caballero de Frutos, Y.-H. Ahn, S. Salama, G. Tilstone, V. Martinez-Vicente, D. Foley, M. McKibben, J. Nahorniak, T. Peterson, A. Siliò-Calzada, R. Röttgers, Z. Lee, M. Peters, and C. Brockmann
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 7, 319–348, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-319-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-319-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The CoastColour Round Robin (CCRR) project (European Space Agency) was designed to set up the first database for remote-sensing algorithm testing and accuracy assessment of water quality parameter retrieval in coastal waters, from satellite imagery. This paper analyses the CCRR database, which includes in situ bio-geochemical and optical measurements in various water types, match-up reflectance products from the MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS), and radiative transfer simulations.
C. Le Quéré, R. Moriarty, R. M. Andrew, G. P. Peters, P. Ciais, P. Friedlingstein, S. D. Jones, S. Sitch, P. Tans, A. Arneth, T. A. Boden, L. Bopp, Y. Bozec, J. G. Canadell, L. P. Chini, F. Chevallier, C. E. Cosca, I. Harris, M. Hoppema, R. A. Houghton, J. I. House, A. K. Jain, T. Johannessen, E. Kato, R. F. Keeling, V. Kitidis, K. Klein Goldewijk, C. Koven, C. S. Landa, P. Landschützer, A. Lenton, I. D. Lima, G. Marland, J. T. Mathis, N. Metzl, Y. Nojiri, A. Olsen, T. Ono, S. Peng, W. Peters, B. Pfeil, B. Poulter, M. R. Raupach, P. Regnier, C. Rödenbeck, S. Saito, J. E. Salisbury, U. Schuster, J. Schwinger, R. Séférian, J. Segschneider, T. Steinhoff, B. D. Stocker, A. J. Sutton, T. Takahashi, B. Tilbrook, G. R. van der Werf, N. Viovy, Y.-P. Wang, R. Wanninkhof, A. Wiltshire, and N. Zeng
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 7, 47–85, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-47-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-47-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from human activities (burning fossil fuels and cement production, deforestation and other land-use change) are set to rise again in 2014.
This study (updated yearly) makes an accurate assessment of anthropogenic CO2 emissions and their redistribution between the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in order to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change.
M. Ribas-Ribas, V. M. C. Rérolle, D. C. E. Bakker, V. Kitidis, G. A. Lee, I. Brown, E. P. Achterberg, N. J. Hardman-Mountford, and T. Tyrrell
Biogeosciences, 11, 4339–4355, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4339-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-4339-2014, 2014
D. C. E. Bakker, B. Pfeil, K. Smith, S. Hankin, A. Olsen, S. R. Alin, C. Cosca, S. Harasawa, A. Kozyr, Y. Nojiri, K. M. O'Brien, U. Schuster, M. Telszewski, B. Tilbrook, C. Wada, J. Akl, L. Barbero, N. R. Bates, J. Boutin, Y. Bozec, W.-J. Cai, R. D. Castle, F. P. Chavez, L. Chen, M. Chierici, K. Currie, H. J. W. de Baar, W. Evans, R. A. Feely, A. Fransson, Z. Gao, B. Hales, N. J. Hardman-Mountford, M. Hoppema, W.-J. Huang, C. W. Hunt, B. Huss, T. Ichikawa, T. Johannessen, E. M. Jones, S. D. Jones, S. Jutterström, V. Kitidis, A. Körtzinger, P. Landschützer, S. K. Lauvset, N. Lefèvre, A. B. Manke, J. T. Mathis, L. Merlivat, N. Metzl, A. Murata, T. Newberger, A. M. Omar, T. Ono, G.-H. Park, K. Paterson, D. Pierrot, A. F. Ríos, C. L. Sabine, S. Saito, J. Salisbury, V. V. S. S. Sarma, R. Schlitzer, R. Sieger, I. Skjelvan, T. Steinhoff, K. F. Sullivan, H. Sun, A. J. Sutton, T. Suzuki, C. Sweeney, T. Takahashi, J. Tjiputra, N. Tsurushima, S. M. A. C. van Heuven, D. Vandemark, P. Vlahos, D. W. R. Wallace, R. Wanninkhof, and A. J. Watson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 6, 69–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-69-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-69-2014, 2014
V. M. C. Rérolle, M. Ribas-Ribas, V. Kitidis, I. Brown, D. C. E. Bakker, G. A. Lee, T. Shi, M. C. Mowlem, and E. P. Achterberg
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-943-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-943-2014, 2014
Preprint retracted
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Air - Sea Exchange
Sea–air methane flux estimates derived from marine surface observations and instantaneous atmospheric measurements in the northern Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay
Global analysis of the controls on seawater dimethylsulfide spatial variability
Estimating Marine Carbon Uptake in the Northeast Pacific Using a Neural Network Approach
Air–sea gas exchange in a seagrass ecosystem – results from a 3He ∕ SF6 tracer release experiment
Concentrations of dissolved dimethyl sulfide (DMS), methanethiol and other trace gases in context of microbial communities from the temperate Atlantic to the Arctic Ocean
Marine nitrogen fixation as a possible source of atmospheric water-soluble organic nitrogen aerosols in the subtropical North Pacific
Ice nucleating properties of the sea ice diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus and its exudates
On physical mechanisms enhancing air–sea CO2 exchange
Winter season Southern Ocean distributions of climate-relevant trace gases
How biogenic polymers control surfactant dynamics in the surface microlayer: insights from a coastal Baltic Sea study
Identifying the biological control of the annual and multi-year variations in South Atlantic air–sea CO2 flux
The sensitivity of pCO2 reconstructions to sampling scales across a Southern Ocean sub-domain: a semi-idealized ocean sampling simulation approach
Physical mechanisms for biological carbon uptake during the onset of the spring phytoplankton bloom in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (BOUSSOLE site)
Wintertime process study of the North Brazil Current rings reveals the region as a larger sink for CO2 than expected
New constraints on biological production and mixing processes in the South China Sea from triple isotope composition of dissolved oxygen
Tidal mixing of estuarine and coastal waters in the western English Channel is a control on spatial and temporal variability in seawater CO2
A seamless ensemble-based reconstruction of surface ocean pCO2 and air–sea CO2 fluxes over the global coastal and open oceans
Sea ice concentration impacts dissolved organic gases in the Canadian Arctic
Evaluating the Arabian Sea as a regional source of atmospheric CO2: seasonal variability and drivers
An empirical MLR for estimating surface layer DIC and a comparative assessment to other gap-filling techniques for ocean carbon time series
Eukaryotic community composition in the sea surface microlayer across an east–west transect in the Mediterranean Sea
Enhancement of the North Atlantic CO2 sink by Arctic Waters
Global ocean dimethyl sulfide climatology estimated from observations and an artificial neural network
Atmospheric deposition of organic matter at a remote site in the central Mediterranean Sea: implications for the marine ecosystem
Underway seawater and atmospheric measurements of volatile organic compounds in the Southern Ocean
Dimethylsulfide (DMS), marine biogenic aerosols and the ecophysiology of coral reefs
Spatial variations in CO2 fluxes in the Saguenay Fjord (Quebec, Canada) and results of a water mixing model
Gas exchange estimates in the Peruvian upwelling regime biased by multi-day near-surface stratification
Insights from year-long measurements of air–water CH4 and CO2 exchange in a coastal environment
On the role of climate modes in modulating the air–sea CO2 fluxes in eastern boundary upwelling systems
Reviews and syntheses: the GESAMP atmospheric iron deposition model intercomparison study
Increase of dissolved inorganic carbon and decrease in pH in near-surface waters in the Mediterranean Sea during the past two decades
Utilizing the Drake Passage Time-series to understand variability and change in subpolar Southern Ocean pCO2
Effect of wind speed on the size distribution of gel particles in the sea surface microlayer: insights from a wind–wave channel experiment
The seasonal cycle of pCO2 and CO2 fluxes in the Southern Ocean: diagnosing anomalies in CMIP5 Earth system models
Marine phytoplankton stoichiometry mediates nonlinear interactions between nutrient supply, temperature, and atmospheric CO2
Interannual drivers of the seasonal cycle of CO2 in the Southern Ocean
Constraints on global oceanic emissions of N2O from observations and models
Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake: an improved multiyear estimate of the air–sea CO2 flux incorporating chlorophyll a concentrations
Uncertainty in the global oceanic CO2 uptake induced by wind forcing: quantification and spatial analysis
Phytoplankton growth response to Asian dust addition in the northwest Pacific Ocean versus the Yellow Sea
Global high-resolution monthly pCO2 climatology for the coastal ocean derived from neural network interpolation
Changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the Mauritanian–Cap Vert upwelling region between 2005 and 2012
Impact of ocean acidification on Arctic phytoplankton blooms and dimethyl sulfide concentration under simulated ice-free and under-ice conditions
Coral reef origins of atmospheric dimethylsulfide at Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Bioavailable atmospheric phosphorous supply to the global ocean: a 3-D global modeling study
Coastal-ocean uptake of anthropogenic carbon
Role of zooplankton dynamics for Southern Ocean phytoplankton biomass and global biogeochemical cycles
Surfactant control of gas transfer velocity along an offshore coastal transect: results from a laboratory gas exchange tank
Climate impacts on multidecadal pCO2 variability in the North Atlantic: 1948–2009
Judith Vogt, David Risk, Evelise Bourlon, Kumiko Azetsu-Scott, Evan N. Edinger, and Owen A. Sherwood
Biogeosciences, 20, 1773–1787, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1773-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1773-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The release of the greenhouse gas methane from Arctic submarine sources could exacerbate climate change in a positive feedback. Continuous monitoring of atmospheric methane levels over a 5100 km voyage in the western margin of the Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay revealed above-global averages likely affected by both onshore and offshore methane sources. Instantaneous sea–air methane fluxes were near zero at all measured stations, including a persistent cold-seep location.
