This study explores the impact of modern climate change on single-celled, marine organisms in the Santa Barbara Basin called foraminifera. We collect their shells as they sink to the seafloor and compare our record (2014–2021) to previous studies (1993–1998). We find substantial decreases in total foraminifera and warm-water species. Likely influenced by ocean acidification and regional water circulation, these changes have implications for the marine carbon cycle, ecosystem, and fossil record.

We explored the possibilities of a Bayesian-based data assimilation algorithm to improve the wetland CH₄ flux estimates by a dynamic vegetation model. By assimilating CH₄ observations from 14 wetland sites, we calibrated model parameters and estimated large-scale annual emissions from northern wetlands. Our findings indicate that this approach leads to more reliable estimates of CH₄ dynamics, which will improve our understanding of the climate change feedback from wetland CH₄ emissions.

The Arctic is warming rapidly, altering carbon storage in Svalbard’s Kongsfjorden. Our study analyzed sediment cores to track organic carbon shifts over time. We found that increasing Atlantic Water inflow enhanced marine carbon while reducing land-derived inputs. These findings suggest that Atlantification is reshaping carbon sequestration in Arctic fjords, with broader implications for the Arctic carbon cycle.

Predicting soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in forests is crucial to determining the C balance, yet drivers of SOC stocks remain uncertain at large scales. Across a broad environmental gradient in Switzerland, we compared measured SOC stocks with those modeled by Yasso, which is commonly used for greenhouse gas budgets. We show that soil mineral properties and climate are the main controls of SOC stocks, indicating that better accounting of these processes will advance the accuracy of SOC stock predictions.

The arid region of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is a fragile ecosystem sensitive to environmental change. Changes in the soil carbon pool in this ecosystem will affect the terrestrial carbon cycle. The soil carbon pool in this region is mainly composed of soil inorganic carbon, and the response to environmental changes is clear. At the same time, the impact of environment on vegetation is also an important part of the carbon cycle of terrestrial organisms.

We analyse how climate drives seasonal and interannual CO₂ flux variability in European forests using data from 19 sites and both process-based and data-driven models. The impact of climate on the CO₂ flux annual cycle is strong and quite similar across Europe. On the other hand, the impact of climate on year-to-year CO₂ flux variability depends on the region and the season, with reversed correlations between spring and summer in northern and central Europe.

Research on methane emissions from African livestock is limited. We used a probabilistic method fusing drone and flux tower observations with an atmospheric model to estimate emissions from various herds. This approach proved robust under non-stationary wind conditions and effective in estimating emissions as low as 100 g h^-1. We also detected spectral anomalies in satellite data associated with the herds. Our method can be used for diverse point sources, thereby improving emission inventories.

The Southern Ocean carbon sink is a balance between two opposing forces: CO₂ absorption at mid-latitudes and CO₂ outgassing at high latitudes. Radiocarbon analysis can be used to constrain the latter, as upwelling waters outgas old CO₂, diluting atmospheric radiocarbon content. We present tree-ring radiocarbon measurements from Aotearoa / New Zealand and Chile. We show that low radiocarbon in Aotearoa / New Zealand’s Motu Ihupuku / Campbell Island is linked to outgassing in the critical Antarctic Southern Zone.

Ground-level ozone (O₃), heat, and water stress (WS) reduce wheat yields, threatening food security in India. O₃, heat, and WS interact as stressed plants close stomata, limiting O₃ entry and damage. This study models O₃ uptake under rainfed (WS) and irrigated conditions for current and future climates. Results show little O₃-related yield loss under WS but higher losses with irrigation. Both climate scenarios increase O₃-related losses, highlighting risks to India’s wheat productivity.

We introduced nitrogen-fixing tree species into Eucalyptus plantations. The results showed that nitrogen-fixing tree species mixed plantations increased microbial diversity and network complexity, as well as the abundance of genes related to the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles, while promoting soil phosphorus transformation. This suggests that mixed plantings could be a promising forest management strategy for enhancing phosphorus use efficiency in ecosystems.

Estimates of CO₂ fluxes from drained nutrient-rich organic soils in croplands and grasslands in the hemiboreal region of Europe revealed that annual net CO₂ fluxes were lower than the latest (2014) IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ) emission factors provided for the whole temperate zone, including the hemiboreal region. The contribution of CO₂ fluxes from shallow highly decomposed organic soils, former peatlands that no longer meet the IPCC criterion for organic soils, to total emissions can be high and should not be underestimated.

Poleward undercurrent eddies (Puddies) transport the source water mass with low oxygen hundreds of kilometers away from the coast. A simulation based on a physical–biogeochemical model was used to characterize the average biogeochemical conditions inside the Puddies during their lifetime while modifying the conditions in the open sea. Our findings show that the biological activity extends the low-oxygen core conditions counteracted by advection processes that tend to ventilate the core.

Insights on management's impact on forest carbon stocks are crucial for sustainable forest management practices. However, accurately monitoring carbon stocks remains a technological challenge. This study estimates above-ground carbon stock in managed and unmanaged forests using passive optical, synthetic aperture radar (SAR), and light detection and ranging (lidar) remote sensing data. Results show promising potential in using multiple remote sensing predictors and publicly available high-resolution data for mapping forest carbon stocks.