Articles | Volume 22, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-995-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-995-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Reviews and syntheses
| 
24 Feb 2025
Reviews and syntheses |
| 24 Feb 2025
| 24 Feb 2025
Reviews and syntheses: Variable inundation across Earth's terrestrial ecosystems
Earth & Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
Amy J. Burgin
Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
Michelle H. Busch
Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
Joshua B. Fisher
Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
Joshua Ladau
Arva Intelligence Inc., Houston, TX, USA
University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
Jenna Abrahamson
Center for Geospatial Analytics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
Lauren Kinsman-Costello
Biological Sciences Department, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
Department of Geosciences, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA
Xingyuan Chen
Earth & Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
Thibault Datry
EcoFlowS Lab, National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Villeurbanne, France
Nate McDowell
Earth & Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
Corianne Tatariw
Environmental Science Department, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
Anna Braswell
Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
Jillian M. Deines
Energy & Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
Julia A. Guimond
Department of Applied Ocean Physics & Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
Peter Regier
Energy & Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
Kenton Rod
Earth & Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
Edward K. P. Bam
International Water Research Institute (IWRI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
Etienne Fluet-Chouinard
Energy & Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
Inke Forbrich
The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
Department of Environmental Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
Kristin L. Jaeger
Washington Water Science Center, US Geological Survey, Tacoma, WA, USA
Teri O'Meara
Biological and Environmental Systems Science Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
Tim Scheibe
Earth & Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
Erin Seybold
Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
Jon N. Sweetman
Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA
Jianqiu Zheng
Earth & Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
Daniel C. Allen
Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA
Elizabeth Herndon
Biological and Environmental Systems Science Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
Beth A. Middleton
Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, US Geological Survey, Lafayette, LA, USA
Scott Painter
Biological and Environmental Systems Science Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
Kevin Roche
Department of Civil Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
Julianne Scamardo
Department of Watershed Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
Ross Vander Vorste
Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin–La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
Kristin Boye
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA, USA
Ellen Wohl
Geosciences Department, Warner College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
Margaret Zimmer
Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
Kelly Hondula
Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
Maggi Laan
Earth & Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
Anna Marshall
Geosciences Department, Warner College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
Kaizad F. Patel
Earth & Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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Anna B. Turețcaia, Matthew H. Kaufman, Adam J. Kessler, Bing Li, Philip C. Bennett, Xingyuan Chen, Xiaofeng Liu, Pawel M. Wojtowicz, James C. Stegen, and M. Bayani Cardenas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5532, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5532, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
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River corridors are important for organic matter (OM) cycles because river channels and sediment with hyporheic zones (HZs) are hot spots for reactions. We conducted low-flow flume experiments to understand the relative contributions to aerobic respiration (AR) from the channel and from the HZ in response to OM loading. The experiments showed that the HZ can be a relative biogeochemical cold spot during a channel hot moment because of low-flow hydrologic conditions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Firnaaz Ahamed, James C. Stegen, Emily B. Graham, Timothy D. Scheibe, and Hyun-Seob Song
Biogeosciences, 23, 6817–6833, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-6817-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-6817-2026, 2026
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This research examines how labile organic matter influences the breakdown of complex organic matter (termed priming). Using a new modeling method, the study shows how microbial growth traits and interactions determine whether priming effects are positive or negative. By identifying microbial strategies as critical drivers of decomposition, this work provides a unified framework to improve predictions of nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration across diverse ecosystems.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Amy E. Goldman, James C. Stegen, Elizabeth T. Borer, Robert Hensley, Allison Myers-Pigg, Mikayla A. Borton, Paytsar Muradyan, Nicholas D. Ward, Jean M. Andino, Andrew D. Richardson, Alexandro B. Leverkus, Christopher S. Lowry, Nate G. McDowell, Kaizad F. Patel, Scott J. Davidson, Brieanne Forbes, Martha R. Downs, W. Robert Bolton, Timothy D. Scheibe, and Avni Malhotra
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3537, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3537, 2026
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Distributed data generation, or data collected from multiple sources and locations using standardized approaches and coordination among researchers, is powerful for scalable environmental knowledge. This paper helps readers understand options for distributed data generation, offers practical guidance for outreach, operations, and sharing outcomes, and explores how artificial intelligence can help address longstanding challenges.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
James C. Stegen, Morgan Barnes, Dillman Delgado, Brieanne Forbes, Vanessa A. Garayburu-Caruso, Amy E. Goldman, Maggi Laan, Sophia McKever, Peter Regier, Lupita Renteria, and Scott D. Tiegs