George Manville, Thomas G. Bell, Jane P. Mulcahy, Rafel Simó, Martí Galí, Anoop S. Mahajan, Shrivardhan Hulswar, and Paul R. Halloran
Biogeosciences, 20, 1813–1828, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1813-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1813-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first global investigation of controls on seawater dimethylsulfide (DMS) spatial variability over scales of up to 100 km. Sea surface height anomalies, density, and chlorophyll a help explain almost 80 % of DMS variability. The results suggest that physical and biogeochemical processes play an equally important role in controlling DMS variability. These data provide independent confirmation that existing parameterisations of seawater DMS concentration use appropriate variables.
Patrick J. Duke, Roberta C. Hamme, Debby Ianson, Peter Landschützer, Mohamed M. M. Ahmed, Neil C. Swart, and Paul A. Covert
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-870, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-870, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The ocean is both impacted by climate change and helps mitigate its affects through taking up carbon from the atmosphere. We used a machine learning approach to investigate what controls open ocean carbon uptake in the Northeast Pacific. Marine heatwaves that lasted 2–3 years increased uptake, while the Alaskan Gyre controlled uptake over 10-year time periods. The trend from 1998–2019 suggests carbon uptake in the Northeast Pacific open ocean is increasing.
Ryo Dobashi and David T. Ho
Biogeosciences, 20, 1075–1087, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1075-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1075-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Seagrass meadows are productive ecosystems and bury much carbon. Understanding their role in the global carbon cycle requires knowledge of air–sea CO2 fluxes and hence the knowledge of gas transfer velocity (k). In this study, k was determined from the dual tracer technique in Florida Bay. The observed gas transfer velocity was lower than previous studies in the coastal and open oceans at the same wind speeds, most likely due to wave attenuation by seagrass and limited wind fetch in this area.
Valérie Gros, Bernard Bonsang, Roland Sarda-Estève, Anna Nikolopoulos, Katja Metfies, Matthias Wietz, and Ilka Peeken
Biogeosciences, 20, 851–867, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-851-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-851-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The oceans are both sources and sinks for trace gases important for atmospheric chemistry and marine ecology. Here, we quantified selected trace gases (including the biological metabolites dissolved dimethyl sulfide, methanethiol and isoprene) along a 2500 km transect from the North Atlantic to the Arctic Ocean. In the context of phytoplankton and bacterial communities, our study suggests that methanethiol (rarely measured before) might substantially influence ocean–atmosphere cycling.
Tsukasa Dobashi, Yuzo Miyazaki, Eri Tachibana, Kazutaka Takahashi, Sachiko Horii, Fuminori Hashihama, Saori Yasui-Tamura, Yoko Iwamoto, Shu-Kuan Wong, and Koji Hamasaki
Biogeosciences, 20, 439–449, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-439-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-439-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) in marine aerosols is important for biogeochemical cycling of bioelements. Our shipboard measurements suggested that reactive nitrogen produced and exuded by nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in surface seawater likely contributed to the formation of WSON aerosols in the subtropical North Pacific. This study provides new implications for the role of marine microbial activity in the formation of WSON aerosols in the ocean surface.
Lukas Eickhoff, Maddalena Bayer-Giraldi, Naama Reicher, Yinon Rudich, and Thomas Koop
Biogeosciences, 20, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The formation of ice is an important process in Earth’s atmosphere, biosphere, and cryosphere, in particular in polar regions. Our research focuses on the influence of the sea ice diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus and of molecules produced by it upon heterogenous ice nucleation. For that purpose, we studied the freezing of tiny droplets containing the diatoms in a microfluidic device. Together with previous studies, our results suggest a common freezing behaviour of various sea ice diatoms.
Lucía Gutiérrez-Loza, Erik Nilsson, Marcus B. Wallin, Erik Sahlée, and Anna Rutgersson
Biogeosciences, 19, 5645–5665, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5645-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5645-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The exchange of CO2 between the ocean and the atmosphere is an essential aspect of the global carbon cycle and is highly relevant for the Earth's climate. In this study, we used 9 years of in situ measurements to evaluate the temporal variability in the air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Baltic Sea. Furthermore, using this long record, we assessed the effect of atmospheric and water-side mechanisms controlling the efficiency of the air–sea CO2 exchange under different wind-speed conditions.
Li Zhou, Dennis Booge, Miming Zhang, and Christa A. Marandino
Biogeosciences, 19, 5021–5040, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5021-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5021-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Trace gas air–sea exchange exerts an important control on air quality and climate, especially in the Southern Ocean (SO). Almost all of the measurements there are skewed to summer, but it is essential to expand our measurement database over greater temporal and spatial scales. Therefore, we report measured concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS, as well as related sulfur compounds) and isoprene in the Atlantic sector of the SO. The observations of isoprene are the first in the winter in the SO.
Theresa Barthelmeß and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 19, 4965–4992, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4965-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4965-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Greenhouse gases released by human activity cause a global rise in mean temperatures. While scientists can predict how much of these gases accumulate in the atmosphere based on not only human-derived sources but also oceanic sinks, it is rather difficult to predict the major influence of coastal ecosystems. We provide a detailed study on the occurrence, composition, and controls of substances that suppress gas exchange. We thus help to determine what controls coastal greenhouse gas fluxes.
Daniel J. Ford, Gavin H. Tilstone, Jamie D. Shutler, and Vassilis Kitidis
Biogeosciences, 19, 4287–4304, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4287-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4287-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the seasonal, inter-annual, and multi-year drivers of the South Atlantic air–sea CO2 flux. Our analysis showed seasonal sea surface temperatures dominate in the subtropics, and the subpolar regions correlated with biological processes. Inter-annually, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation correlated with the CO2 flux by modifying sea surface temperatures and biological activity. Long-term trends indicated an important biological contribution to changes in the air–sea CO2 flux.
Laique M. Djeutchouang, Nicolette Chang, Luke Gregor, Marcello Vichi, and Pedro M. S. Monteiro
Biogeosciences, 19, 4171–4195, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4171-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4171-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Based on observing system simulation experiments using a mesoscale-resolving model, we found that to significantly improve uncertainties and biases in carbon dioxide (CO2) mapping in the Southern Ocean, it is essential to resolve the seasonal cycle (SC) of the meridional gradient of CO2 through high frequency (at least daily) observations that also span the region's meridional axis. We also showed that the estimated SC anomaly and mean annual CO2 are highly sensitive to seasonal sampling biases.
Liliane Merlivat, Michael Hemming, Jacqueline Boutin, David Antoine, Vincenzo Vellucci, Melek Golbol, Gareth A. Lee, and Laurence Beaumont
Biogeosciences, 19, 3911–3920, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3911-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3911-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We use in situ high-temporal-resolution measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon and atmospheric parameters at the air–sea interface to analyse phytoplankton bloom initiation identified as the net rate of biological carbon uptake in the Mediterranean Sea. The shift from wind-driven to buoyancy-driven mixing creates conditions for blooms to begin. Active mixing at the air–sea interface leads to the onset of the surface phytoplankton bloom due to the relaxation of wind speed following storms.
Léa Olivier, Jacqueline Boutin, Gilles Reverdin, Nathalie Lefèvre, Peter Landschützer, Sabrina Speich, Johannes Karstensen, Matthieu Labaste, Christophe Noisel, Markus Ritschel, Tobias Steinhoff, and Rik Wanninkhof
Biogeosciences, 19, 2969–2988, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2969-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2969-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the impact of the interactions between eddies and the Amazon River plume on the CO2 air–sea fluxes to better characterize the ocean carbon sink in winter 2020. The region is a strong CO2 sink, previously underestimated by a factor of 10 due to a lack of data and understanding of the processes responsible for the variability in ocean carbon parameters. The CO2 absorption is mainly driven by freshwater from the Amazon entrained by eddies and by the winter seasonal cooling.
