This study focused on the individual and interactive effects of warming and CO₂ variations on the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia subcurvata and the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis antarctica. The results showed that both optimum and maximum growth temperatures of P. subcurvata were significantly higher than those of P. antarctica. CO₂ functional response curves at two temperatures showed a significant interactive effect between warming and CO₂. This study can help us to predict what will happen in future.

The mass-specific absorption coefficients of total suspended particulate matter (a_SPM*) had relatively low (high) values in areas of of the St. Lawrence Estuary influenced by marine (freshwater) waters and dominated by large-sized (small-sized) and organic-rich (mineral-rich) particulates. The inorganic content of particulates was correlated with size-fractionated a_SPM* values at a wavelength of 440 nm and the spectral slope of a_SPM* as computed within the spectral range 400–710 nm.

We assessed community-weighted functional canopy traits and indicative δ¹⁵N shifts along two new altitudinal transects in the tropical forest biome of both South America and Africa. We found that the functional forest composition and δ¹⁵N response along both transects was parallel, with a species shift towards more nitrogen-conservative species at higher elevations.

The heat content in the subpolar North Atlantic is in a new phase of long-term decrease from the mid-2000s, which intensified in 2013–2014. We focus on the pronounced heat content drop. In summer 2014, the MOC intensity was higher than the mean (2002–2012) and the heat transport was also relatively high. We show that the air–sea heat flux is responsible for most of the intense cooling. Concurrently, we observed freshwater content increase mainly explained by the air–sea freshwater flux.

The approach we present has the potential to contribute to the understanding of several types of plant interactions such as coexistence, competition and niche extent. By combining geophysical exploration techniques GPR and ERT we provide experimental evidence of horizontal roots located under exfoliated rocks and in water reservoirs. We also study how the roots access water retained in the weathered rock during droughty periods and the implications for survival and coexistence of forest species.

In relation to ocean acidification and warming, most studies are focused on specific responses but do not consider species interactions. This study examined experimentally the response of a maerl bed community, composed of calcareous and fleshy algae and grazers, to ocean acidification and warming. Our results indicate that the response of marine communities to climate change will depend on the direct effects on species physiology and the indirect effects due to shifts in species interactions.

This study examined the combined effect of seawater warming and organic matter enrichment on coral reef sediment metabolism. Sediments under control conditions were net autotrophic and net calcifying. Warming shifted the sediment to net heterotrophy and net dissolution, while organic matter enrichment increased net production and net calcification. When combined, the effects of each treatment were counterbalanced and sediment metabolism did not significantly differ from control treatments.

Here, we measured soil EEA using a gradient of incubation temperatures in 78-year-old tree plantations. We established a new tree species–enzyme–C/N model to explain why exotic slash pine can grow faster, as it has longer residual soil N residence time than native pine specie. To our knowledge this is the first study to clearly show that when soils with different C contents are subject to warming, high C soil has more C losses but differences in residual C between them become larger and larger.

We report a mechanistic model for linking biophysical and chemical processes in Cyanobacterial crusts comprised of trophically interacting photoautotrophs, aerobic and anaerobic heterotrophs, and nitrifiers. The biocrust model captures salient aspects of microbial activity and community organisation in response to diurnal cycles of light and temperature. The framework offers new mechanistic insights into a host of highly dynamic and spatially resolved processes shaping biogeochemical fluxes.

We present a workflow to link paleogeographic maps to alternative plate tectonic models, alleviating the problem that published global paleogeographic maps are generally presented as static maps and tied to a particular plate model. We further develop an approach to improve paleogeography using paleobiology. The resulting paleogeographies are consistent with proxies of eustatic sea level change since ~400 Myr ago. We make the digital global paleogeographic maps available as an open resource.

The effects of C turnover time on ecosystem C storage have not been well explored, so we quantified the spatial variation in ecosystem C storage over time from changes in C turnover time and/or NPP. Our results showed that the terrestrial C release caused by the decrease in MTT only accounted for about 13.5 % of that due to the change in NPP uptake. However, the larger uncertainties in the spatial variation of MTT than temporal changes would lead to a greater impact on ecosystem C storage.

Climate change disturbances are the main factor that affects the grassland on a large scale in long-term impact assessments. Here, the total grassland biomass had a negative relationship with the grazing, and the SOC had a positive relationship with the grazing intensity. The total grassland biomass and average SOC in QTP grassland were reduced significantly under the future climate change projection. The change in the biomass and SOC had significant differences in the spatial distribution.

Shallow ponds and lakes are common features in permafrost systems. We show that the chemistry of these water bodies can be dynamic, although the changes are consistent through time between ponds. This synchrony in some water chemistry appears to be related to water level variations. Because hydrological conditions can vary greatly over the course of the year and during a storm, this work underscores the importance of interpreting water samples from these systems within their hydrologic context.

This study is the first to examine how permafrost slumping affects dissolved organic carbon (DOC) mobilization in landscapes dominated by glacial tills. Unlike in previous studies, we find that slumping is associated with decreased DOC concentrations in downstream systems – an effect that appears to occur via adsorption to fine-grained sediments. This work adds significantly to our understanding of varying effects of permafrost thaw on organic carbon mobilization across diverse Arctic regions.

Understanding the contribution of the vegetation and dune size to nebkha dune growth could improve model predictions on coastal dune development. We monitored a natural nebkha dune field with a drone with camera. Our results show that dune growth in summer is mainly determined by dune size, whereas in winter dune growth was determined by vegetation. In our study area the growth of exposed dunes was restricted by storm erosion, whereas growth of sheltered dunes was restricted by sand supply.

We use machine learning to extrapolate ship measurements of CO₂ using satellite data. We present two ML methods new to this field. These methods perform well in the context of previous work and reproduce the decadal trends of previous estimates. To test the methods, we simulate the exact observed setup in biogeochemical ocean model output. We show that the new methods perform well in synthetic data. Lastly, we show that there is only a weak bias due to undersampling in the SOCAT v3 dataset.

Isoprene flux measurements made above five European oak forests were reviewed to generate new emission potentials. Six variations of the Guenther algorithms were inverted to back out time series of isoprene emission potential, and then an “average” emission potential was determined using one of four commonly used approaches. Our results show that emission potentials can vary by up to a factor of 4 and highlight the need for the community to now harmonize their approach to reduce uncertainty.

We use the aquatic eddy covariance technique – developed first for benthic O₂ flux measurements – right below the air–water interface (~ 4 cm) to determine gas exchange rates and coefficients. This use of the technique is particularly useful in studies of gas exchange and its dynamics and controls. The approach can thus help reduce the recognized problem of large uncertainties linked to gas exchange estimates in traditional aquatic ecosystem studies.

We present reconstructions of paleotemperature, paleosalinity, and paleoecology from the Little Belt (Site M0059) over the past ~ 8000 years and evaluate the applicability of numerous proxies. Conditions were lacustrine until ~ 7400 cal yr BP. A transition to brackish–marine conditions then occurred within ~ 200 years. Salinity proxies rarely allowed quantitative estimates but revealed congruent results, while quantitative temperature reconstructions differed depending on the proxies used.