Biogeosciences, 23, 3981–3993, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3981-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3981-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Streams move and break down organic material, but it is unclear how small-scale decomposition relates to larger scale respiration. We used cotton strips at 48 sites in the Yakima River Basin, Washington, to measure decomposition and different components of river respiration. Decomposition tracked whole-river respiration more than local sediment activity, showing that spatial variation in decomposition results from integrated watershed features.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Maggi M. Laan, Stephanie G. Fulton, Vanessa A. Garayburu-Caruso, Morgan E. Barnes, Mikayla A. Borton, Xingyuan Chen, Yuliya Farris, Brieanne Forbes, Amy E. Goldman, Samantha Grieger, Robert O. Hall Jr., Matthew H. Kaufman, Xinming Lin, Erin L. M. Zionce, Sophia A. McKever, Allison Myers-Pigg, Opal Otenburg, Aaron C. Pelly, Huiying Ren, Lupita Renteria, Timothy D. Scheibe, Kyongho Son, Jerry Tagestad, Joshua M. Torgeson, and James C. Stegen
Biogeosciences, 22, 6137–6152, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6137-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6137-2025, 2025
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Respiration is a process that combines carbon and oxygen to generate energy for living organisms. Within a river, respiration in sediments and water makes variable contributions to the respiration of the whole river system. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we found that water column respiration did not increase strongly when moving from small streams to big rivers. Instead, it was locally influenced by temperature, nutrients, and suspended solids.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Robert E. Danczak, Amy E. Goldman, Mikayla A. Borton, Rosalie K. Chu, Jason G. Toyoda, Vanessa A. Garayburu-Caruso, Emily B. Graham, Joseph W. Morad, Lupita Renteria, Jacqueline R. Hager, Shai Arnon, Scott Brooks, Edo Bar-Zeev, Michael Jones, Nikki Jones, Jorg Lewandowski, Christof Meile, Birgit M. Muller, John Schalles, Hanna Schulz, Adam Ward, and James C. Stegen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.01.10.575030, https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.01.10.575030, 2025
Preprint archived
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As dissolved organic matter (DOM) is transported from land to the ocean through rivers, it interacts with the environment and some is converted to CO2. We used high-resolution carbon analysis to show that DOM from seven rivers exhibited ecological patterns particular to the corresponding river. These results indicate that local processes play an outsized role in shaping DOM. By understanding these interactions across environments, we can predict DOM across spatial scales or under perturbations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
William Kew, Allison Myers-Pigg, Christine H. Chang, Sean M. Colby, Josie Eder, Malak M. Tfaily, Jeffrey Hawkes, Rosalie K. Chu, and James C. Stegen
Biogeosciences, 21, 4665–4679, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4665-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4665-2024, 2024
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Natural organic matter (NOM) is often studied via Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS), which identifies organic molecules as mass spectra peaks. The intensity of peaks is data that is often discarded due to technical concerns. We review the theory behind these concerns and show they are supported empirically. However, simulations show that ecological analyses of NOM data that include FTMS peak intensities are often valid. This opens a path for robust use of FTMS peak intensities for NOM.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Stephanie G. Fulton, Morgan Barnes, Mikayla A. Borton, Xingyuan Chen, Yuliya Farris, Brieanne Forbes, Vanessa A. Garayburu-Caruso, Amy E. Goldman, Samantha Grieger, Robert Hall Jr., Matthew H. Kaufman, Xinming Lin, Erin McCann, Sophia A. McKever, Allison Myers-Pigg, Opal C. Otenburg, Aaron C. Pelly, Huiying Ren, Lupita Renteria, Timothy D. Scheibe, Kyongho Son, Jerry Tagestad, Joshua M. Torgeson, and James C. Stegen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3038, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3038, 2024
Preprint archived
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This research examines oxygen use in rivers, which is central to the carbon cycle and water quality. The study focused on an environmentally diverse river basin in the western United States and found that oxygen use in river water was very slow and influenced by factors like water temperature and concentrations of nutrients and carbon in the water. Results suggest that in the study system, most of the oxygen use occurs via mechanisms directly or indirectly associated with riverbed sediments.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Emily B. Graham, Hyun-Seob Song, Samantha Grieger, Vanessa A. Garayburu-Caruso, James C. Stegen, Kevin D. Bladon, and Allison N. Myers-Pigg
Biogeosciences, 20, 3449–3457, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3449-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3449-2023, 2023
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Intensifying wildfires are increasing pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) production and its impact on water quality. Recent work indicates that PyOM may have a greater impact on aquatic biogeochemistry than previously assumed, driven by higher bioavailability. We provide a full assessment of the potential bioavailability of PyOM across its chemical spectrum. We indicate that PyOM can be actively transformed within the river corridor and, therefore, may be a growing source of riverine C emissions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
James C. Stegen, Vanessa A. Garayburu-Caruso, Robert E. Danczak, Amy E. Goldman, Lupita Renteria, Joshua M. Torgeson, and Jacqueline Hager
Biogeosciences, 20, 2857–2867, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2857-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2857-2023, 2023
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Chemical reactions in river sediments influence how clean the water is and how much greenhouse gas comes out of a river. Our study investigates why some sediments have higher rates of chemical reactions than others. We find that to achieve high rates, sediments need to have two things: only a few different kinds of molecules, but a lot of them. This result spans about 80 rivers such that it could be a general rule, helpful for predicting the future of rivers and our planet.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
James C. Stegen, Sarah J. Fansler, Malak M. Tfaily, Vanessa A. Garayburu-Caruso, Amy E. Goldman, Robert E. Danczak, Rosalie K. Chu, Lupita Renteria, Jerry Tagestad, and Jason Toyoda
Biogeosciences, 19, 3099–3110, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3099-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3099-2022, 2022