Hana Jurikova, Osamu Abe, Fuh-Kwo Shiah, and Mao-Chang Liang
Biogeosciences, 19, 2043–2058, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2043-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2043-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the isotopic composition of oxygen dissolved in seawater in the South China Sea. This tells us about the origin of oxygen in the water column, distinguishing between biological oxygen produced by phytoplankton communities and atmospheric oxygen entering seawater through gas exchange. We found that the East Asian Monsoon plays an important role in determining the amount of oxygen produced vs. consumed by the phytoplankton, as well as in inducing vertical water mass mixing.
Richard P. Sims, Michael Bedington, Ute Schuster, Andrew J. Watson, Vassilis Kitidis, Ricardo Torres, Helen S. Findlay, James R. Fishwick, Ian Brown, and Thomas G. Bell
Biogeosciences, 19, 1657–1674, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1657-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1657-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) being absorbed by the ocean is relevant to the earth's climate. CO2 values in the coastal ocean and estuaries are not well known because of the instrumentation used. We used a new approach to measure CO2 across the coastal and estuarine zone. We found that CO2 and salinity were linked to the state of the tide. We used our CO2 measurements and model salinity to predict CO2. Previous studies overestimate how much CO2 the coastal ocean draws down at our site.
Thi Tuyet Trang Chau, Marion Gehlen, and Frédéric Chevallier
Biogeosciences, 19, 1087–1109, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1087-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1087-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Air–sea CO2 fluxes and associated uncertainty over the open ocean to coastal shelves are estimated with a new ensemble-based reconstruction of pCO2 trained on observation-based data. The regional distribution and seasonality of CO2 sources and sinks are consistent with those suggested in previous studies as well as mechanisms discussed therein. The ensemble-based uncertainty field allows identifying critical regions where improvements in pCO2 and air–sea CO2 flux estimates should be a priority.
Charel Wohl, Anna E. Jones, William T. Sturges, Philip D. Nightingale, Brent Else, Brian J. Butterworth, and Mingxi Yang
Biogeosciences, 19, 1021–1045, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1021-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1021-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We measured concentrations of five different organic gases in seawater in the high Arctic during summer. We found higher concentrations near the surface of the water column (top 5–10 m) and in areas of partial ice cover. This suggests that sea ice influences the concentrations of these gases. These gases indirectly exert a slight cooling effect on the climate, and it is therefore important to measure the levels accurately for future climate predictions.
Alain de Verneil, Zouhair Lachkar, Shafer Smith, and Marina Lévy
Biogeosciences, 19, 907–929, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-907-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-907-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Arabian Sea is a natural CO2 source to the atmosphere, but previous work highlights discrepancies between data and models in estimating air–sea CO2 flux. In this study, we use a regional ocean model, achieve a flux closer to available data, and break down the seasonal cycles that impact it, with one result being the great importance of monsoon winds. As demonstrated in a meta-analysis, differences from data still remain, highlighting the great need for further regional data collection.
Jesse M. Vance, Kim Currie, John Zeldis, Peter W. Dillingham, and Cliff S. Law
Biogeosciences, 19, 241–269, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-241-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-241-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Long-term monitoring is needed to detect changes in our environment. Time series of ocean carbon have aided our understanding of seasonal cycles and provided evidence for ocean acidification. Data gaps are inevitable, yet no standard method for filling gaps exists. We present a regression approach here and compare it to seven other common methods to understand the impact of different approaches when assessing seasonal to climatic variability in ocean carbon.
Birthe Zäncker, Michael Cunliffe, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 18, 2107–2118, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2107-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2107-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Fungi are found in numerous marine environments. Our study found an increased importance of fungi in the Ionian Sea, where bacterial and phytoplankton counts were reduced, but organic matter was still available, suggesting fungi might benefit from the reduced competition from bacteria in low-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (LNLC) regions.
Jon Olafsson, Solveig R. Olafsdottir, Taro Takahashi, Magnus Danielsen, and Thorarinn S. Arnarson
Biogeosciences, 18, 1689–1701, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1689-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1689-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Atlantic north of 50° N is an intense ocean sink area for atmospheric CO2. Observations in the vicinity of Iceland reveal a previously unrecognized Arctic contribution to the North Atlantic CO2 sink. Sustained CO2 influx to waters flowing from the Arctic Ocean is linked to their excess alkalinity derived from sources in the changing Arctic. The results relate to the following question: will the North Atlantic continue to absorb CO2 in the future as it has in the past?
Wei-Lei Wang, Guisheng Song, François Primeau, Eric S. Saltzman, Thomas G. Bell, and J. Keith Moore
Biogeosciences, 17, 5335–5354, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5335-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5335-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Dimethyl sulfide, a volatile compound produced as a byproduct of marine phytoplankton activity, can be emitted to the atmosphere via gas exchange. In the atmosphere, DMS is oxidized to cloud condensation nuclei, thus contributing to cloud formation. Therefore, oceanic DMS plays an important role in regulating the planet's climate by influencing the radiation budget. In this study, we use an artificial neural network model to update the global DMS climatology and estimate the sea-to-air flux.
Yuri Galletti, Silvia Becagli, Alcide di Sarra, Margherita Gonnelli, Elvira Pulido-Villena, Damiano M. Sferlazzo, Rita Traversi, Stefano Vestri, and Chiara Santinelli
Biogeosciences, 17, 3669–3684, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3669-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3669-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports the first data about atmospheric deposition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the island of Lampedusa. It also shows the implications for the surface marine layer by studying the impact of atmospheric organic carbon deposition in the marine ecosystem. It is a preliminary study, but it is pioneering and important for having new data that can be crucial in order to understand the impact of atmospheric deposition on the marine carbon cycle in a global climate change scenario.
Charel Wohl, Ian Brown, Vassilis Kitidis, Anna E. Jones, William T. Sturges, Philip D. Nightingale, and Mingxi Yang
Biogeosciences, 17, 2593–2619, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2593-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2593-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The oceans represent a poorly understood source of organic carbon to the atmosphere. In this paper, we present ship-based measurements of specific compounds in ambient air and seawater of the Southern Ocean. We present fluxes of these gases between air and sea at very high resolution. The data also contain evidence for day and night variations in some of these compounds. These measurements can be used to better understand the role of the Southern Ocean in the cycling of these compounds.
Rebecca L. Jackson, Albert J. Gabric, Roger Cropp, and Matthew T. Woodhouse
Biogeosciences, 17, 2181–2204, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2181-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2181-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Coral reefs are a strong source of atmospheric sulfur through stress-induced emissions of dimethylsulfide (DMS). This biogenic sulfur can influence aerosol and cloud properties and, consequently, the radiative balance over the ocean. DMS emissions may therefore help to mitigate coral physiological stress via increased low-level cloud cover and reduced sea surface temperature. The importance of DMS in coral physiology and climate is reviewed and the implications for coral bleaching are discussed.
Louise Delaigue, Helmuth Thomas, and Alfonso Mucci
Biogeosciences, 17, 547–566, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-547-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-547-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports on the first compilation and analysis of the surface water pCO2 distribution in the Saguenay Fjord, the southernmost subarctic fjord in the Northern Hemisphere, and thus fills a significant knowledge gap in current regional estimates of estuarine CO2 emissions.
Tim Fischer, Annette Kock, Damian L. Arévalo-Martínez, Marcus Dengler, Peter Brandt, and Hermann W. Bange
Biogeosciences, 16, 2307–2328, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2307-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2307-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated air–sea gas exchange in oceanic upwelling regions for the case of nitrous oxide off Peru. In this region, routine concentration measurements from ships at 5 m or 10 m depth prove to overestimate surface (bulk) concentration. Thus, standard estimates of gas exchange will show systematic error. This is due to very shallow stratified layers that inhibit exchange between surface water and waters below and can exist for several days. Maximum bias occurs in moderate wind conditions.
Mingxi Yang, Thomas G. Bell, Ian J. Brown, James R. Fishwick, Vassilis Kitidis, Philip D. Nightingale, Andrew P. Rees, and Timothy J. Smyth
Biogeosciences, 16, 961–978, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-961-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-961-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify the emissions and uptake of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane from the coastal seas of the UK over 1 year using the state-of-the-art eddy covariance technique. Our measurements show how these air–sea fluxes vary twice a day (tidal), diurnally (circadian) and seasonally. We also estimate the air–sea gas transfer velocity, which is essential for modelling and predicting coastal air-sea exchange.
Riley X. Brady, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Michael A. Alexander, Michael Jacox, and Nicolas Gruber
Biogeosciences, 16, 329–346, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-329-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-329-2019, 2019
Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Akinori Ito, Maria Kanakidou, Athanasios Nenes, Maarten C. Krol, Natalie M. Mahowald, Rachel A. Scanza, Douglas S. Hamilton, Matthew S. Johnson, Nicholas Meskhidze, Jasper F. Kok, Cecile Guieu, Alex R. Baker, Timothy D. Jickells, Manmohan M. Sarin, Srinivas Bikkina, Rachel Shelley, Andrew Bowie, Morgane M. G. Perron, and Robert A. Duce
Biogeosciences, 15, 6659–6684, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6659-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6659-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The first atmospheric iron (Fe) deposition model intercomparison is presented in this study, as a result of the deliberations of the United Nations Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP; http://www.gesamp.org/) Working Group 38. We conclude that model diversity over remote oceans reflects uncertainty in the Fe content parameterizations of dust aerosols, combustion aerosol emissions and the size distribution of transported aerosol Fe.
