Articles | Volume 20, issue 20
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4323-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4323-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
24 Oct 2023
Research article |
| 24 Oct 2023
| 24 Oct 2023
Contribution of the open ocean to the nutrient and phytoplankton inventory in a semi-enclosed coastal sea
Qian Leng
Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
Junying Zhu
State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
Akihiko Morimoto
Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
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Cited
18 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Lower trophic ecosystem dynamics in the eastern part of the Seto Inland Sea and their response to changes in nutrient supply from the rivers S. Tong-U-Dom et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103565
- Variability, transport, and fate of riverine perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in a heavily PFOA-impacted coastal sea Y. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142343
- Distribution characteristics and transport processes of biodegradable microplastics in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan Y. Bai et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137911
- Seasonal variation in pore water nutrients and their fluxes from the bottom sediments in Harima Nada, Seto Inland Sea M. Nakakuni et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-024-00719-7
- Spatial and seasonal variations of chemical oxygen demand in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan: Application of an organic matter origin model C. Kashima & Y. Nakatani https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119892
- Spatiotemporal variations in sea surface chlorophyll-a in the Seto Inland Sea G. Napitupulu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119707
- Seasonal variations and controlling factors of nitrogen fluxes at the sediment-water interface in a semi-enclosed inland sea Z. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-6053-2026
- Regional environmental degradation after mid-2010s, possible links with flow pattern change in a semi-enclosed sea (Ise Bay, Japan) K. Aoki et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2025.104205
- Copper toxicity as stressor in Chaetoceros calcitrans under different salinity levels: Growth inhibition, ROS accumulation, and alterations in fatty acid and PUA profiles R. Kholssi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144790
- Effects of submarine groundwater on nutrient concentration and primary production in a deep bay of the Japan Sea M. Dong et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2383-2025
- Long-term changes in water quality in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan: 53-year observations (1973–2025) G. Onitsuka et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-026-00813-y
- Spatial and seasonal variations of polychlorinated biphenyl (CB-153) in the Seto Inland Sea and its response to declines in atmospheric and riverine input Y. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.122000
- Three-Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Suspended Particulate Matter in a Tide-Dominated Semi-Enclosed Sea Y. Bai et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2026.110354
- Terrigenous inputs link nutrient dynamics to microbial communities in a tropical lagoon C. John et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.70240
- Modeling the growth of the cultivated seaweed Undaria pinnatifida under climate change scenarios in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan G. Onitsuka et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-024-03291-1
- Depositional characteristics in the Lower Congo Basin during the Cenomanian-Turonian stage: Insights from fine-grained sedimentary rocks B. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2024.107151
- Sustained phytoplankton productivity despite declining dissolved inorganic nitrogen levels in Harima-Nada, eastern Seto Inland Sea, Japan M. Nakakuni et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crsus.2026.100732
- Responses of water quality and low trophic level productivity in subregions with differing trophic states to anthropogenic nutrient load reduction over the past 40 years in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan W. Nishijima et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119754
18 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Lower trophic ecosystem dynamics in the eastern part of the Seto Inland Sea and their response to changes in nutrient supply from the rivers S. Tong-U-Dom et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103565
- Variability, transport, and fate of riverine perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in a heavily PFOA-impacted coastal sea Y. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142343
- Distribution characteristics and transport processes of biodegradable microplastics in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan Y. Bai et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137911
- Seasonal variation in pore water nutrients and their fluxes from the bottom sediments in Harima Nada, Seto Inland Sea M. Nakakuni et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-024-00719-7
- Spatial and seasonal variations of chemical oxygen demand in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan: Application of an organic matter origin model C. Kashima & Y. Nakatani https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119892
- Spatiotemporal variations in sea surface chlorophyll-a in the Seto Inland Sea G. Napitupulu et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119707
- Seasonal variations and controlling factors of nitrogen fluxes at the sediment-water interface in a semi-enclosed inland sea Z. Wu et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-6053-2026
- Regional environmental degradation after mid-2010s, possible links with flow pattern change in a semi-enclosed sea (Ise Bay, Japan) K. Aoki et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2025.104205
- Copper toxicity as stressor in Chaetoceros calcitrans under different salinity levels: Growth inhibition, ROS accumulation, and alterations in fatty acid and PUA profiles R. Kholssi et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144790
- Effects of submarine groundwater on nutrient concentration and primary production in a deep bay of the Japan Sea M. Dong et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2383-2025
- Long-term changes in water quality in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan: 53-year observations (1973–2025) G. Onitsuka et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-026-00813-y
- Spatial and seasonal variations of polychlorinated biphenyl (CB-153) in the Seto Inland Sea and its response to declines in atmospheric and riverine input Y. Li et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.122000
- Three-Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Suspended Particulate Matter in a Tide-Dominated Semi-Enclosed Sea Y. Bai et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2026.110354
- Terrigenous inputs link nutrient dynamics to microbial communities in a tropical lagoon C. John et al. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.70240
- Modeling the growth of the cultivated seaweed Undaria pinnatifida under climate change scenarios in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan G. Onitsuka et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-024-03291-1
- Depositional characteristics in the Lower Congo Basin during the Cenomanian-Turonian stage: Insights from fine-grained sedimentary rocks B. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2024.107151
- Sustained phytoplankton productivity despite declining dissolved inorganic nitrogen levels in Harima-Nada, eastern Seto Inland Sea, Japan M. Nakakuni et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crsus.2026.100732
- Responses of water quality and low trophic level productivity in subregions with differing trophic states to anthropogenic nutrient load reduction over the past 40 years in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan W. Nishijima et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119754
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 26 Oct 2026
Short summary
Using a numerical model, we revealed that a large proportion of nutrients in a semi-enclosed sea (Seto Inland Sea, Japan) comes from the Pacific Ocean and supports about half of the phytoplankton growth in the sea. Such results imply that the human-made management of nutrient load from land needs to consider the presence of oceanic nutrients, which act as a background concentration and are not controlled by human activities.
Using a numerical model, we revealed that a large proportion of nutrients in a semi-enclosed sea...
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