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Rivers are vital to Earth, and in rivers, organic matter (OM) is an energy source for microbes that make greenhouse gas and remove contaminants. Predicting Earth’s future requires understanding how and why river OM is transformed. Our results help meet this need. We found that the processes influencing OM transformations diverge between river water and riverbed sediments. This can be used to build new models for predicting the future of rivers and, in turn, the Earth system.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Anna B. Turețcaia, Matthew H. Kaufman, Adam J. Kessler, Bing Li, Philip C. Bennett, Xingyuan Chen, Xiaofeng Liu, Pawel M. Wojtowicz, James C. Stegen, and M. Bayani Cardenas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5532, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-5532, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
River corridors are important for organic matter (OM) cycles because river channels and sediment with hyporheic zones (HZs) are hot spots for reactions. We conducted low-flow flume experiments to understand the relative contributions to aerobic respiration (AR) from the channel and from the HZ in response to OM loading. The experiments showed that the HZ can be a relative biogeochemical cold spot during a channel hot moment because of low-flow hydrologic conditions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Firnaaz Ahamed, James C. Stegen, Emily B. Graham, Timothy D. Scheibe, and Hyun-Seob Song
Biogeosciences, 23, 6817–6833, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-6817-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-6817-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This research examines how labile organic matter influences the breakdown of complex organic matter (termed priming). Using a new modeling method, the study shows how microbial growth traits and interactions determine whether priming effects are positive or negative. By identifying microbial strategies as critical drivers of decomposition, this work provides a unified framework to improve predictions of nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration across diverse ecosystems.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Gavin Cornwell, Alla Zelenyuk-Imre, Gourihar Kulkarni, Nurun Nahar Lata, Kaizad Patel, Jennifer Yao, Zihua Zhu, Laura Fierce, Payton Beeler, Swarup China, Isabelle Steinke, and Susannah Burrows
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3882, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3882, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).
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Ice in clouds strongly affects rainfall and how much sunlight clouds reflect. We studied which airborne particles can trigger ice formation. We created soil-like mixtures and examined individual particles to see whether biological material and mineral dust were truly combined or stayed separate, and how this affected their ice formation. We found that the total amount of biological material was more important than how the particles were mixed.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Stephen Plont, Delaney M. Peterson, Chelsea R. Smith, Charles T. Bond, Andrielle Larissa Kemajou Tchamba, Michelle A. Wolford, Kaci Zarek, Shannon L. Speir, C. Nathan Jones, Jonathan P. Benstead, Michelle H. Busch, Rebecca L. Hale, Connor L. Brown, Erin C. Seybold, Arial J. Shogren, Kevin A. Kuehn, Yaqi You, Colin R. Jackson, Amy J. Burgin, and Carla L. Atkinson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 4885–4914, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-4885-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-4885-2026, 2026
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Non-perennial streams are widespread and shape biodiversity, ecosystem processes, and downstream water quality. We combined sensor monitoring networks and spatiotemporal sampling approaches to track changes in hydrologic, ecological, and water quality patterns across in 3 watersheds between 2021-2024. This dataset provides valuable context as to how changes in stream flow and connectivity drive hydrologic, biogeochemical, and ecological patterns in intermittent streams in the southeastern US.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Amy E. Goldman, James C. Stegen, Elizabeth T. Borer, Robert Hensley, Allison Myers-Pigg, Mikayla A. Borton, Paytsar Muradyan, Nicholas D. Ward, Jean M. Andino, Andrew D. Richardson, Alexandro B. Leverkus, Christopher S. Lowry, Nate G. McDowell, Kaizad F. Patel, Scott J. Davidson, Brieanne Forbes, Martha R. Downs, W. Robert Bolton, Timothy D. Scheibe, and Avni Malhotra
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3537, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3537, 2026
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Distributed data generation, or data collected from multiple sources and locations using standardized approaches and coordination among researchers, is powerful for scalable environmental knowledge. This paper helps readers understand options for distributed data generation, offers practical guidance for outreach, operations, and sharing outcomes, and explores how artificial intelligence can help address longstanding challenges.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Tiia Määttä, Ankur R. Desai, Masahito Ueyama, Rodrigo Vargas, Eric J. Ward, Zhen Zhang, Gil Bohrer, Kyle Delwiche, Etienne Fluet-Chouinard, Järvi Järveoja, Sara H. Knox, Lulie Melling, Mats B. Nilsson, Matthias Peichl, Angela Che Ing Tang, Eeva-Stiina Tuittila, Jinsong Wang, Sheel Bansal, Sarah Feron, Manuel Helbig, Aino Korrensalo, Ken W. Krauss, Gavin McNicol, Shuli Niu, Zutao Ouyang, Kathleen Savage, Oliver Sonnentag, Robert Jackson, and Avni Malhotra
Biogeosciences, 23, 4379–4445, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-4379-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-4379-2026, 2026
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We compared ecosystem- and plot-scale methane fluxes across wetland and upland sites. Ecosystem-scale fluxes were higher than at plot scale, but differences were small. Vapor pressure deficit, atmospheric pressure, turbulence, and wind direction affected the differences. Both scales could be combined for improved methane flux estimates at coarser temporal scales.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
James C. Stegen, Morgan Barnes, Dillman Delgado, Brieanne Forbes, Vanessa A. Garayburu-Caruso, Amy E. Goldman, Maggi Laan, Sophia McKever, Peter Regier, Lupita Renteria, and Scott D. Tiegs
Biogeosciences, 23, 3981–3993, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3981-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3981-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Streams move and break down organic material, but it is unclear how small-scale decomposition relates to larger scale respiration. We used cotton strips at 48 sites in the Yakima River Basin, Washington, to measure decomposition and different components of river respiration. Decomposition tracked whole-river respiration more than local sediment activity, showing that spatial variation in decomposition results from integrated watershed features.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Zachary James Robbins, Lucas Tiede, Charlie Koven, Ryan Knox, Nate McDowell, and Chonggang Xu
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2433, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2433, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geoscientific Model Development (GMD).