Liliane Merlivat, Jacqueline Boutin, David Antoine, Laurence Beaumont, Melek Golbol, and Vincenzo Vellucci
Biogeosciences, 15, 5653–5662, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5653-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-5653-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The fugacity of carbon dioxide in seawater (fCO2) was measured hourly in the surface waters of the NW Mediterranean Sea during two 3-year sequences separated by 18 years. A decrease of pH of 0.0022 yr−1 was computed. About 85 % of the accumulation of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) comes from chemical equilibration with increasing atmospheric CO2; the remaining 15 % accumulation is consistent with estimates of transfer of Atlantic waters through the Gibraltar Strait.
Amanda R. Fay, Nicole S. Lovenduski, Galen A. McKinley, David R. Munro, Colm Sweeney, Alison R. Gray, Peter Landschützer, Britton B. Stephens, Taro Takahashi, and Nancy Williams
Biogeosciences, 15, 3841–3855, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3841-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3841-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Southern Ocean is highly under-sampled and since this region dominates the ocean sink for CO2, understanding change is critical. Here we utilize available observations to evaluate how the seasonal cycle, variability, and trends in surface ocean carbon in the well-sampled Drake Passage region compare to that of the broader subpolar Southern Ocean. Results indicate that the Drake Passage is representative of the broader region; however, additional winter observations would improve comparisons.
Cui-Ci Sun, Martin Sperling, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 15, 3577–3589, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3577-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3577-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Biogenic gel particles such as transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and Coomassie stainable particles (CSP) are important components in the sea-surface microlayer (SML). Their potential role in air–sea gas exchange and in primary organic aerosol emission has generated considerable research interest. Our wind wave channel experiment revealed how wind speed controls the accumulation and size distribution of biogenic gel particles in the SML.
N. Precious Mongwe, Marcello Vichi, and Pedro M. S. Monteiro
Biogeosciences, 15, 2851–2872, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2851-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2851-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Here we analyze seasonal cycle of CO2 biases in 10 CMIP5 models in the SO. We find two main model biases; exaggeration of primary production such that biologically driven DIC changes mainly regulates FCO2 variability, and an overestimation of the role of solubility, such that changes in temperature dominantly drive FCO2 seasonal changes to an extent of opposing biological CO2 uptake in spring. CMIP5 models show greater zonal homogeneity in the seasonal cycle of FCO2 than observational products.
Allison R. Moreno, George I. Hagstrom, Francois W. Primeau, Simon A. Levin, and Adam C. Martiny
Biogeosciences, 15, 2761–2779, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2761-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2761-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
To bridge the missing links between variable marine elemental stoichiometry, phytoplankton physiology and carbon cycling, we embed four environmentally controlled stoichiometric models into a five-box ocean model. As predicted each model varied in its influence on the biological pump. Surprisingly, we found that variation can lead to nonlinear controls on atmospheric CO2 and carbon export, suggesting the need for further studies of ocean C : P and the impact on ocean carbon cycling.
Luke Gregor, Schalk Kok, and Pedro M. S. Monteiro
Biogeosciences, 15, 2361–2378, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2361-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2361-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Southern Ocean accounts for a large portion of the variability in oceanic CO2 uptake. However, the drivers of these changes are not understood due to a lack of observations. In this study, we used an ensemble of gap-filling methods to estimate surface CO2. We found that winter was a more important driver of longer-term variability driven by changes in wind stress. Summer variability of CO2 was driven primarily by increases in primary production.
Erik T. Buitenhuis, Parvadha Suntharalingam, and Corinne Le Quéré
Biogeosciences, 15, 2161–2175, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2161-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2161-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Thanks to decreases in CFC concentrations, N2O is now the third-most important greenhouse gas, and the dominant contributor to stratospheric ozone depletion. Here we estimate the ocean–atmosphere N2O flux. We find that an estimate based on observations alone has a large uncertainty. By combining observations and a range of model simulations we find that the uncertainty is much reduced to 2.45 ± 0.8 Tg N yr−1, and better constrained and at the lower end of the estimate in the latest IPCC report.
Sayaka Yasunaka, Eko Siswanto, Are Olsen, Mario Hoppema, Eiji Watanabe, Agneta Fransson, Melissa Chierici, Akihiko Murata, Siv K. Lauvset, Rik Wanninkhof, Taro Takahashi, Naohiro Kosugi, Abdirahman M. Omar, Steven van Heuven, and Jeremy T. Mathis
Biogeosciences, 15, 1643–1661, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1643-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1643-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We estimated monthly air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Arctic Ocean and its adjacent seas north of 60° N from 1997 to 2014, after mapping pCO2 in the surface water using a self-organizing map technique. The addition of Chl a as a parameter enabled us to improve the estimate of pCO2 via better representation of its decline in spring. The uncertainty in the CO2 flux estimate was reduced, and a net annual Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake of 180 ± 130 Tg C y−1 was determined to be significant.
Alizée Roobaert, Goulven G. Laruelle, Peter Landschützer, and Pierre Regnier
Biogeosciences, 15, 1701–1720, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1701-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1701-2018, 2018
Chao Zhang, Huiwang Gao, Xiaohong Yao, Zongbo Shi, Jinhui Shi, Yang Yu, Ling Meng, and Xinyu Guo
Biogeosciences, 15, 749–765, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-749-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-749-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study compares the response of phytoplankton growth in the northwest Pacific to those in the Yellow Sea. In general, larger positive responses of phytoplankton induced by combined nutrients (in the subtropical gyre of the northwest Pacific) than those induced by a single nutrient (in the Kuroshio Extension and the Yellow Sea) from the dust are observed. We also emphasize the importance of an increase in bioavailable P stock for phytoplankton growth following dust addition.
Goulven G. Laruelle, Peter Landschützer, Nicolas Gruber, Jean-Louis Tison, Bruno Delille, and Pierre Regnier
Biogeosciences, 14, 4545–4561, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4545-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4545-2017, 2017
Melchor González-Dávila, J. Magdalena Santana Casiano, and Francisco Machín
Biogeosciences, 14, 3859–3871, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3859-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3859-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Mauritanian–Cap Vert upwelling is shown to be sensitive to climate change forcing on upwelling processes, which strongly affects the CO2 surface distribution, ocean acidification rates, and air–sea CO2 exchange. We confirmed an upwelling intensification, an increase in the CO2 outgassing, and an important decrease in the pH of the surface waters. Upwelling areas are poorly studied and VOS lines are shown as one of the most significant contributors to our knowledge of the ocean's response.
Rachel Hussherr, Maurice Levasseur, Martine Lizotte, Jean-Éric Tremblay, Jacoba Mol, Helmuth Thomas, Michel Gosselin, Michel Starr, Lisa A. Miller, Tereza Jarniková, Nina Schuback, and Alfonso Mucci
Biogeosciences, 14, 2407–2427, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2407-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-2407-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study assesses the impact of ocean acidification on phytoplankton and its synthesis of the climate-active gas dimethyl sulfide (DMS), as well as its modulation, by two contrasting light regimes in the Arctic. The light regimes tested had no significant impact on either the phytoplankton or DMS concentration, whereas both variables decreased linearly with the decrease in pH. Thus, a rapid decrease in surface water pH could alter the algal biomass and inhibit DMS production in the Arctic.
Hilton B. Swan, Graham B. Jones, Elisabeth S. M. Deschaseaux, and Bradley D. Eyre
Biogeosciences, 14, 229–239, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-229-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-229-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We measured the sulfur gas dimethylsulfide (DMS) in marine air at a coral cay on the Great Barrier Reef. DMS is well known to be released from the world's oceans, but environmental evidence of coral reefs releasing DMS has not been clearly demonstrated. We showed the coral reef can sometimes release DMS to the air, which was seen as spikes above the DMS released from the ocean. The DMS from the reef supplements the DMS from the ocean to assist formation of clouds that influence local climate.
Stelios Myriokefalitakis, Athanasios Nenes, Alex R. Baker, Nikolaos Mihalopoulos, and Maria Kanakidou
Biogeosciences, 13, 6519–6543, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6519-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6519-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The global atmospheric cycle of P is simulated accounting for natural and anthropogenic sources, acid dissolution of dust aerosol and changes in atmospheric acidity. Simulations show that P-containing dust dissolution flux may have increased in the last 150 years but is expected to decrease in the future, and biological particles are important carriers of bioavailable P to the ocean. These insights to the P cycle have important implications for marine ecosystem responses to climate change.
