Using an advanced optimisation method, we calibrated a crop model against dry matter, carbon and water exchanges. Although model predictions matched observations well, the process revealed weaknesses in the model, such as difficulty in representing evapotranspiration, especially during heatwaves. This multi-objective approach highlighted the need to better capture stomatal and non-stomatal responses in order to improve predictions of crop models.

We investigated how organic molecules in the ocean's surface layer accumulate and respond to wind. Using a large wind-wave tank filled with seawater, we found that natural molecules produced by marine microbes gather at the surface under light winds, slowing the exchange of gases such as carbon dioxide. When winds increase, this layer rapidly breaks down. These findings suggest that marine life can influence how the ocean and atmosphere interact, particularly in calm conditions.

This study quantifies particulate organic carbon export and peatland lateral degradation along the northern coast of Bengkalis Island, Indonesia, using field surveys and remote sensing. Estimated fluxes ranged from 2.06 to 7.60 tC m^-1 yr^-1 due to coastal erosion and 1.43 to 5.41 tC m^-1 from peat mass movement events. These results reveal a new carbon export pathway from tropical peatland coasts to marine environments, highlighting the role of coastal processes in the global carbon cycle.

Saltmarshes store carbon in their soils, contributing to climate change mitigation. We analysed five sites across New Zealand and found that carbon storage and accumulation rates vary widely with geomorphic setting, land use history and sediment inputs. Plant material was a major source of carbon in the soil and has been preserved in basal sediments for several centuries. These results improve national blue carbon estimates and highlight the role of saltmarshes as natural climate solutions.

The presented framework advances estimates of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen fluxes in the water column derived from in situ imaging-based particle size distribution data. By accounting for non-sinking particles, depth-dependent degradation, and a dynamic carbon-to-nitrogen ratio that evolves with particle age during settling, it provides a more accurate representation of organic matter export to the deep ocean.