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We put forth a new framework, CRAFT, that provides by which to more robustly estimate complex earth surface and ecology model parameters from observational data using machine learning and Bayesian statistics. For the complex FATES-HYDRO plant hydrodynamics model, we find this does a good job capturing synthetic parameters and model parameter sensitivity. We provide the software for this to be useful for a wide range of models.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mengze Li, Robert B. Jackson, Marielle Saunois, Philippe Ciais, Ben Poulter, Josep G. Canadell, Prabir K. Patra, Hanqin Tian, Zhen Zhang, Etienne Fluet-Chouinard, Zutao Ouyang, Ting Zhang, David J. Beerling, Dmitry A. Belikov, Philippe Bousquet, Danilo Custodio, Naveen Chandra, Xinyu Dou, Nicola Gedney, Peter O. Hopcroft, Alison M. Hoyt, Kazuhito Ichii, Akihito Ito, Atul K. Jain, Katherine Jensen, Fortunat Joos, Thomas Kleinen, Masayuki Kondo, Fa Li, Tingting Li, Xiangyu Liu, Shamil Maksyutov, Avni Malhotra, Adrien Martinez, Kyle McDonald, Joe R. Melton, Jurek Müller, Yosuke Niwa, Shufen Pan, Shushi Peng, Changhui Peng, Zhangcai Qin, Peter Raymond, William Riley, Arjo Segers, Rona L. Thompson, Aki Tsuruta, Yi Xi, Kunxiaojia Yuan, Wenxin Zhang, Bo Zheng, Qing Zhu, Qiuan Zhu, and Qianlai Zhuang
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 3507–3524, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-3507-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-3507-2026, 2026
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We proposed a framework that combines machine-learning and climate data to predict global natural vegetated wetland methane emissions for 2000–2025. We found that although total global emissions remained stable in the post-2020s, Northern Hemisphere emissions surged whilst tropical emissions fell. This approach allows us to rapidly monitor emissions and provides early warnings for climate impacts.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Xiang Huang, Yu Zhang, Bo Gao, Charles J. Abolt, Ryan L. Crumley, Cansu Demir, Richard P. Fiorella, Bob Busey, Bob Bolton, Scott L. Painter, and Katrina E. Bennett
Geosci. Model Dev., 19, 1193–1211, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-1193-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-19-1193-2026, 2026
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Predicting hydrological runoff in Arctic permafrost regions is difficult due to limited observations and complex terrain. We used a detailed physics-based model simulations to improve runoff estimates in a Earth system land model. Our method improved runoff accuracy and worked well across two different Arctic regions. This helps make runoff parameterization schemes more reliable for understanding water flow in permafrost areas under a changing climate.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Junyan Ding, Nate McDowell, Vanessa Bailey, Nate Conroy, Donnie J. Day, Yilin Fang, Kenneth M. Kemner, Matthew L. Kirwan, Charlie D. Koven, Matthew Kovach, Patrick Megonigal, Kendalynn A. Morris, Teri O'Meara, Stephanie C. Pennington, Roberta B. Peixoto, Peter Thornton, Mike Weintraub, Peter Regier, Leticia Sandoval, Fausto Machado-Silva, Alice Stearns, Nick Ward, and Stephanie J. Wilson
Biogeosciences, 22, 6963–6978, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6963-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6963-2025, 2025
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We used a vegetation model to study why coastal forests are dying due to rising water levels and what happens to the ecosystem when marshes take over. We found that tree death is mainly caused by water-damaged roots, leading to major changes in the environment, such as reduced water use and carbon storage. Our study helps explain how coastal ecosystems are shifting and offers new ideas to explore in future field research.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Zewei Ma, Kaiyu Guan, Bin Peng, Wang Zhou, Robert Grant, Jinyun Tang, Murugesu Sivapalan, Ming Pan, Li Li, and Zhenong Jin
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 6393–6417, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-6393-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-6393-2025, 2025
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By involving soil oxygen dynamics, we explore tile drainage impacts on the coupled hydrology–biogeochemistry–crop system. We find that soil oxygen dynamics is the key mediator of tile–system dynamics. Tile drainage lowers soil water content and improves soil oxygen levels, helping crops grow during wet springs. The developed roots also help mitigate drought stress in dry summers. Overall, tile drainage increases crop resilience to climate change, making it a valuable future agricultural practice.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Maggi M. Laan, Stephanie G. Fulton, Vanessa A. Garayburu-Caruso, Morgan E. Barnes, Mikayla A. Borton, Xingyuan Chen, Yuliya Farris, Brieanne Forbes, Amy E. Goldman, Samantha Grieger, Robert O. Hall Jr., Matthew H. Kaufman, Xinming Lin, Erin L. M. Zionce, Sophia A. McKever, Allison Myers-Pigg, Opal Otenburg, Aaron C. Pelly, Huiying Ren, Lupita Renteria, Timothy D. Scheibe, Kyongho Son, Jerry Tagestad, Joshua M. Torgeson, and James C. Stegen
Biogeosciences, 22, 6137–6152, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6137-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6137-2025, 2025
Short summary
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Respiration is a process that combines carbon and oxygen to generate energy for living organisms. Within a river, respiration in sediments and water makes variable contributions to the respiration of the whole river system. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we found that water column respiration did not increase strongly when moving from small streams to big rivers. Instead, it was locally influenced by temperature, nutrients, and suspended solids.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Lena Wang, Sharon A. Billings, Li Li, Daniel R. Hirmas, Keira Johnson, Devon Kerins, Julio Pachon, Curtis Beutler, Karla M. Jarecke, Vaishnavi Varikuti, Micah Unruh, Hoori Ajami, Holly Barnard, Alejandro N. Flores, Kenneth Williams, and Pamela L. Sullivan
Biogeosciences, 22, 6097–6117, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6097-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6097-2025, 2025