Timothée Bourgeois, James C. Orr, Laure Resplandy, Jens Terhaar, Christian Ethé, Marion Gehlen, and Laurent Bopp
Biogeosciences, 13, 4167–4185, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4167-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4167-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The global coastal ocean took up 0.1 Pg C yr−1 of anthropogenic carbon during 1993–2012 based on new biogeochemical simulations with an eddying 3-D global model. That is about half of the most recent estimate, an extrapolation based on surface areas. It should not be confused with the continental shelf pump, perhaps 10 times larger, which includes natural as well as anthropogenic carbon. Coastal uptake of anthropogenic carbon is limited by its offshore transport.
Corinne Le Quéré, Erik T. Buitenhuis, Róisín Moriarty, Séverine Alvain, Olivier Aumont, Laurent Bopp, Sophie Chollet, Clare Enright, Daniel J. Franklin, Richard J. Geider, Sandy P. Harrison, Andrew G. Hirst, Stuart Larsen, Louis Legendre, Trevor Platt, I. Colin Prentice, Richard B. Rivkin, Sévrine Sailley, Shubha Sathyendranath, Nick Stephens, Meike Vogt, and Sergio M. Vallina
Biogeosciences, 13, 4111–4133, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4111-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4111-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We present a global biogeochemical model which incorporates ecosystem dynamics based on the representation of ten plankton functional types, and use the model to assess the relative roles of iron vs. grazing in determining phytoplankton biomass in the Southern Ocean. Our results suggest that observed low phytoplankton biomass in the Southern Ocean during summer is primarily explained by the dynamics of the Southern Ocean zooplankton community, despite iron limitation of phytoplankton growth.
R. Pereira, K. Schneider-Zapp, and R. C. Upstill-Goddard
Biogeosciences, 13, 3981–3989, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3981-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3981-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding controls of air–sea gas exchange is necessary for predicting regional- and global-scale trace gas fluxes and feedbacks. Recent studies demonstrated the importance of surfactants, which occur naturally in the uppermost layer of coastal water bodies, to suppress the gas transfer velocity (kw). Here we present data for seawater samples collected from the North Sea. Using a novel analytical approach we show a strong seasonal and spatial relationship between natural surfactants and kw.
Melissa L. Breeden and Galen A. McKinley
Biogeosciences, 13, 3387–3396, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3387-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3387-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Natural variability of the North Atlantic carbon cycle is modeled for 1948–2009. The dominant mode of surface ocean CO2 variability is associated with sea surface temperature (SST) variability composed of (a) the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and (b) a positive SST trend. In the subpolar gyre, positive AMO is associated with reduced vertical mixing that lowers pCO2. In the subtropical gyre, AMO-associated warming increases pCO2. Since 1980, the SST trend has amplified AMO impacts.
Cited articles
Amari, S. I., Murata, N., Müller, K. R., Finke, M., and Yang, H. H.:
Asymptotic statistical theory of overtraining and cross-validation,
I T. Neural Networ.,
8, 985–996, https://doi.org/10.1109/72.623200, 1997.
Arnone, V., González-Dávila, M., and Magdalena Santana-Casiano, J.:
CO2 fluxes in the South African coastal region,
Mar. Chem.,
195, 41–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2017.07.008, 2017.
Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Landa, C. S., Metzl, N., O'Brien, K. M., Olsen, A., Smith, K., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Jones, S. D., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., Schuster, U., Steinhoff, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Wanninkhof, R., Alin, S. R., Balestrini, C. F., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Bianchi, A. A., Bonou, F., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Burger, E. F., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R. D., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., Evans, W., Featherstone, C., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Goyet, C., Greenwood, N., Gregor, L., Hankin, S., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Harlay, J., Hauck, J., Hoppema, M., Humphreys, M. P., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ibánhez, J. S. P., Johannessen, T., Keeling, R., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Kozyr, A., Krasakopoulou, E., Kuwata, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Lo Monaco, C., Manke, A., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Millero, F. J., Monteiro, P. M. S., Munro, D. R., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Paterson, K., Pearce, D., Pierrot, D., Robbins, L. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Schlitzer, R., Schneider, B., Schweitzer, R., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Sullivan, K. F., Sutherland, S. C., Sutton, A. J., Tadokoro, K., Telszewski, M., Tuma, M., van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Ward, B., Watson, A. J., and Xu, S.: A multi-decade record of high-quality fCO2 data in version 3 of the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 8, 383–413, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-383-2016, 2016.
Banks, A. C., Vendt, R., Alikas, K., Bialek, A., Kuusk, J., Lerebourg, C., Ruddick, K., Tilstone, G., Vabson, V., Donlon, C., and Casal, T.:
Fiducial reference measurements for satellite ocean colour (FRM4SOC),
Remote Sens.-basel,
12, 1322, https://doi.org/10.3390/RS12081322, 2020.
Behrenfeld, M. J. and Falkowski, P. G.:
Photosynthetic rates derived from satellite-based chlorophyll concentration,
Limnol. Oceanogr.,
42, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1997.42.1.0001, 1997.
Behrenfeld, M. J., O'Malley, R. T., Boss, E. S., Westberry, T. K., Graff, J. R., Halsey, K. H., Milligan, A. J., Siegel, D. A., and Brown, M. B.:
Revaluating ocean warming impacts on global phytoplankton,
Nat. Clim. Change,
6, 323–330, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2838, 2016.
Benallal, M. A., Moussa, H., Lencina-Avila, J. M., Touratier, F., Goyet, C., El Jai, M. C., Poisson, N., and Poisson, A.:
Satellite-derived CO2 flux in the surface seawater of the Austral Ocean south of Australia,
Int. J. Remote Sens.,
38, 1600–1625, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2017.1286054, 2017.
BIPM:
Evaluation of measurement data—Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement,
available at: http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/documents/jcgm/JCGM_100_2008_E.pdf (last access: 10 March 2020),
2008.
Bourlès, B., Lumpkin, R., McPhaden, M. J., Hernandez, F., Nobre, P., Campos, E., Yu, L., Planton, S., Busalacchi, A., Moura, A. D., Servain, J., and Trotte, J.:
THE PIRATA PROGRAM,
B. Am. Meteorol. Soc.,
89, 1111–1126, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2462.1, 2008.
Brewin, R. J. W., Dall'Olmo, G., Pardo, S., van Dongen-Vogels, V., and Boss, E. S.:
Underway spectrophotometry along the Atlantic Meridional Transect reveals high performance in satellite chlorophyll retrievals,
Remote Sens. Environ.,
183, 82–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.05.005, 2016.
Bruto, L., Araujo, M., Noriega, C., Veleda, D., and Lefèvre, N.:
Variability of CO2 fugacity at the western edge of the tropical Atlantic Ocean from the 8∘ N to 38∘ W PIRATA buoy,
Dynam. Atmos. Oceans,
78, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2017.01.003, 2017.
Chen, C. T. A., Huang, T. H., Fu, Y. H., Bai, Y., and He, X.:
Strong sources of CO2 in upper estuaries become sinks of CO2 in large river plumes,
Curr. Opin. Env. Sust.,
4, 179–185, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2012.02.003, 2012.
Chierici, M., Signorini, S. R., Mattsdotter-Björk, M., Fransson, A., and Olsen, A.:
Surface water fCO2 algorithms for the high-latitude Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean,
Remote Sens. Environ.,
119, 184–196, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.12.020, 2012.
CMEMS: Copernicus Marine Modelling Service global ocean physics reanalysis product (GLORYS12V1), CMEMS [data set],
https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00021, 2021.
Coles, V. J., Brooks, M. T., Hopkins, J., Stukel, M. R., Yager, P. L., and Hood, R. R.:
The pathways and properties of the Amazon river plume in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
118, 6894–6913, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JC008981, 2013.
Cooley, S. R., Coles, V. J., Subramaniam, A., and Yager, P. L.:
Seasonal variations in the Amazon plume-related atmospheric carbon sink,
Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
21, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002831, 2007.
Dai, A. and Trenberth, K. E.:
Estimates of freshwater discharge from continents: Latitudinal and seasonal variations,
J. Hydrometeorol.,
3, 660–687, https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0660:EOFDFC>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Demuth, H., Beale, M., and Hagan, M.:
Neural Network Toolbox 6 Users Guide,
The MathWorks, Inc., 3 Apple Hill Drive, Natick, MA, 2008.
DeVries, T.:
The oceanic anthropogenic CO2 sink: Storage, air–sea fluxes, and transports over the industrial era,
Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
28, 631–647, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GB004739, 2014.
Dickson, A. G., Sabine, C. L., and Christian, J. R. (Eds.): Guide to Best Practices for Ocean CO2 Measurements, PICES Special Publication, IOCCP Report No. 8, 2007.
Dogliotti, A. I., Lutz, V. A., and Segura, V.:
Estimation of primary production in the southern Argentine continental shelf and shelf-break regions using field and remote sensing data,
Remote Sens. Environ.,
140, 497–508, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2013.09.021, 2014.
