We explored nitrogen fixation in the Arctic Ocean, revealing its key role in supporting coastal productivity, especially near melting glaciers. By combining molecular data, rate measurements, and environmental analysis, we identified dominant microbes like symbiotic unicellular cyanobacteria and linked high nitrogen fixation to glacial melt. Our findings suggest that climate-driven changes may expand niches for these microbes, reshaping nitrogen cycles and Arctic productivity in the future.

This study documents previously unknown, shallow sediment stratigraphic archaeal zones that extend over a large section of the Scotian Slope of Northeastern Canada. These zones appear to be geochemically and not lithologically controlled. They are also not detectable by using traditional lipid biomarker ratios. They indicate subsurface microbial community structures to be more complex and tractable over large expanses of the continental margins.

We employed stable isotope and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analyses to characterize soil organic carbon sources and stability in Dongting Lake wetlands. Our results revealed vegetation elevated soil organic carbon (Miscanthus: 13.76; Carex: 12.98 g kg^-1 > mudflat: 6.88 g kg^-1), with plant-derived carbon dominating (47.5–53.3 %). Miscanthus exhibited lower soil organic carbon stability (high O-alkyl C), suggesting a higher risk of organic carbon loss in its floodplain ecosystems.

Enhanced rock weathering is a nature based negative emission technology, that permanently stores CO₂. It requires rock-flour to be added to arable land with the help of farmers. To be eligible for carbon credits calls for a simple but scientifically solid, so called, Monitoring, Reporting & Verification” (MRV). We demonstrate that the commonly used carbon-based accounting is ill-suited to close the balance in open systems such as arable land, and argue for cation-based accounting strategy.

Marine organic aerosols remain poorly quantified, which limits our understanding on the climate regulation of marine aerosols. Based on shipboard cruises over the Pacific Ocean, we proposed an observation-based parameterization approach to estimate the primary and secondary marine organic aerosols using sea surface chlorophyll a and sea salts in marine aerosols. The results highlight that the spatial distribution of marine organic aerosols was driven by the marine biological activities.

We introduced a new plant type into a global vegetation model to better represent the ecology of the Cerrado, South America's second largest biome. This improved the model’s ability to simulate vegetation structure, root systems, and fire dynamics, aligning more closely with observations. Our results enhance understanding of tropical savannas and provide a stronger basis for studying their responses to fire and climate change at regional and global scales.