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Our study looked at how different forest types and conditions affected soil microbes and soil carbon and stability. Aspen organic matter led to higher microbial activity, smaller soil aggregates, and more stable soil carbon, possibly reducing dissolved organic carbon movement from hillslopes to streams. This shows the importance of models like the Microbial Efficiency – Matrix Stabilization framework for predicting CO2 release, soil carbon stability, and carbon movement.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kachinga Silwimba, Alejandro N. Flores, Irene Cionni, Sharon A. Billings, Pamela L. Sullivan, Hoori Ajami, Daniel R. Hirmas, and Li Li
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 7707–7734, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7707-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-7707-2025, 2025
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Land models need reliable soil properties to simulate water, but these settings are uncertain. We analyzed Community Land Model version 5 simulations for the United States from 1980 to 2010 to see how different soil settings shape patterns of soil moisture. Compared with an independent global land dataset, patterns align in many regions but differ in water-limited areas such as the Great Plains. Our maps show where to improve settings and guide future tests with observations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alexandra Hamm, Erik Schytt Mannerfelt, Aaron A. Mohammed, Scott L. Painter, Ethan T. Coon, and Andrew Frampton
The Cryosphere, 19, 3693–3724, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3693-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3693-2025, 2025
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The fate of thawing permafrost carbon is essential for understanding the permafrost–climate feedback and projections of future climate. Here we study transport of organic carbon by groundwater in the active layer of a hillslope model. We find that carbon transport velocities and microbial mineralization rates are strongly dependent on liquid saturation in the seasonally thawed active layer. In a warming climate, the rate at which permafrost thaws determines how fast carbon can be transported.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Morgan E. Barnes, J. Alan Roebuck Jr., Samantha Grieger, Paul J. Aronstein, Vanessa A. Garayburu-Caruso, Kathleen Munson, Robert P. Young, Kevin D. Bladon, John D. Bailey, Emily B. Graham, Lupita Renteria, Peggy A. O'Day, Timothy D. Scheibe, and Allison N. Myers-Pigg
Biogeosciences, 22, 4491–4505, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4491-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4491-2025, 2025
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Wildfires impact nutrient cycles on land and in water. We used burning experiments to understand the types of phosphorous (P), an essential nutrient, that might be released to the environment after different types of fires. We found the amount of P moving through the environment post-fire is dependent on the type of vegetation and degree of burning, which may influence when and where this material is processed or stored.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Juliette Bernard, Catherine Prigent, Carlos Jimenez, Etienne Fluet-Chouinard, Bernhard Lehner, Elodie Salmon, Philippe Ciais, Zhen Zhang, Shushi Peng, and Marielle Saunois
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2985–3008, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2985-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2985-2025, 2025
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Wetlands are responsible for about a third of global emissions of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. We have developed the Global Inundation Extent from Multi-Satellites-MethaneCentric (GIEMS-MC) dataset to represent the dynamics of wetland extent on a global scale (0.25° × 0.25° resolution, monthly time step). This updated resource combines satellite data and existing wetland databases, covering 1992 to 2020. Consistent maps of other methane-emitting surface waters (lakes, rivers, reservoirs, rice paddies) are also provided.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Mingjie Shi, Nate McDowell, Huilin Huang, Faria Zahura, Lingcheng Li, and Xingyuan Chen
Biogeosciences, 22, 2225–2238, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2225-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2225-2025, 2025
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Using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data products, we quantitatively estimate the resistance and resilience of ecosystem functions to wildfires that occurred in the Columbia River basin in 2015. The carbon state exhibits lower resistance and resilience than the ecosystem fluxes. The random forest feature importance analysis indicates that burn severity plays a minor role in the resilience of grassland and a relatively major role in the resilience of forest and savanna.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Kristin Jones, Lenaïg G. Hemery, Nicholas D. Ward, Peter J. Regier, Mallory C. Ringham, and Matthew D. Eisaman
Biogeosciences, 22, 1615–1630, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1615-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1615-2025, 2025
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Ocean alkalinity enhancement is a marine carbon dioxide removal method that aims to mitigate the effects of climate change. This method causes localized increases in ocean pH, but the biological impacts of such changes are not well known. Our study investigated the response of two nearshore invertebrate species to increased pH and found the sea hare to be sensitive to pH changes, whereas the isopod was more resilient. Understanding interactions with biology is important as this field expands.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Louise Mimeau, Annika Künne, Alexandre Devers, Flora Branger, Sven Kralisch, Claire Lauvernet, Jean-Philippe Vidal, Núria Bonada, Zoltán Csabai, Heikki Mykrä, Petr Pařil, Luka Polović, and Thibault Datry
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 1615–1636, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1615-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-1615-2025, 2025