Donlon, C. J., Nightingale, T. J., Sheasby, T., Turner, J., Robinson, I. S., and Emergy, W. J.:
Implications of the oceanic thermal skin temperature deviation at high wind speed,
Geophys. Res. Lett.,
26, 2505–2508, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL900547, 1999.
Duarte, C. M., Regaudie-de-Gioux, A., Arrieta, J. M., Delgado-Huertas, A., and Agustí, S.:
The Oligotrophic Ocean Is Heterotrophic,
Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci.,
5, 551–569, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172337, 2013.
Ducklow, H. W. and Doney, S. C.:
What Is the Metabolic State of the Oligotrophic Ocean? A Debate,
Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci.,
5, 525–533, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172331, 2013.
Fay, A. R. and McKinley, G. A.:
Global trends in surface ocean pCO2 from in situ data,
Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
27, 541–557, https://doi.org/10.1002/gbc.20051, 2013.
Ford, D., Tilstone, G. H., Shutler, J. D., and Kitidis, V.:
Interpolated surface ocean carbon dioxide partial pressure for the South Atlantic Ocean (2002–2018) using different biological parameters,
PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.935936, 2021a.
Ford, D., Tilstone, G. H., Shutler, J. D., Kitidis, V., Lobanova, P., Schwarz, J., Poulton, A. J., Serret, P., Lamont, T., Chuqui, M., Barlow, R., Lozano, J., Kampel, M., and Brandini, F.:
Wind speed and mesoscale features drive net autotrophy in the South Atlantic Ocean,
Remote Sens. Environ.,
260, 112435, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112435, 2021b.
Gist, N., Serret, P., Woodward, E. M. S., Chamberlain, K., and Robinson, C.:
Seasonal and spatial variability in plankton production and respiration in the Subtropical Gyres of the Atlantic Ocean,
Deep-See Res. Pt. II,
56, 931–940, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.10.035, 2009.
Goddijn-Murphy, L. M., Woolf, D. K., Land, P. E., Shutler, J. D., and Donlon, C.: The OceanFlux Greenhouse Gases methodology for deriving a sea surface climatology of CO2 fugacity in support of air–sea gas flux studies, Ocean Sci., 11, 519–541, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-519-2015, 2015.
González-Dávila, M., Santana-Casiano, J. M., and Ucha, I. R.:
Seasonal variability of fCO2 in the Angola-Benguela region,
Prog. Oceanogr.,
83, 124–133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.033, 2009.
Gregor, L. and Monteiro, P. M. S.:
Is the southern benguela a significant regional sink of CO2?,
S. Afr. J. Sci.,
109, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1590/sajs.2013/20120094, 2013.
Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., and Thépaut, J.-N.: ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1979 to present, Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS) [data set], https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.f17050d7, 2019.
Holding, T., Ashton, I. G., Shutler, J. D., Land, P. E., Nightingale, P. D., Rees, A. P., Brown, I., Piolle, J.-F., Kock, A., Bange, H. W., Woolf, D. K., Goddijn-Murphy, L., Pereira, R., Paul, F., Girard-Ardhuin, F., Chapron, B., Rehder, G., Ardhuin, F., and Donlon, C. J.: The FluxEngine air–sea gas flux toolbox: simplified interface and extensions for in situ analyses and multiple sparingly soluble gases, Ocean Sci., 15, 1707–1728, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1707-2019, 2019.
Hu, C., Lee, Z., and Franz, B.:
Chlorophyll a algorithms for oligotrophic oceans: A novel approach based on three-band reflectance difference,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
117, 1–25, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007395, 2012.
Hutchings, L., van der Lingen, C. D., Shannon, L. J., Crawford, R. J. M., Verheye, H. M. S., Bartholomae, C. H., van der Plas, A. K., Louw, D., Kreiner, A., Ostrowski, M., Fidel, Q., Barlow, R. G., Lamont, T., Coetzee, J., Shillington, F., Veitch, J., Currie, J. C., and Monteiro, P. M. S.:
The Benguela Current: An ecosystem of four components,
Prog. Oceanogr.,
83, 15–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.046, 2009.
Ibánhez, J. S. P., Diverrès, D., Araujo, M., and Lefèvre, N.:
Seasonal and interannual variability of sea–air CO2 fluxes in the tropical Atlantic affected by the Amazon River plume,
Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
29, 1640–1655, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005110, 2015.
IPCC:
Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,
edited by: Stocker, T. F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M. B., Allen, S. K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P. M.,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2013.
Jiang, Z.-P., Cai, W.-J., Lehrter, J., Chen, B., Ouyang, Z., Le, C., Roberts, B. J., Hussain, N., Scaboo, M. K., Zhang, J., and Xu, Y.: Spring net community production and its coupling with the CO2 dynamics in the surface water of the northern Gulf of Mexico, Biogeosciences, 16, 3507–3525, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3507-2019, 2019.
Kaiser, J., Reuer, M. K., Barnett, B., and Bender, M. L.:
Marine productivity estimates from continuous
Kitidis, V., Tilstone, G. H., Serret, P., Smyth, T. J., Torres, R., and Robinson, C.:
Oxygen photolysis in the Mauritanian upwelling: Implications for net community production,
Limnol. Oceanogr.,
59, 299–310, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2014.59.2.0299, 2014.
Kitidis, V., Brown, I., Hardman-mountford, N., and Lefèvre, N.:
Surface ocean carbon dioxide during the Atlantic Meridional Transect (1995–2013); evidence of ocean acidification,
Prog. Oceanogr.,
158, 65–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2016.08.005, 2017.
Koffi, U., Lefèvre, N., Kouadio, G., and Boutin, J.:
Surface CO2 parameters and air–sea CO2 flux distribution in the eastern equatorial Atlantic Ocean,
J. Marine Syst.,
82, 135–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2010.04.010, 2010.
Koffi, U., Kouadio, G., and Kouadio, Y. K.:
Estimates and Variability of the Air-Sea CO2 Fluxes in the Gulf of Guinea during the 2005-2007 Period,
Open Journal of Marine Science,
06, 11–22, https://doi.org/10.4236/ojms.2016.61002, 2016.
Kroopnick, P.:
Isotopic fractionations during oxygen consumption and carbonate dissolution within the North Atlantic Deep Water,
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,
49, 485–498, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(80)90089-8, 1980.
Kulk, G., Platt, T., Dingle, J., Jackson, T., Jönsson, B. F., Bouman, H. A., Babin, M., Brewin, R. J. W., Doblin, M., Estrada, M., Figueiras, F. G., Furuya, K., González-Benítez, N., Gudfinnsson, H. G., Gudmundsson, K., Huang, B., Isada, T., Kovač, Ž., Lutz, V. A., Marañón, E., Raman, M., Richardson, K., Rozema, P. D., van de Poll, W. H., Segura, V., Tilstone, G. H., Uitz, J., van Dongen-Vogels, V., Yoshikawa, T., and Sathyendranath, S.:
Primary production, an index of climate change in the ocean: Satellite-based estimates over two decades,
Remote Sens.-Basel,
12, 3462, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12050826, 2020.
Lamont, T., Barlow, R. G., and Kyewalyanga, M. S.:
Physical drivers of phytoplankton production in the southern Benguela upwelling system,
Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I,
90, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.03.003, 2014.
Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Bakker, D. C. E., Schuster, U., Nakaoka, S., Payne, M. R., Sasse, T. P., and Zeng, J.: A neural network-based estimate of the seasonal to inter-annual variability of the Atlantic Ocean carbon sink, Biogeosciences, 10, 7793–7815, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7793-2013, 2013.
Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., Bakker, D. C. E., and Schuster, U.:
Recent variability of the global ocean carbon sink,
Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
28, 927–949, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GB004853, 2014.
Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., and Bakker, D. C. E.:
Decadal variations and trends of the global ocean carbon sink,
Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
30, 1396–1417, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GB005359, 2016.
Landschützer, P., Gruber, N., and Bakker, D. C. E.:
An observation-based global monthly gridded sea surface pCO2 product from 1982 onward and its monthly climatology (NCEI Accession 0160558), NOAA Natl. Centers Environ. Information [data set],
https://doi.org/10.7289/v5z899n6, 2017.
Landschützer, P., Laruelle, G. G., Roobaert, A., and Regnier, P.: A uniform pCO2 climatology combining open and coastal oceans, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 2537–2553, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-2537-2020, 2020.
Laruelle, G. G., Lauerwald, R., Pfeil, B., and Regnier, P.:
Regionalized global budget of the CO2 exchange at the air-water interface in continental shelf seas,
Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
28, 1199–1214, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GB004832, 2014.
Lavender, S. J., Pinkerton, M. H., Froidefond, J.-M., Morales, J., Aiken, J., and Moore, G. F.:
SeaWiFS validation in European coastal waters using optical and bio-geochemical measurements,
Int. J. Remote Sens.,
25, 1481–1488, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160310001592481, 2004.
