Articles | Volume 22, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-257-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-257-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Explainable machine learning for modeling of net ecosystem exchange in boreal forests
Ekaterina Ezhova
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
INAR Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Anna Lintunen
INAR Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Pasi Kolari
INAR Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Tuomo Nieminen
INAR Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Ivan Mammarella
INAR Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Keijo Heljanko
Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Helsinki Institute for Information Technology (HIIT), Helsinki, Finland
Markku Kulmala
INAR Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Total article views: 3,789 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
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Total article views: 2,858 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
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Cited
11 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Enhancing data reliability for photovoltaic ecological assessment: A machine learning approach to carbon flux gap-filling Y. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2026.2734254
- Attentional BiLSTM with Ecological Process Constraints for Carbon–Water Flux Prediction in Cold, Temperate Coniferous Forests X. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/f17030307
- An explainable machine learning consensus framework for robust estimations of environmental effects on population dynamics A. Dhananjanie et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.104118
- Efficient Swell Risk Prediction for Building Design Using a Domain-Guided Machine Learning Model H. Alharbi https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142530
- Data-driven approach to robust spatio-temporal assessment of carbon fluxes using Earth observation and ground-based data A. Gorbarenko et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2026.106881
- Organic aerosol enhances boreal forest photosynthesis under cumulus clouds E. Ezhova et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02539-z
- Explainable machine learning highlights the role of diffuse radiation in ecosystem carbon uptake of boreal forest T. Laanti et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/eds.2026.10040
- Hybrid forest models in the age of abundant monitoring data and powerful data-driven algorithms: back to the future Y. Lo & J. Blanco https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2026.111799
- Modeling CO2 fluxes in coastal wetlands of China using explainable sequence-based deep learning N. Nguyen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103766
- A Machine Learning Framework for Daily Mangrove Net Ecosystem Exchange Prediction from 2000 to 2025 L. Ruan et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18040667
- Hydrology and Carbon Flux Interconnections in a Hemiboreal Forest: Impacts of Heatwaves in Järvselja, Estonia F. Civitate et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/f17030297
11 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Enhancing data reliability for photovoltaic ecological assessment: A machine learning approach to carbon flux gap-filling Y. Liu et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2026.2734254
- Attentional BiLSTM with Ecological Process Constraints for Carbon–Water Flux Prediction in Cold, Temperate Coniferous Forests X. Wang et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/f17030307
- An explainable machine learning consensus framework for robust estimations of environmental effects on population dynamics A. Dhananjanie et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.104118
- Efficient Swell Risk Prediction for Building Design Using a Domain-Guided Machine Learning Model H. Alharbi https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142530
- Data-driven approach to robust spatio-temporal assessment of carbon fluxes using Earth observation and ground-based data A. Gorbarenko et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2026.106881
- Organic aerosol enhances boreal forest photosynthesis under cumulus clouds E. Ezhova et al. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02539-z
- Explainable machine learning highlights the role of diffuse radiation in ecosystem carbon uptake of boreal forest T. Laanti et al. https://doi.org/10.1017/eds.2026.10040
- Hybrid forest models in the age of abundant monitoring data and powerful data-driven algorithms: back to the future Y. Lo & J. Blanco https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2026.111799
- Modeling CO2 fluxes in coastal wetlands of China using explainable sequence-based deep learning N. Nguyen et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103766
- A Machine Learning Framework for Daily Mangrove Net Ecosystem Exchange Prediction from 2000 to 2025 L. Ruan et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18040667
- Hydrology and Carbon Flux Interconnections in a Hemiboreal Forest: Impacts of Heatwaves in Järvselja, Estonia F. Civitate et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/f17030297
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 02 Nov 2026
Short summary
Machine learning (ML) models are gaining popularity in biogeosciences. They are applied as gap-filling methods and used to upscale carbon fluxes to larger areas. Here we use explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods to elucidate the performance of machine learning models for carbon dioxide fluxes in boreal forests. We show that statistically equal models treat input variables differently. XAI methods can help scientists make informed decisions when applying ML models in their research.
Machine learning (ML) models are gaining popularity in biogeosciences. They are applied as...
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