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Our study projects how climate change will affect the drying of river segments and stream networks in Europe, using advanced modelling techniques to assess changes in six river networks across diverse ecoregions. We found that drying events will become more frequent and intense and will start earlier or last longer, potentially turning some river sections from perennial to intermittent. The results are valuable for river ecologists for evaluating the ecological health of river ecosystem.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Robert E. Danczak, Amy E. Goldman, Mikayla A. Borton, Rosalie K. Chu, Jason G. Toyoda, Vanessa A. Garayburu-Caruso, Emily B. Graham, Joseph W. Morad, Lupita Renteria, Jacqueline R. Hager, Shai Arnon, Scott Brooks, Edo Bar-Zeev, Michael Jones, Nikki Jones, Jorg Lewandowski, Christof Meile, Birgit M. Muller, John Schalles, Hanna Schulz, Adam Ward, and James C. Stegen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.01.10.575030, https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.01.10.575030, 2025
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As dissolved organic matter (DOM) is transported from land to the ocean through rivers, it interacts with the environment and some is converted to CO2. We used high-resolution carbon analysis to show that DOM from seven rivers exhibited ecological patterns particular to the corresponding river. These results indicate that local processes play an outsized role in shaping DOM. By understanding these interactions across environments, we can predict DOM across spatial scales or under perturbations.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Zhen Zhang, Benjamin Poulter, Joe R. Melton, William J. Riley, George H. Allen, David J. Beerling, Philippe Bousquet, Josep G. Canadell, Etienne Fluet-Chouinard, Philippe Ciais, Nicola Gedney, Peter O. Hopcroft, Akihiko Ito, Robert B. Jackson, Atul K. Jain, Katherine Jensen, Fortunat Joos, Thomas Kleinen, Sara H. Knox, Tingting Li, Xin Li, Xiangyu Liu, Kyle McDonald, Gavin McNicol, Paul A. Miller, Jurek Müller, Prabir K. Patra, Changhui Peng, Shushi Peng, Zhangcai Qin, Ryan M. Riggs, Marielle Saunois, Qing Sun, Hanqin Tian, Xiaoming Xu, Yuanzhi Yao, Yi Xi, Wenxin Zhang, Qing Zhu, Qiuan Zhu, and Qianlai Zhuang
Biogeosciences, 22, 305–321, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-305-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-305-2025, 2025
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This study assesses global methane emissions from wetlands between 2000 and 2020 using multiple models. We found that wetland emissions increased by 6–7 Tg CH4 yr-1 in the 2010s compared to the 2000s. Rising temperatures primarily drove this increase, while changes in precipitation and CO2 levels also played roles. Our findings highlight the importance of wetlands in the global methane budget and the need for continuous monitoring to understand their impact on climate change.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Katherine A. Muller, Peishi Jiang, Glenn Hammond, Tasneem Ahmadullah, Hyun-Seob Song, Ravi Kukkadapu, Nicholas Ward, Madison Bowe, Rosalie K. Chu, Qian Zhao, Vanessa A. Garayburu-Caruso, Alan Roebuck, and Xingyuan Chen
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 8955–8968, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8955-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-8955-2024, 2024
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The new Lambda-PFLOTRAN workflow incorporates organic matter chemistry into reaction networks to simulate aerobic respiration and biogeochemistry. Lambda-PFLOTRAN is a Python-based workflow in a Jupyter notebook interface that digests raw organic matter chemistry data via Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, develops a representative reaction network, and completes a biogeochemical simulation with the open-source, parallel-reactive-flow, and transport code PFLOTRAN.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
William Kew, Allison Myers-Pigg, Christine H. Chang, Sean M. Colby, Josie Eder, Malak M. Tfaily, Jeffrey Hawkes, Rosalie K. Chu, and James C. Stegen
Biogeosciences, 21, 4665–4679, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4665-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4665-2024, 2024
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Natural organic matter (NOM) is often studied via Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS), which identifies organic molecules as mass spectra peaks. The intensity of peaks is data that is often discarded due to technical concerns. We review the theory behind these concerns and show they are supported empirically. However, simulations show that ecological analyses of NOM data that include FTMS peak intensities are often valid. This opens a path for robust use of FTMS peak intensities for NOM.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Gary Sterle, Julia Perdrial, Dustin W. Kincaid, Kristen L. Underwood, Donna M. Rizzo, Ijaz Ul Haq, Li Li, Byung Suk Lee, Thomas Adler, Hang Wen, Helena Middleton, and Adrian A. Harpold
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 611–630, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-611-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-611-2024, 2024
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We develop stream water chemistry to pair with the existing CAMELS (Catchment Attributes and Meteorology for Large-sample Studies) dataset. The newly developed dataset, termed CAMELS-Chem, includes common stream water chemistry constituents and wet deposition chemistry in 516 catchments. Examples show the value of CAMELS-Chem to trend and spatial analyses, as well as its limitations in sampling length and consistency.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Chao Wang, Stephen Leisz, Li Li, Xiaoying Shi, Jiafu Mao, Yi Zheng, and Anping Chen
Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 75–90, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-75-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-75-2024, 2024