Lee, Z., Marra, J., Perry, M. J., and Kahru, M.:
Estimating oceanic primary productivity from ocean color remote sensing: A strategic assessment,
J. Marine Syst.,
149, 50–59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.11.015, 2015.
Lefèvre, N., Guillot, A., Beaumont, L., and Danguy, T.:
Variability of fCO2 in the Eastern Tropical Atlantic from a moored buoy,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
113, C01015, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004146, 2008.
Lefèvre, N., Veleda, D., Araujo, M., and Caniaux, G.:
Variability and trends of carbon parameters at a time series in the eastern tropical Atlantic,
Tellus B,
68, 30305, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v68.30305, 2016.
Lefèvre, N., Montes, M. F., Gaspar, F. L., Rocha, C., Jiang, S., De Araújo, M. C., and Severino Pino Ibánhez, J.:
Net heterotrophy in the Amazon continental shelf changes rapidly to a sink of CO2 in the outer Amazon plume,
Front. Mar. Sci.,
4, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00278, 2017.
Lefèvre, N., Tyaquiçã, P., Veleda, D., Perruche, C., and van Gennip, S. J.:
Amazon River propagation evidenced by a CO2 decrease at 8∘ N, 38∘ W in September 2013,
J. Marine Syst.,
211, 103419, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2020.103419, 2020.
Lencina-Avila, J. M., Ito, R. G., Garcia, C. A. E., and Tavano, V. M.:
Sea–air carbon dioxide fluxes along 35∘ S in the South Atlantic Ocean,
Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I,
115, 175–187, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2016.06.004, 2016.
Liu, W. T. and Xie, X.:
Space Observation of Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure at Ocean Surface,
IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl.,
10, 5472–5484, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2017.2766138, 2017.
Longhurst, A.:
Ecological geography of the sea,
Academic Press, San Diego, 1998.
Longhurst, A., Sathyendranath, S., Platt, T., and Caverhill, C.:
An estimate of global primary production in the ocean from satellite radiometer data,
J. Plankton Res.,
17, 1245–1271, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/17.6.1245, 1995.
Luz, B. and Barkan, E.:
Assessment of Oceanic Productivity with the Triple-Isotope Composition of Dissolved Oxygen,
Science,
288, 2028–2031, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5473.2028, 2000.
Marañón, E., Behrenfeld, M. J., González, N., Mouriño, B., and Zubkov, M. V.:
High variability of primary production in oligotrophic waters of the Atlantic Ocean: Uncoupling from phytoplankton biomass and size structure,
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.,
257, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps257001, 2003.
Morel, A.:
Light and marine photosynthesis: a spectral model with geochemical and climatological implications,
Prog. Oceanogr.,
26, 263–306, https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6611(91)90004-6, 1991.
Moussa, H., Benallal, M. A., Goyet, C., and Lefèvre, N.:
Satellite-derived CO2 fugacity in surface seawater of the tropical Atlantic Ocean using a feedforward neural network,
Int. J. Remote Sens.,
37, 580–598, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2015.1131872, 2016.
NASA OBPG: MODIS-Aqua Level 3 Mapped Chlorophyll Data Version R2018.0, NASA Ocean Biology DAAC [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/AQUA/MODIS/L3M/CHL/2018, 2017a.
NASA OBPG: MODIS-Aqua Level 3 Mapped Photosynthetically Available Radiation Data Version R2018.0, NASA Ocean Biology DAAC [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/AQUA/MODIS/L3M/PAR/2018, 2017b.
NASA OBPG: MODIS Aqua Level 3 SST Thermal IR Daily 4 km Daytime v2014.0, NASA Physical Oceanography DAAC [data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/MODSA-1D4D4, 2015.
Nightingale, P. D., Malin, G., Law, C. S., Watson, A. J., Liss, P. S., Liddicoat, M. I., Boutin, J., and Upstill-Goddard, R. C.:
In situ evaluation of air–sea gas exchange parameterizations using novel conservative and volatile tracers,
Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
14, 373–387, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GB900091, 2000.
O'Reilly, J. E. and Werdell, P. J.:
Chlorophyll algorithms for ocean color sensors – OC4, OC5 & OC6,
Remote Sens. Environ.,
229, 32–47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.04.021, 2019.
O'Reilly, J. E., Maritorena, S., Mitchell, B. G., Siegel, D. A., Carder, K. L., Garver, S. A., Kahru, M., and Mcclain, C.:
Ocean color chlorophyll algorithms for SeaWiFS encompassing chlorophyll concentrations between,
J. Geophys. Res.,
103, 24937–24953, 1998.
Parard, G., Lefévre, N., and Boutin, J.:
Sea water fugacity of CO2 at the PIRATA mooring at 6∘ S, 10∘ W,
Tellus B,
62, 636–648, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2010.00503.x, 2010.
Pfeil, B., Olsen, A., Bakker, D. C. E., Hankin, S., Koyuk, H., Kozyr, A., Malczyk, J., Manke, A., Metzl, N., Sabine, C. L., Akl, J., Alin, S. R., Bates, N., Bellerby, R. G. J., Borges, A., Boutin, J., Brown, P. J., Cai, W.-J., Chavez, F. P., Chen, A., Cosca, C., Fassbender, A. J., Feely, R. A., González-Dávila, M., Goyet, C., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N., Heinze, C., Hood, M., Hoppema, M., Hunt, C. W., Hydes, D., Ishii, M., Johannessen, T., Jones, S. D., Key, R. M., Körtzinger, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Lenton, A., Lourantou, A., Merlivat, L., Midorikawa, T., Mintrop, L., Miyazaki, C., Murata, A., Nakadate, A., Nakano, Y., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., Omar, A. M., Padin, X. A., Park, G.-H., Paterson, K., Perez, F. F., Pierrot, D., Poisson, A., Ríos, A. F., Santana-Casiano, J. M., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, R., Schneider, B., Schuster, U., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Suzuki, T., Takahashi, T., Tedesco, K., Telszewski, M., Thomas, H., Tilbrook, B., Tjiputra, J., Vandemark, D., Veness, T., Wanninkhof, R., Watson, A. J., Weiss, R., Wong, C. S., and Yoshikawa-Inoue, H.: A uniform, quality controlled Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 5, 125–143, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-125-2013, 2013.
Poulton, A. J., Holligan, P. M., Hickman, A., Kim, Y. N., Adey, T. R., Stinchcombe, M. C., Holeton, C., Root, S., and Woodward, E. M. S.:
Phytoplankton carbon fixation, chlorophyll-biomass and diagnostic pigments in the Atlantic Ocean,
Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II,
53, 1593–1610, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.05.007, 2006.
Raven, J., Caldeira, K., Elderfield, H., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Liss, P., Riebesell, U., Shepherd, J., Turley, C., and Watson, A.:
Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide,
The Royal Society, London, 2005.
Reynolds, R. W., Rayner, N. A., Smith, T. M., Stokes, D. C., and Wang, W.:
An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate,
J. Climate,
15, 1609–1625, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1609:AIISAS>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Robinson, C., Tilstone, G. H., Rees, A. P., Smyth, T. J., Fishwick, J. R., Tarran, G. A., Luz, B., Barkan, E., and David, E.: Comparison of in vitro and in situ plankton production determinations, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 54, 13–34, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame01250, 2009.
Rödenbeck, C., Bakker, D. C. E., Gruber, N., Iida, Y., Jacobson, A. R., Jones, S., Landschützer, P., Metzl, N., Nakaoka, S., Olsen, A., Park, G.-H., Peylin, P., Rodgers, K. B., Sasse, T. P., Schuster, U., Shutler, J. D., Valsala, V., Wanninkhof, R., and Zeng, J.: Data-based estimates of the ocean carbon sink variability – first results of the Surface Ocean pCO2 Mapping intercomparison (SOCOM), Biogeosciences, 12, 7251–7278, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-7251-2015, 2015.
Saba, V. S., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Antoine, D., Armstrong, R. A., Asanuma, I., Behrenfeld, M. J., Ciotti, A. M., Dowell, M., Hoepffner, N., Hyde, K. J. W., Ishizaka, J., Kameda, T., Marra, J., Mélin, F., Morel, A., O'Reilly, J., Scardi, M., Smith Jr., W. O., Smyth, T. J., Tang, S., Uitz, J., Waters, K., and Westberry, T. K.: An evaluation of ocean color model estimates of marine primary productivity in coastal and pelagic regions across the globe, Biogeosciences, 8, 489–503, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-489-2011, 2011.
