Articles | Volume 20, issue 17
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3637-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3637-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Ideas and perspectives: Beyond model evaluation – combining experiments and models to advance terrestrial ecosystem science
Discipline of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College
Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
Forest Research Group, INDEHESA, University of Extremadura,
Plasencia, Cáceres, Spain
Benjamin D. Stocker
Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern,
Bern, Switzerland
Teresa E. Gimeno
CREAF, 08193 Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
Richard Nair
Discipline of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College
Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
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Cited
15 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Effect of Mineral Fertilization on Vegetation of HNV Pastures in the Apuseni Mountains (Romania) I. Ghețe et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14233564
- The Impact of Fertilizer Gradient on High Nature Value Mountain Grassland C. Samuil et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14213397
- Toward a coordinated understanding of hydro‐biogeochemical root functions in tropical forests for application in vegetation models D. Cusack et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19561
- Building forests for the future A. MacKenzie et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.518
- Time to anoxia: Observations and predictions of oxygen drawdown following coastal flood events K. Patel et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.116854
- Simulating biotic disturbance responses in forests requires a balance of model performance, complexity, and accessibility L. Haber et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2025.111033
- Climate change adaptation of Iberian dehesa: a simulation approach using the Hi-sAFe model J. Fernández-Habas et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-026-01131-9
- Short-term coastal forest responses to a hurricane-scale freshwater and saltwater flooding experiment A. Myers-Pigg et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323584
- Responses of an Old Deciduous Forest Ecosystem to Elevated CO2 C. Foyer et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70355
- Empirical evidence and theoretical understanding of ecosystem carbon and nitrogen cycle interactions B. Stocker et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20178
- Timing matters for plants and their herbivores D. Metcalfe https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-026-03070-w
- Creating simple predictive models in ecology, conservation and environmental policy based on Bayesian belief networks V. Dominguez Almela et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0305882
- Advancing the understanding of coastal disturbances with a network‐of‐networks approach A. Myers‐Pigg et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70156
- Spaceborne lidar for forest aboveground biomass estimation: a systematic review of methodological trends J. Sandamali & L. Narine https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2026.06.006
- Methane flux from transplanted soil monoliths depends on moisture, but not origin K. Morris et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2023.109296
15 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Effect of Mineral Fertilization on Vegetation of HNV Pastures in the Apuseni Mountains (Romania) I. Ghețe et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14233564
- The Impact of Fertilizer Gradient on High Nature Value Mountain Grassland C. Samuil et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14213397
- Toward a coordinated understanding of hydro‐biogeochemical root functions in tropical forests for application in vegetation models D. Cusack et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19561
- Building forests for the future A. MacKenzie et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.518
- Time to anoxia: Observations and predictions of oxygen drawdown following coastal flood events K. Patel et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2024.116854
- Simulating biotic disturbance responses in forests requires a balance of model performance, complexity, and accessibility L. Haber et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2025.111033
- Climate change adaptation of Iberian dehesa: a simulation approach using the Hi-sAFe model J. Fernández-Habas et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-026-01131-9
- Short-term coastal forest responses to a hurricane-scale freshwater and saltwater flooding experiment A. Myers-Pigg et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323584
- Responses of an Old Deciduous Forest Ecosystem to Elevated CO2 C. Foyer et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70355
- Empirical evidence and theoretical understanding of ecosystem carbon and nitrogen cycle interactions B. Stocker et al. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20178
- Timing matters for plants and their herbivores D. Metcalfe https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-026-03070-w
- Creating simple predictive models in ecology, conservation and environmental policy based on Bayesian belief networks V. Dominguez Almela et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0305882
- Advancing the understanding of coastal disturbances with a network‐of‐networks approach A. Myers‐Pigg et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.70156
- Spaceborne lidar for forest aboveground biomass estimation: a systematic review of methodological trends J. Sandamali & L. Narine https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2026.06.006
- Methane flux from transplanted soil monoliths depends on moisture, but not origin K. Morris et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2023.109296
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 18 Aug 2026
Short summary
Ecosystem manipulative experiments are large experiments in real ecosystems. They include processes such as species interactions and weather that would be omitted in more controlled settings. They offer a high level of realism but are underused in combination with vegetation models used to predict the response of ecosystems to global change. We propose a workflow using models and ecosystem experiments together, taking advantage of the benefits of both tools for Earth system understanding.
Ecosystem manipulative experiments are large experiments in real ecosystems. They include...
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