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Climate change can significantly impact river runoff; however, predicting future runoff is challenging. Using historical runoff gauge data to evaluate model performances in runoff simulations for the Mekong River, we quantify future runoff changes in the Mekong River with the best simulation combination. Results suggest a significant increase in the annual runoff, along with varied seasonal distributions, thus heightening the need for adapted water resource management measures.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Stephanie G. Fulton, Morgan Barnes, Mikayla A. Borton, Xingyuan Chen, Yuliya Farris, Brieanne Forbes, Vanessa A. Garayburu-Caruso, Amy E. Goldman, Samantha Grieger, Robert Hall Jr., Matthew H. Kaufman, Xinming Lin, Erin McCann, Sophia A. McKever, Allison Myers-Pigg, Opal C. Otenburg, Aaron C. Pelly, Huiying Ren, Lupita Renteria, Timothy D. Scheibe, Kyongho Son, Jerry Tagestad, Joshua M. Torgeson, and James C. Stegen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3038, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3038, 2024
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This research examines oxygen use in rivers, which is central to the carbon cycle and water quality. The study focused on an environmentally diverse river basin in the western United States and found that oxygen use in river water was very slow and influenced by factors like water temperature and concentrations of nutrients and carbon in the water. Results suggest that in the study system, most of the oxygen use occurs via mechanisms directly or indirectly associated with riverbed sediments.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Chonggang Xu, Bradley Christoffersen, Zachary Robbins, Ryan Knox, Rosie A. Fisher, Rutuja Chitra-Tarak, Martijn Slot, Kurt Solander, Lara Kueppers, Charles Koven, and Nate McDowell
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 6267–6283, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6267-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-6267-2023, 2023
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We introduce a plant hydrodynamic model for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)-sponsored model, the Functionally Assembled Terrestrial Ecosystem Simulator (FATES). To better understand this new model system and its functionality in tropical forest ecosystems, we conducted a global parameter sensitivity analysis at Barro Colorado Island, Panama. We identified the key parameters that affect the simulated plant hydrodynamics to guide both modeling and field campaign studies.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Emily B. Graham, Hyun-Seob Song, Samantha Grieger, Vanessa A. Garayburu-Caruso, James C. Stegen, Kevin D. Bladon, and Allison N. Myers-Pigg
Biogeosciences, 20, 3449–3457, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3449-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3449-2023, 2023
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Intensifying wildfires are increasing pyrogenic organic matter (PyOM) production and its impact on water quality. Recent work indicates that PyOM may have a greater impact on aquatic biogeochemistry than previously assumed, driven by higher bioavailability. We provide a full assessment of the potential bioavailability of PyOM across its chemical spectrum. We indicate that PyOM can be actively transformed within the river corridor and, therefore, may be a growing source of riverine C emissions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Peishi Jiang, Pin Shuai, Alexander Sun, Maruti K. Mudunuru, and Xingyuan Chen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 2621–2644, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2621-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2621-2023, 2023
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We developed a novel deep learning approach to estimate the parameters of a computationally expensive hydrological model on only a few hundred realizations. Our approach leverages the knowledge obtained by data-driven analysis to guide the design of the deep learning model used for parameter estimation. We demonstrate this approach by calibrating a state-of-the-art hydrological model against streamflow and evapotranspiration observations at a snow-dominated watershed in Colorado.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
James C. Stegen, Vanessa A. Garayburu-Caruso, Robert E. Danczak, Amy E. Goldman, Lupita Renteria, Joshua M. Torgeson, and Jacqueline Hager
Biogeosciences, 20, 2857–2867, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2857-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2857-2023, 2023
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Chemical reactions in river sediments influence how clean the water is and how much greenhouse gas comes out of a river. Our study investigates why some sediments have higher rates of chemical reactions than others. We find that to achieve high rates, sediments need to have two things: only a few different kinds of molecules, but a lot of them. This result spans about 80 rivers such that it could be a general rule, helpful for predicting the future of rivers and our planet.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Lingcheng Li, Yilin Fang, Zhonghua Zheng, Mingjie Shi, Marcos Longo, Charles D. Koven, Jennifer A. Holm, Rosie A. Fisher, Nate G. McDowell, Jeffrey Chambers, and L. Ruby Leung
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 4017–4040, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4017-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-4017-2023, 2023
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Accurately modeling plant coexistence in vegetation demographic models like ELM-FATES is challenging. This study proposes a repeatable method that uses machine-learning-based surrogate models to optimize plant trait parameters in ELM-FATES. Our approach significantly improves plant coexistence modeling, thus reducing errors. It has important implications for modeling ecosystem dynamics in response to climate change.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yilin Fang, L. Ruby Leung, Charles D. Koven, Gautam Bisht, Matteo Detto, Yanyan Cheng, Nate McDowell, Helene Muller-Landau, S. Joseph Wright, and Jeffrey Q. Chambers
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 7879–7901, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7879-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7879-2022, 2022
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We develop a model that integrates an Earth system model with a three-dimensional hydrology model to explicitly resolve hillslope topography and water flow underneath the land surface to understand how local-scale hydrologic processes modulate vegetation along water availability gradients. Our coupled model can be used to improve the understanding of the diverse impact of local heterogeneity and water flux on nutrient availability and plant communities.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Alexander Y. Sun, Peishi Jiang, Zong-Liang Yang, Yangxinyu Xie, and Xingyuan Chen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5163–5184, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5163-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5163-2022, 2022
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High-resolution river modeling is of great interest to local governments and stakeholders for flood-hazard mitigation. This work presents a physics-guided, machine learning (ML) framework for combining the strengths of high-resolution process-based river network models with a graph-based ML model capable of modeling spatiotemporal processes. Results show that the ML model can approximate the dynamics of the process model with high fidelity, and data fusion further improves the forecasting skill.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
James C. Stegen, Sarah J. Fansler, Malak M. Tfaily, Vanessa A. Garayburu-Caruso, Amy E. Goldman, Robert E. Danczak, Rosalie K. Chu, Lupita Renteria, Jerry Tagestad, and Jason Toyoda
Biogeosciences, 19, 3099–3110, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3099-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3099-2022, 2022
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Rivers are vital to Earth, and in rivers, organic matter (OM) is an energy source for microbes that make greenhouse gas and remove contaminants. Predicting Earth’s future requires understanding how and why river OM is transformed. Our results help meet this need. We found that the processes influencing OM transformations diverge between river water and riverbed sediments. This can be used to build new models for predicting the future of rivers and, in turn, the Earth system.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Pin Shuai, Xingyuan Chen, Utkarsh Mital, Ethan T. Coon, and Dipankar Dwivedi
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 2245–2276, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2245-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2245-2022, 2022
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Using an integrated watershed model, we compared simulated watershed hydrologic variables driven by three publicly available gridded meteorological forcings (GMFs) at various spatial and temporal resolutions. Our results demonstrated that spatially distributed variables are sensitive to the spatial resolution of the GMF. The temporal resolution of the GMF impacts the dynamics of watershed responses. The choice of GMF depends on the quantity of interest and its spatial and temporal scales.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Yunxiang Chen, Jie Bao, Yilin Fang, William A. Perkins, Huiying Ren, Xuehang Song, Zhuoran Duan, Zhangshuan Hou, Xiaoliang He, and Timothy D. Scheibe
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2917–2947, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2917-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2917-2022, 2022
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Climate change affects river discharge variations that alter streamflow. By integrating multi-type survey data with a computational fluid dynamics tool, OpenFOAM, we show a workflow that enables accurate and efficient streamflow modeling at 30 km and 5-year scales. The model accuracy for water stage and depth average velocity is −16–9 cm and 0.71–0.83 in terms of mean error and correlation coefficients. This accuracy indicates the model's reliability for evaluating climate impact on rivers.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Huiying Ren, Erol Cromwell, Ben Kravitz, and Xingyuan Chen
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 1727–1743, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1727-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1727-2022, 2022
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We used a deep learning method called long short-term memory (LSTM) to fill gaps in data collected by hydrologic monitoring networks. LSTM accounted for correlations in space and time and nonlinear trends in data. Compared to a traditional regression-based time-series method, LSTM performed comparably when filling gaps in data with smooth patterns, while it better captured highly dynamic patterns in data. Capturing such dynamics is critical for understanding dynamic complex system behaviors.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Wei Zhi, Yuning Shi, Hang Wen, Leila Saberi, Gene-Hua Crystal Ng, Kayalvizhi Sadayappan, Devon Kerins, Bryn Stewart, and Li Li
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 315–333, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-315-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-315-2022, 2022
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Watersheds are the fundamental Earth surface functioning unit that connects the land to aquatic systems. Here we present the recently developed BioRT-Flux-PIHM v1.0, a watershed-scale biogeochemical reactive transport model, to improve our ability to understand and predict solute export and water quality. The model has been verified against the benchmark code CrunchTope and has recently been applied to understand reactive transport processes in multiple watersheds of different conditions.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
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Short summary
The loss and gain of surface water (variable inundation) are common processes across Earth. Global change shifts variable inundation dynamics, highlighting a need for unified understanding that transcends individual variably inundated ecosystems (VIEs). We review the literature, highlight challenges, and emphasize opportunities to generate transferable knowledge by viewing VIEs through a common lens. We aim to inspire the emergence of a cross-VIE community based on a proposed continuum approach.
The loss and gain of surface water (variable inundation) are common processes across Earth....
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