Sabine, C. L., Hankin, S., Koyuk, H., Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Olsen, A., Metzl, N., Kozyr, A., Fassbender, A., Manke, A., Malczyk, J., Akl, J., Alin, S. R., Bellerby, R. G. J., Borges, A., Boutin, J., Brown, P. J., Cai, W.-J., Chavez, F. P., Chen, A., Cosca, C., Feely, R. A., González-Dávila, M., Goyet, C., Hardman-Mountford, N., Heinze, C., Hoppema, M., Hunt, C. W., Hydes, D., Ishii, M., Johannessen, T., Key, R. M., Körtzinger, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Lenton, A., Lourantou, A., Merlivat, L., Midorikawa, T., Mintrop, L., Miyazaki, C., Murata, A., Nakadate, A., Nakano, Y., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., Omar, A. M., Padin, X. A., Park, G.-H., Paterson, K., Perez, F. F., Pierrot, D., Poisson, A., Ríos, A. F., Salisbury, J., Santana-Casiano, J. M., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, R., Schneider, B., Schuster, U., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Suzuki, T., Takahashi, T., Tedesco, K., Telszewski, M., Thomas, H., Tilbrook, B., Vandemark, D., Veness, T., Watson, A. J., Weiss, R., Wong, C. S., and Yoshikawa-Inoue, H.: Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) gridded data products, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 5, 145–153, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-5-145-2013, 2013.
Santana-Casiano, J. M., González-Dávila, M., and Ucha, I. R.:
Carbon dioxide fluxes in the Benguela upwelling system during winter and spring: A comparison between 2005 and 2006,
Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II,
56, 533–541, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.010, 2009.
Sathyendranath, S., Platt, T., Kovač, Ž., Dingle, J., Jackson, T., Brewin, R. J. W., Franks, P., Marañón, E., Kulk, G., and Bouman, H. A.:
Reconciling models of primary production and photoacclimation [Invited],
Appl. Optics,
59, C100, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.386252, 2020.
Schloss, I. R., Ferreyra, G. A., Ferrario, M. E., Almandoz, G. O., Codina, R., Bianchi, A. A., Balestrini, C. F., Ochoa, H. A., Pino, D. R., and Poisson, A.:
Role of plankton communities in sea–air variations in pCO2 in the SW Atlantic Ocean,
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.,
332, 93–106, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps332093, 2007.
Serret, P., Robinson, C., Aranguren-Gassis, M., García-Martín, E. E., Gist, N., Kitidis, V., Lozano, J., Stephens, J., Harris, C., and Thomas, R.:
Both respiration and photosynthesis determine the scaling of plankton metabolism in the oligotrophic ocean,
Nat. Commun.,
6, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7961, 2015.
Shutler, J. D., Land, P. E., Piolle, J. F., Woolf, D. K., Goddijn-Murphy, L., Paul, F., Girard-Ardhuin, F., Chapron, B., and Donlon, C. J.:
FluxEngine: A flexible processing system for calculating atmosphere-ocean carbon dioxide gas fluxes and climatologies,
J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech.,
33, 741–756, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-14-00204.1, 2016.
Shutler, J. D., Wanninkhof, R., Nightingale, P. D., Woolf, D. K., Bakker, D. C., Watson, A., Ashton, I., Holding, T., Chapron, B., Quilfen, Y., Fairall, C., Schuster, U., Nakajima, M., and Donlon, C. J.:
Satellites will address critical science priorities for quantifying ocean carbon,
Front. Ecol. Environ.,
18, 27–35, https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2129, 2020.
Smith, W. O. and Demaster, D. J.:
Phytoplankton biomass and productivity in the Amazon River plume: Correlation with seasonal river discharge,
Cont. Shelf Res.,
16, 291–319, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(95)00007-N, 1996.
Smyth, T. J., Tilstone, G. H., and Groom, S. B.:
Integration of radiative transfer into satellite models of ocean primary production,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
110, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002784, 2005.
Stephens, M. P., Samuels, G., Olson, D. B., Fine, R. A., and Takahashi, T.:
Sea–air flux of CO2 in the North Pacific using shipboard and satellite data,
J. Geophys. Res.,
100, 13571, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC00901, 1995.
Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., Wanninkhof, R., Sweeney, C., Feely, R. A., Chipman, D. W., Hales, B., Friederich, G., Chavez, F., Sabine, C., Watson, A., Bakker, D. C. E., Schuster, U., Metzl, N., Yoshikawa-Inoue, H., Ishii, M., Midorikawa, T., Nojiri, Y., Körtzinger, A., Steinhoff, T., Hoppema, M., Olafsson, J., Arnarson, T. S., Tilbrook, B., Johannessen, T., Olsen, A., Bellerby, R., Wong, C. S., Delille, B., Bates, N. R., and de Baar, H. J. W.:
Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net sea–air CO2 flux over the global oceans, Deep. Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr., 56, 554–577, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.009, 2009.
Taylor, J. R.:
An introduction to error analysis,
University Science Books, Sausalito, Calif., 1997.
Tilstone, G. H., Smyth, T. J., Gowen, R. J., Martinez-Vicente, V., and Groom, S. B.:
Inherent optical properties of the Irish Sea and their effect on satellite primary production algorithms,
J. Plankton Res.,
27, 1127–1148, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbi075, 2005.
Tilstone, G. H., Smyth, T., Poulton, A., and Hutson, R.:
Measured and remotely sensed estimates of primary production in the Atlantic Ocean from 1998 to 2005,
Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II,
56, 918–930, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.10.034, 2009.
Tilstone, G. H., Xie, Y. yuan, Robinson, C., Serret, P., Raitsos, D. E., Powell, T., Aranguren-Gassis, M., Garcia-Martin, E. E., and Kitidis, V.:
Satellite estimates of net community production indicate predominance of net autotrophy in the Atlantic Ocean,
Remote Sens. Environ.,
164, 254–269, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.03.017, 2015.
Tilstone, G. H., Lange, P. K., Misra, A., Brewin, R. J. W., and Cain, T.:
Micro-phytoplankton photosynthesis, primary production and potential export production in the Atlantic Ocean,
Prog. Oceanogr.,
158, 109–129, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2017.01.006, 2017.
Valerio, A. M., Kampel, M., Ward, N. D., Sawakuchi, H. O., Cunha, A. C., and Richey, J. E.:
CO2 partial pressure and fluxes in the Amazon River plume using in situ and remote sensing data,
Cont. Shelf Res.,
215, 104348, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2021.104348, 2021.
Varona, H. L., Veleda, D., Silva, M., Cintra, M., and Araujo, M.:
Amazon River plume influence on Western Tropical Atlantic dynamic variability,
Dynam. Atmos. Oceans,
85, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2018.10.002, 2019.
Watson, A. J., Schuster, U., Shutler, J. D., Holding, T., Ashton, I. G. C., Landschützer, P., Woolf, D. K., and Goddijn-Murphy, L.:
Interpolated Global surface ocean carbon dioxide partial pressure and ocean-atmosphere fluxes 1992–2018, corrected for surface temperature deviations,
PANGAEA [data set],
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.922985, 2020a.
Watson, A. J., Schuster, U., Shutler, J. D., Holding, T., Ashton, I. G. C., Landschützer, P., Woolf, D. K., and Goddijn-Murphy, L.:
Revised estimates of ocean-atmosphere CO2 flux are consistent with ocean carbon inventory,
Nat. Commun.,
11, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18203-3, 2020b.
Weiss, R. F.:
Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: the solubility of a non-ideal gas,
Mar. Chem.,
2, 203–215, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(74)90015-2, 1974.
Williams, P. J. le B., Quay, P. D., Westberry, T. K., and Behrenfeld, M. J.:
The Oligotrophic Ocean Is Autotrophic,
Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci.,
5, 535–549, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172335, 2013.
Woolf, D. K., Land, P. E., Shutler, J. D., Goddijn-Murphy, L. M., and Donlon, C. J.:
On the calculation of air–sea fluxes of CO2 in the presence of temperature and salinity gradients,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans,
121, 1229–1248, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011427, 2016.
Woolf, D. K., Shutler, J. D., Goddijn-Murphy, L., Watson, A. J., Chapron, B., Nightingale, P. D., Donlon, C. J., Piskozub, J., Yelland, M. J., Ashton, I., Holding, T., Schuster, U., Girard-Ardhuin, F., Grouazel, A., Piolle, J. F., Warren, M., Wrobel-Niedzwiecka, I., Land, P. E., Torres, R., Prytherch, J., Moat, B., Hanafin, J., Ardhuin, F., and Paul, F.:
Key Uncertainties in the Recent Air-Sea Flux of CO2,
Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
33, 1548–1563, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GB006041, 2019.
Zeng, J., Nojiri, Y., Landschützer, P., Telszewski, M., and Nakaoka, S.:
A global surface ocean fCO2 climatology based on a feed-forward neural network,
J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech.,
31, 1838–1849, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00137.1, 2014.
Short summary
This study identifies the most accurate biological proxy for the estimation of seawater pCO2 fields, which are key to assessing the ocean carbon sink. Our analysis shows that the net community production (NCP), the balance between photosynthesis and respiration, was more accurate than chlorophyll a within a neural network scheme. The improved pCO2 estimates, based on NCP, identified the South Atlantic Ocean as a net CO2 source, compared to a CO2 sink using chlorophyll a.
This study identifies the most accurate biological proxy for the estimation of seawater pCO2...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint