Articles | Volume 17, issue 20
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5097-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5097-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
21 Oct 2020
Research article |
| 21 Oct 2020
| 21 Oct 2020
Interactive impacts of meteorological and hydrological conditions on the physical and biogeochemical structure of a coastal system
Institute for Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
Yoana G. Voynova
Institute for Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
Fatemeh Chegini
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Germany
now at: Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Holger Brix
Institute for Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
Ulrich Callies
Institute for Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
Richard Hofmeister
Institute for Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
Knut Klingbeil
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Germany
Corinna Schrum
Institute for Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
Justus E. E. van Beusekom
Institute for Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
Related authors
Onur Kerimoglu, Markus Pahlow, Prima Anugerahanti, and Sherwood Lan Smith
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 95–108, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-95-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-95-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In classical models that track the changes in the elemental composition of phytoplankton, additional state variables are required for each element resolved. In this study, we show how the behavior of such an explicit model can be approximated using an
instantaneous acclimationapproach, in which the elemental composition of the phytoplankton is assumed to adjust to an optimal value instantaneously. Through rigorous tests, we evaluate the consistency of this scheme.
Onur Kerimoglu, Prima Anugerahanti, and Sherwood Lan Smith
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6025–6047, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6025-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6025-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In large-scale models, variations in cellular composition of phytoplankton are often insufficiently represented. Detailed modeling approaches exist, but they require additional state variables that increase the computational costs. In this study, we test an instantaneous acclimation model in a spatially explicit setup and show that its behavior is mostly similar to that of a variant with an additional state variable but different from that of a fixed composition variant.
Onur Kerimoglu, Richard Hofmeister, Joeran Maerz, Rolf Riethmüller, and Kai W. Wirtz
Biogeosciences, 14, 4499–4531, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4499-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4499-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we present a coupled physical–biogeochemical model, in which the acclimation of autotrophs to their resource environment is resolved based on optimality arguments. The model is implemented in the southern North Sea, a shallow coastal system. Based on comparisons with multiple data sources, we show that the model can reproduce the variability in the system for the period 2000–2010 and analyze the mechanisms driving the large-scale, persistent coastal gradients in the system.
Mona Norbisrath, Justus E. E. van Beusekom, and Helmuth Thomas
Ocean Sci., 20, 1423–1440, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1423-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-20-1423-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present an observational study investigating total alkalinity (TA) in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Discrete water samples were used to identify the TA spatial distribution patterns and locate and shed light on TA sources. By observing a tidal cycle, the sediments and pore water exchange were identified as local TA sources. We assumed metabolically driven CaCO3 dissolution as the TA source in the upper, oxic sediments and anaerobic metabolic processes as TA sources in the deeper, anoxic ones.
Julia Meyer, Yoana G. Voynova, Bryce Van Dam, Lara Luitjens, Dagmar Daehne, and Helmuth Thomas
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3048, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3048, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The study highlights the inter-seasonal variability of the carbonate dynamics of the East Frisian Wadden Sea, the world's largest intertidal area. During spring, increased biological activity leads to lower CO2 and nitrate levels, while total alkalinity (TA) rises slightly. In summer, TA increases, enhancing the ocean's ability to absorb CO2. Our research emphasizes the vital role of these intertidal regions in regulating carbon, contributing to a better understanding of carbon storage.
Tridib Banerjee, Patrick Scholz, Sergey Danilov, Knut Klingbeil, and Dmitry Sidorenko
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 7051–7065, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7051-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-7051-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we propose a new alternative to one of the functionalities of the sea ice model FESOM2. The alternative we propose allows the model to capture and simulate fast changes in quantities like sea surface elevation more accurately. We also demonstrate that the new alternative is faster and more adept at taking advantages of highly parallelized computing infrastructure. We therefore show that this new alternative is a great addition to the sea ice model FESOM2.
Ingeborg Bussmann, Eric P. Achterberg, Holger Brix, Nicolas Brüggemann, Götz Flöser, Claudia Schütze, and Philipp Fischer
Biogeosciences, 21, 3819–3838, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3819-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3819-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Methane (CH4) is an important greenhouse gas and contributes to climate warming. However, the input of CH4 from coastal areas to the atmosphere is not well defined. Dissolved and atmospheric CH4 was determined at high spatial resolution in or above the North Sea. The atmospheric CH4 concentration was mainly influenced by wind direction. With our detailed study on the spatial distribution of CH4 fluxes we were able to provide a detailed and more realistic estimation of coastal CH4 fluxes.
Vlad A. Macovei, Louise C. V. Rewrie, Rüdiger Röttgers, and Yoana G. Voynova
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2643, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2643, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A commercial vessel equipped with scientific instruments regularly travelled between two large macro-tidal estuaries. We found that biogeochemical variability in the outer estuaries is driven by the 14-day spring-neap tidal cycle, with strong effects on dissolved inorganic and organic carbon concentrations and distribution. Since this land-sea interface effect increases the strength of the carbon source to the atmosphere by 74 % during spring tide, it should be accounted for in regional models.
Louise C. V. Rewrie, Burkard Baschek, Justus E. E. van Beusekom, Arne Körtzinger, Gregor Ollesch, and Yoana G. Voynova
Biogeosciences, 20, 4931–4947, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4931-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4931-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
After heavy pollution in the 1980s, a long-term inorganic carbon increase in the Elbe Estuary (1997–2020) was fueled by phytoplankton and organic carbon production in the upper estuary, associated with improved water quality. A recent drought (2014–2020) modulated the trend, extending the water residence time and the dry summer season into May. The drought enhanced production of inorganic carbon in the estuary but significantly decreased the annual inorganic carbon export to coastal waters.
Mona Norbisrath, Andreas Neumann, Kirstin Dähnke, Tina Sanders, Andreas Schöl, Justus E. E. van Beusekom, and Helmuth Thomas
Biogeosciences, 20, 4307–4321, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4307-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4307-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Total alkalinity (TA) is the oceanic capacity to store CO2. Estuaries can be a TA source. Anaerobic metabolic pathways like denitrification (reduction of NO3− to N2) generate TA and are a major nitrogen (N) sink. Another important N sink is anammox that transforms NH4+ with NO2− into N2 without TA generation. By combining TA and N2 production, we identified a TA source, denitrification, occurring in the water column and suggest anammox as the dominant N2 producer in the bottom layer of the Ems.
Gesa Schulz, Tina Sanders, Yoana G. Voynova, Hermann W. Bange, and Kirstin Dähnke
Biogeosciences, 20, 3229–3247, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3229-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3229-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas. However, N2O emissions from estuaries underlie significant uncertainties due to limited data availability and high spatiotemporal variability. We found the Elbe Estuary (Germany) to be a year-round source of N2O, with the highest emissions in winter along with high nitrogen loads. However, in spring and summer, N2O emissions did not decrease alongside lower nitrogen loads because organic matter fueled in situ N2O production along the estuary.
Johannes J. Rick, Mirco Scharfe, Tatyana Romanova, Justus E. E. van Beusekom, Ragnhild Asmus, Harald Asmus, Finn Mielck, Anja Kamp, Rainer Sieger, and Karen H. Wiltshire
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1037–1057, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1037-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1037-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Sylt Roads (Wadden Sea) time series is illustrated. Since 1984, the water temperature has risen by 1.1 °C, while pH and salinity decreased by 0.2 and 0.3 units. Nutrients (P, N) displayed a period of high eutrophication until 1998 and have decreased since 1999, while Si showed a parallel increase. Chlorophyll did not mirror these changes, probably due to a switch in nutrient limitation. Until 1998, algae were primarily limited by Si, and since 1999, P limitation has become more important.
Onur Kerimoglu, Markus Pahlow, Prima Anugerahanti, and Sherwood Lan Smith
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 95–108, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-95-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-95-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In classical models that track the changes in the elemental composition of phytoplankton, additional state variables are required for each element resolved. In this study, we show how the behavior of such an explicit model can be approximated using an
instantaneous acclimationapproach, in which the elemental composition of the phytoplankton is assumed to adjust to an optimal value instantaneously. Through rigorous tests, we evaluate the consistency of this scheme.
Kirstin Dähnke, Tina Sanders, Yoana Voynova, and Scott D. Wankel
Biogeosciences, 19, 5879–5891, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5879-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5879-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrogen is an important macronutrient that fuels algal production in rivers and coastal regions. We investigated the production and removal of nitrogen-bearing compounds in the freshwater section of the tidal Elbe Estuary and found that particles in the water column are key for the production and removal of water column nitrate. Using a stable isotope approach, we pinpointed regions where additional removal of nitrate or input from sediments plays an important role in estuarine biogeochemistry.
Mona Norbisrath, Johannes Pätsch, Kirstin Dähnke, Tina Sanders, Gesa Schulz, Justus E. E. van Beusekom, and Helmuth Thomas
Biogeosciences, 19, 5151–5165, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5151-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5151-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Total alkalinity (TA) regulates the oceanic storage capacity of atmospheric CO2. TA is also metabolically generated in estuaries and influences coastal carbon storage through its inflows. We used water samples and identified the Hamburg port area as the one with highest TA generation. Of the overall riverine TA load, 14 % is generated within the estuary. Using a biogeochemical model, we estimated potential effects on the coastal carbon storage under possible anthropogenic and climate changes.
Gesa Schulz, Tina Sanders, Justus E. E. van Beusekom, Yoana G. Voynova, Andreas Schöl, and Kirstin Dähnke
Biogeosciences, 19, 2007–2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2007-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2007-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Estuaries can significantly alter nutrient loads before reaching coastal waters. Our study of the heavily managed Ems estuary (Northern Germany) reveals three zones of nitrogen turnover along the estuary with water-column denitrification in the most upstream hyper-turbid part, nitrate production in the middle reaches and mixing/nitrate uptake in the North Sea. Suspended particulate matter was the overarching control on nitrogen cycling in the hyper-turbid estuary.
Vera Fofonova, Tuomas Kärnä, Knut Klingbeil, Alexey Androsov, Ivan Kuznetsov, Dmitry Sidorenko, Sergey Danilov, Hans Burchard, and Karen Helen Wiltshire
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6945–6975, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6945-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6945-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a test case of river plume spreading to evaluate coastal ocean models. Our test case reveals the level of numerical mixing (due to parameterizations used and numerical treatment of processes in the model) and the ability of models to reproduce complex dynamics. The major result of our comparative study is that accuracy in reproducing the analytical solution depends less on the type of applied model architecture or numerical grid than it does on the type of advection scheme.
Onur Kerimoglu, Prima Anugerahanti, and Sherwood Lan Smith
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6025–6047, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6025-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6025-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In large-scale models, variations in cellular composition of phytoplankton are often insufficiently represented. Detailed modeling approaches exist, but they require additional state variables that increase the computational costs. In this study, we test an instantaneous acclimation model in a spatially explicit setup and show that its behavior is mostly similar to that of a variant with an additional state variable but different from that of a fixed composition variant.
Tobias Peter Bauer, Peter Holtermann, Bernd Heinold, Hagen Radtke, Oswald Knoth, and Knut Klingbeil
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4843–4863, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4843-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4843-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present the coupled atmosphere–ocean model system ICONGETM. The added value and potential of using the latest coupling technologies are discussed in detail. An exchange grid handles the different coastlines from the unstructured atmosphere and the structured ocean grids. Due to a high level of automated processing, ICONGETM requires only minimal user input. The application to a coastal upwelling scenario demonstrates significantly improved model results compared to uncoupled simulations.
Qing Li, Jorn Bruggeman, Hans Burchard, Knut Klingbeil, Lars Umlauf, and Karsten Bolding
Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 4261–4282, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4261-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4261-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Different ocean vertical mixing schemes are usually developed in different modeling framework, making the comparison across such schemes difficult. Here, we develop a consistent framework for testing, comparing, and applying different ocean mixing schemes by integrating CVMix into GOTM, which also extends the capability of GOTM towards including the effects of ocean surface waves. A suite of test cases and toolsets for developing and evaluating ocean mixing schemes is also described.
Ulrich Callies
Ocean Sci., 17, 527–541, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-527-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-527-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
An analysis of simulated German Bight surface currents reveals linear structures along which water bodies of different origin converge. Identification of these non-stationary structures supports the interpretation of monitoring data; observations gathered at stations that are neighbouring but separated by a line of convergence may substantially differ. The analysis could also be helpful for organizing field campaigns such that new observations do not just duplicate information already available.
Robert Daniel Osinski, Kristina Enders, Ulf Gräwe, Knut Klingbeil, and Hagen Radtke
Ocean Sci., 16, 1491–1507, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1491-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1491-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the impact of the uncertainty in atmospheric data of a storm event on the transport of microplastics and sediments. The model chain includes the WRF atmospheric model, the WAVEWATCH III® wave model, and the GETM regional ocean model as well as a sediment transport model based on the FABM framework. An ensemble approach based on stochastic perturbations of the WRF model is used. We found a strong impact of atmospheric uncertainty on the amount of transported material.
Alexander Bratek, Justus E. E. van
Beusekom, Andreas Neumann, Tina Sanders, Jana Friedrich, Kay-Christian Emeis, and Kirstin Dähnke
Biogeosciences, 17, 2839–2851, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2839-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2839-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The following paper highlights the importance of benthic N-transformation rates in different sediment types in the southern North Sea as a source of fixed nitrogen for primary producers and also as a sink of fixed nitrogen. Sedimentary fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen support ∼7 to 59 % of the average annual primary production. Semi-permeable and permeable sediments contribute ∼68 % of the total benthic N2 production rates, counteracting eutrophication in the southern North Sea.
Johannes Pein, Annika Eisele, Richard Hofmeister, Tina Sanders, Ute Daewel, Emil V. Stanev, Justus van Beusekom, Joanna Staneva, and Corinna Schrum
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-265, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-265, 2019
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
The Elbe estuary is subject to vigorous tidal forcing from the sea side and considerable biological inputs from the land side. Our 3D numerical coupled physical-biogeochemical integrates these forcing signals and provides highly realistic hindcasts of the associated dynamics. Model simulations show that the freshwater part of Elbe estuary is inhabited by plankton. According to simulations these organism play a key role in converting organic inputs into nitrate, the major inorganic nutrient.
Ulrich Callies, Ruben Carrasco, Jens Floeter, Jochen Horstmann, and Markus Quante
Ocean Sci., 15, 865–889, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-865-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-865-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We analyse how surface drifters separate after being released as pairs or triplets in close proximity to wind farms. There is some tentative evidence that these drifters experience turbulent flows arising from an interaction between tidal currents and wind turbine towers. However, more comprehensive studies would be needed to clearly distinguish such wind-farm-related effects from the effects of turbulence that naturally occurs in a complex coastal environment.
Marvin Lorenz, Knut Klingbeil, Parker MacCready, and Hans Burchard
Ocean Sci., 15, 601–614, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-601-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-601-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Estuaries are areas where riverine and oceanic waters meet and mix. The exchange flow of an estuary describes the water properties of the inflowing and outflowing water. These can be described by simple bulk values for volume fluxes and salinities. This work focuses on the numerics of one computational method for these values, the Total Exchange Flow. We show that only the so-called dividing salinity method is able to reliably calculate the correct values, even for complex situations.
Ute Daewel, Corinna Schrum, and Jed I. Macdonald
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 1765–1789, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1765-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1765-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Here we propose a novel modelling approach that includes an extended food web in a functional-group-type marine ecosystem model (ECOSMO E2E) by formulating new groups for macrobenthos and fish. This enables the estimation of the dynamics of the higher-trophic-level production potential and constitutes a more consistent closure term for the lower-trophic-level ecosystem. Thus, the model allows for the study of the control mechanisms for marine ecosystems at a high spatial and temporal resolution.
Changjin Zhao, Ute Daewel, and Corinna Schrum
Earth Syst. Dynam., 10, 287–317, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-287-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-287-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Our study highlights the importance of tides in controlling the spatial and temporal distributions North Sea primary production based on numerical experiments. We identified two different response chains acting in different regions of the North Sea. (i) In the southern shallow areas, strong tidal mixing dilutes phytoplankton concentrations and increases turbidity, thus decreasing NPP. (ii) In the frontal regions, tidal mixing infuses nutrients into the surface mixed layer, thus increasing NPP.
Alexey Androsov, Vera Fofonova, Ivan Kuznetsov, Sergey Danilov, Natalja Rakowsky, Sven Harig, Holger Brix, and Karen Helen Wiltshire
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 1009–1028, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1009-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1009-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present a description of a coastal ocean circulation model designed to work on variable-resolution meshes made of triangular and quadrilateral cells. This hybrid mesh functionality allows for higher numerical performance and less dissipative solutions.
Carsten Lemmen, Richard Hofmeister, Knut Klingbeil, M. Hassan Nasermoaddeli, Onur Kerimoglu, Hans Burchard, Frank Kösters, and Kai W. Wirtz
Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 915–935, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-915-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-915-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
To describe coasts in a computer model, many processes have to be represented, from the air to the water to the ocean floor, from different scientific disciplines. No existing computer model adequately addresses this complexity. We present the Modular System for Shelves and Coasts (MOSSCO), which embraces this diversity and flexibly connects several tens of individual process models. MOSSCO also makes it easier to bring local knowledge to the Earth system level.
Tom J. S. Cox, Justus E. E. van Beusekom, and Karline Soetaert
Biogeosciences, 14, 5271–5280, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5271-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5271-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Photosynthesis by phytoplankton is a key source of oxygen (O2) in aquatic systems. We have developed a mathematical technique to calculate the rate of photosynthesis from time series of O2. Additionally, the approach leads to a better understanding of the influence on O2 measurements of the tides in coasts and estuaries. The results are important for correctly interpreting the data that are gathered by a growing set of continuous O2 sensors that are deployed around the world.
Onur Kerimoglu, Richard Hofmeister, Joeran Maerz, Rolf Riethmüller, and Kai W. Wirtz
Biogeosciences, 14, 4499–4531, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4499-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-4499-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we present a coupled physical–biogeochemical model, in which the acclimation of autotrophs to their resource environment is resolved based on optimality arguments. The model is implemented in the southern North Sea, a shallow coastal system. Based on comparisons with multiple data sources, we show that the model can reproduce the variability in the system for the period 2000–2010 and analyze the mechanisms driving the large-scale, persistent coastal gradients in the system.
Ulrich Callies, Nikolaus Groll, Jochen Horstmann, Hartmut Kapitza, Holger Klein, Silvia Maßmann, and Fabian Schwichtenberg
Ocean Sci., 13, 799–827, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-799-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-799-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Six surface drifters were tracked in the inner German Bight for between 9 and 54 days. Corresponding simulations were conducted based on currents from two hydrodynamic models. Effects of including either a direct wind drag or simulated Stokes drift were similar during most of the time. Results suggest that main sources of simulation errors were inaccurate Eulerian currents and lacking representation of sub-grid-scale processes. Substantial model errors often occurred under low wind conditions.
Ute Daewel and Corinna Schrum
Earth Syst. Dynam., 8, 801–815, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-801-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-801-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Processes behind observed long-term variations in marine ecosystems are difficult to be deduced from in situ observations only. By statistically analysing a 61-year model simulation for the North Sea and Baltic Sea and additional model scenarios, we identified major modes of variability in the environmental variables and associated those with changes in primary production. We found that the dominant impact on changes in ecosystem productivity was introduced by modulations of the wind fields.
Burkard Baschek, Friedhelm Schroeder, Holger Brix, Rolf Riethmüller, Thomas H. Badewien, Gisbert Breitbach, Bernd Brügge, Franciscus Colijn, Roland Doerffer, Christiane Eschenbach, Jana Friedrich, Philipp Fischer, Stefan Garthe, Jochen Horstmann, Hajo Krasemann, Katja Metfies, Lucas Merckelbach, Nino Ohle, Wilhelm Petersen, Daniel Pröfrock, Rüdiger Röttgers, Michael Schlüter, Jan Schulz, Johannes Schulz-Stellenfleth, Emil Stanev, Joanna Staneva, Christian Winter, Kai Wirtz, Jochen Wollschläger, Oliver Zielinski, and Friedwart Ziemer
Ocean Sci., 13, 379–410, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-379-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-379-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Coastal Observing System for Northern and Arctic Seas (COSYNA) was established in order to better understand the complex interdisciplinary processes of northern seas and the Arctic coasts in a changing environment. Particular focus is given to the heavily used German Bight in the North Sea. The automated observing and modelling system is designed to monitor real-time conditions, to provide short-term forecasts and data products, and to assess the impact of anthropogenically induced change.
Yoana G. Voynova, Holger Brix, Wilhelm Petersen, Sieglinde Weigelt-Krenz, and Mirco Scharfe
Biogeosciences, 14, 541–557, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-541-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-541-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on how the June 2013 Elbe River flood affected the southern German Bight. The largest summer flood within the last 140 years, it generated a substantial plume of nutrient-rich, buoyant waters from the Elbe estuary onto the coast. During the calm 2013 summer, the flood was followed by prolonged (2-month) water column stratification, chlorophyll blooms in surface, and uncharacteristically low oxygen in bottom waters. With climate change, these events are becoming more frequent.
Joeran Maerz, Richard Hofmeister, Eefke M. van der Lee, Ulf Gräwe, Rolf Riethmüller, and Kai W. Wirtz
Biogeosciences, 13, 4863–4876, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4863-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4863-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated sinking velocity (ws) of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the German Bight. By inferring ws indirectly from an extensive turbidity data set and hydrodynamic model results, we found enhanced ws in a coastal transition zone. Combined with known residual circulation patterns, this led to a new conceptual understanding of the retention of fine minerals and nutrients in shallow coastal areas. The retention is likely modulated by algal excretions enhancing flocculation of SPM.
A. Canion, J. E. Kostka, T. M. Gihring, M. Huettel, J. E. E. van Beusekom, H. Gao, G. Lavik, and M. M. M. Kuypers
Biogeosciences, 11, 309–320, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-309-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-309-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Biogeophysics: Physical - Biological Coupling
Source-to-sink pathways of dissolved organic carbon in the river–estuary–ocean continuum: a modeling investigation
Impact of livestock activity on near-surface ground temperatures in central Mongolian grasslands
Impact of canopy environmental variables on the diurnal dynamics of water and carbon dioxide exchange at leaf and canopy level
Unique ocean circulation pathways reshape the Indian Ocean oxygen minimum zone with warming
Contribution of the open ocean to the nutrient and phytoplankton inventory in a semi-enclosed coastal sea
The contrasted phytoplankton dynamics across a frontal system in the southwestern Mediterranean Sea
Sub-frontal niches of plankton communities driven by transport and trophic interactions at ocean fronts
Differential feeding habits of the shallow-water hydrothermal vent crab Xenograpsus testudinatus correlate with their resident vent types at a scale of meters
Satellite data reveal earlier and stronger phytoplankton blooms over fronts in the Gulf Stream region
Assimilation of multiple datasets results in large differences in regional- to global-scale NEE and GPP budgets simulated by a terrestrial biosphere model
Spatiotemporal lagging of predictors improves machine learning estimates of atmosphere–forest CO2 exchange
Phytoplankton reaction to an intense storm in the north-western Mediterranean Sea
Lagrangian and Eulerian time and length scales of mesoscale ocean chlorophyll from Bio-Argo floats and satellites
Reply to Lars Olof Björn's comment on “Fundamental molecules of life are pigments which arose and co-evolved as a response to the thermodynamic imperative of dissipating the prevailing solar spectrum” by Michaelian and Simeonov (2015)
Modelling submerged biofouled microplastics and their vertical trajectories
A Bayesian sequential updating approach to predict phenology of silage maize
Using an oceanographic model to investigate the mystery of the missing puerulus
Climate pathways behind phytoplankton-induced atmospheric warming
Impact of moderately energetic fine-scale dynamics on the phytoplankton community structure in the western Mediterranean Sea
Seasonal ecosystem vulnerability to climatic anomalies in the Mediterranean
Grazing behavior and winter phytoplankton accumulation
Episodic subduction patches in the western North Pacific identified from BGC-Argo float data
Do Loop Current eddies stimulate productivity in the Gulf of Mexico?
Quasi-tropical cyclone caused anomalous autumn coccolithophore bloom in the Black Sea
Divergent climate feedbacks on winter wheat growing and dormancy periods as affected by sowing date in the North China Plain
Microclimatic comparison of lichen heaths and shrubs: shrubification generates atmospheric heating but subsurface cooling during the growing season
Fire and vegetation dynamics in northwest Siberia during the last 60 years based on high-resolution remote sensing
Evidence of eddy-related deep-ocean current variability in the northeast tropical Pacific Ocean induced by remote gap winds
Root uptake under mismatched distributions of water and nutrients in the root zone
Protists and collembolans alter microbial community composition, C dynamics and soil aggregation in simplified consumer–prey systems
Abundance and viability of particle-attached and free-floating bacteria in dusty and nondusty air
Linking tundra vegetation, snow, soil temperature, and permafrost
Drivers of the spatial phytoplankton gradient in estuarine–coastal systems: generic implications of a case study in a Dutch tidal bay
Biological and biogeochemical methods for estimating bioirrigation: a case study in the Oosterschelde estuary
Dissolved inorganic nitrogen and particulate organic nitrogen budget in the Yucatán shelf: driving mechanisms through a physical–biogeochemical coupled model
Basal thermal regime affects the biogeochemistry of subglacial systems
Influence of oceanic conditions in the energy transfer efficiency estimation of a micronekton model
Modulation of the North Atlantic deoxygenation by the slowdown of the nutrient stream
Stand age and species composition effects on surface albedo in a mixedwood boreal forest
Assessing the peatland hummock–hollow classification framework using high-resolution elevation models: implications for appropriate complexity ecosystem modeling
Tidal and seasonal forcing of dissolved nutrient fluxes in reef communities
Ideas and perspectives: Development of nascent autotrophic carbon fixation systems in various redox conditions of the fluid degassing on early Earth
Vertical distribution of chlorophyll in dynamically distinct regions of the southern Bay of Bengal
Remote and local drivers of oxygen and nitrate variability in the shallow oxygen minimum zone off Mauritania in June 2014
Longitudinal contrast in turbulence along a ∼ 19° S section in the Pacific and its consequences for biogeochemical fluxes
Ideas and perspectives: Strengthening the biogeosciences in environmental research networks
Imprint of Southern Ocean mesoscale eddies on chlorophyll
Grazing increases litter decomposition rate but decreases nitrogen release rate in an alpine meadow
Large- to submesoscale surface circulation and its implications on biogeochemical/biological horizontal distributions during the OUTPACE cruise (southwest Pacific)
OUTPACE long duration stations: physical variability, context of biogeochemical sampling, and evaluation of sampling strategy
Jialing Yao, Zhi Chen, Jianzhong Ge, and Wenyan Zhang
Biogeosciences, 21, 5435–5455, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5435-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5435-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The transformation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in estuaries is vital for coastal carbon cycling. We studied source-to-sink pathways of DOC in the Changjiang Estuary using a physics–biogeochemistry model. Results showed a transition of DOC from a sink to a source in the plume area during summer, with a transition from terrestrial-dominant to marine-dominant DOC. Terrigenous and marine DOC exports account for about 31 % and 69 %, respectively.
Robin Benjamin Zweigel, Avirmed Dashtseren, Khurelbaatar Temuujin, Anarmaa Sharkhuu, Clare Webster, Hanna Lee, and Sebastian Westermann
Biogeosciences, 21, 5059–5077, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5059-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5059-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Intense grazing at grassland sites removes vegetation, reduces the snow cover, and inhibits litter layers from forming. Grazed sites generally have a larger annual ground surface temperature amplitude than ungrazed sites, but the net effect depends on effects in the transitional seasons. Our results also suggest that seasonal use of pastures can reduce ground temperatures, which can be a strategy to protect currently degrading grassland permafrost.
Raquel González-Armas, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Mary Rose Mangan, Oscar Hartogensis, and Hugo de Boer
Biogeosciences, 21, 2425–2445, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2425-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2425-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper investigates the water and CO2 exchange for an alfalfa field with observations and a model with spatial scales ranging from the stomata to the atmospheric boundary layer. To relate the environmental factors to the leaf gas exchange, we developed three equations that quantify how many of the temporal changes of the leaf gas exchange occur due to changes in the environmental variables. The novelty of the research resides in the capacity to dissect the dynamics of the leaf gas exchange.
Sam Ditkovsky, Laure Resplandy, and Julius Busecke
Biogeosciences, 20, 4711–4736, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4711-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4711-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The global ocean is losing oxygen due to warming. The Indian Ocean, however, is gaining oxygen in large parts of the basin, and its naturally occurring oxygen minimum zone is not expanding. This rather unexpected response is explained by the unique ocean circulation of the Indian Ocean, which is bounded by a continent to the north but connected to the Pacific Ocean by the Indonesian Throughflow.
Qian Leng, Xinyu Guo, Junying Zhu, and Akihiko Morimoto
Biogeosciences, 20, 4323–4338, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4323-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4323-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using a numerical model, we revealed that a large proportion of nutrients in a semi-enclosed sea (Seto Inland Sea, Japan) comes from the Pacific Ocean and supports about half of the phytoplankton growth in the sea. Such results imply that the human-made management of nutrient load from land needs to consider the presence of oceanic nutrients, which act as a background concentration and are not controlled by human activities.
Roxane Tzortzis, Andrea M. Doglioli, Monique Messié, Stéphanie Barrillon, Anne A. Petrenko, Lloyd Izard, Yuan Zhao, Francesco d'Ovidio, Franck Dumas, and Gérald Gregori
Biogeosciences, 20, 3491–3508, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3491-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3491-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We studied a finescale frontal structure in order to highlight its influence on the dynamics and distribution of phytoplankton communities. We computed the growth rates of several phytoplankton groups identified by flow cytometry in two water masses separated by the front. We found contrasted phytoplankton dynamics on the two sides of the front, consistent with the distribution of their abundances. Our study gives new insights into the physical and biological coupling on a finescale front.
Inès Mangolte, Marina Lévy, Clément Haëck, and Mark D. Ohman
Biogeosciences, 20, 3273–3299, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3273-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3273-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ocean fronts are ecological hotspots, associated with higher diversity and biomass for many marine organisms, from bacteria to whales. Using in situ data from the California Current Ecosystem, we show that far from being limited to the production of diatom blooms, fronts are the scene of complex biophysical couplings between biotic interactions (growth, competition, and predation) and transport by currents that generate planktonic communities with an original taxonomic and spatial structure.
Jing-Ying Wu, Siou-Yan Lin, Jung-Fu Huang, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen, Jia-Jang Hung, Shao-Hung Peng, and Li-Lian Liu
Biogeosciences, 20, 2693–2706, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2693-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2693-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The shallow-water hydrothermal vents off the Kueishan Island, Taiwan, have the most extreme records of pH values (1.52), temperatures (116 °C), and H2S concentrations (172.4 mmol mol−1) in the world. White and yellow vents differ in the color and physical and chemical characteristics of emitted plumes. We found that the feeding habits of the endemic vent crabs (Xenograpsus testudinatus) are adapted to their resident vent types at a distance of 100 m, and the trans-vent movement is uncommon.
Clément Haëck, Marina Lévy, Inès Mangolte, and Laurent Bopp
Biogeosciences, 20, 1741–1758, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1741-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1741-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Phytoplankton vary in abundance in the ocean over large regions and with the seasons but also because of small-scale heterogeneities in surface temperature, called fronts. Here, using satellite imagery, we found that fronts enhance phytoplankton much more where it is already growing well, but despite large local increases the enhancement for the region is modest (5 %). We also found that blooms start 1 to 2 weeks earlier over fronts. These effects may have implications for ecosystems.
Cédric Bacour, Natasha MacBean, Frédéric Chevallier, Sébastien Léonard, Ernest N. Koffi, and Philippe Peylin
Biogeosciences, 20, 1089–1111, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1089-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1089-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of assimilating different dataset combinations on regional to global-scale C budgets is explored with the ORCHIDEE model. Assimilating simultaneously multiple datasets is preferable to optimize the values of the model parameters and avoid model overfitting. The challenges in constraining soil C disequilibrium using atmospheric CO2 data are highlighted for an accurate prediction of the land sink distribution.
Matti Kämäräinen, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Markku Kulmala, Ivan Mammarella, Juha Aalto, Henriikka Vekuri, Annalea Lohila, and Anna Lintunen
Biogeosciences, 20, 897–909, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-897-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-897-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we introduce a new method for modeling the exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and a study site located in a boreal forest in southern Finland. Our method yields more accurate results than previous approaches in this context. Accurately estimating carbon exchange is crucial for gaining a better understanding of the role of forests in regulating atmospheric carbon and addressing climate change.
Stéphanie Barrillon, Robin Fuchs, Anne A. Petrenko, Caroline Comby, Anthony Bosse, Christophe Yohia, Jean-Luc Fuda, Nagib Bhairy, Frédéric Cyr, Andrea M. Doglioli, Gérald Grégori, Roxane Tzortzis, Francesco d'Ovidio, and Melilotus Thyssen
Biogeosciences, 20, 141–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-141-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-141-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Extreme weather events can have a major impact on ocean physics and biogeochemistry, but their study is challenging. In May 2019, an intense storm occurred in the north-western Mediterranean Sea, during which in situ multi-platform measurements were performed. The results show a strong impact on the surface phytoplankton, highlighting the need for high-resolution measurements coupling physics and biology during these violent events that may become more common in the context of global change.
Darren C. McKee, Scott C. Doney, Alice Della Penna, Emmanuel S. Boss, Peter Gaube, Michael J. Behrenfeld, and David M. Glover
Biogeosciences, 19, 5927–5952, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5927-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5927-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
As phytoplankton (small, drifting photosynthetic organisms) drift with ocean currents, biomass accumulation rates should be evaluated in a Lagrangian (observer moves with a fluid parcel) as opposed to an Eulerian (observer is stationary) framework. Here, we use profiling floats and surface drifters combined with satellite data to analyse time and length scales of chlorophyll concentrations (a proxy for biomass) and of velocity to quantify how phytoplankton variability is related to water motion.
Karo Michaelian and Aleksandar Simeonov
Biogeosciences, 19, 4029–4034, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4029-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4029-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We reply to Lars Björn's critique of our article concerning the importance of photon dissipation to the origin and evolution of the biosphere. Björn doubts our assertion that organic pigments, ecosystems, and the biosphere arose out of a non-equilibrium thermodynamic imperative to increase global photon dissipation. He shows that the albedo of some non-living material is less than that of living material. We point out, however, that photon dissipation involves other factors besides albedo.
Reint Fischer, Delphine Lobelle, Merel Kooi, Albert Koelmans, Victor Onink, Charlotte Laufkötter, Linda Amaral-Zettler, Andrew Yool, and Erik van Sebille
Biogeosciences, 19, 2211–2234, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2211-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2211-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Since current estimates show that only about 1 % of the all plastic that enters the ocean is floating at the surface, we look at subsurface processes that can cause vertical movement of (micro)plastic. We investigate how modelled algal attachment and the ocean's vertical movement can cause particles to sink and oscillate in the open ocean. Particles can sink to depths of > 5000 m in regions with high wind intensity and mainly remain close to the surface with low winds and biological activity.
Michelle Viswanathan, Tobias K. D. Weber, Sebastian Gayler, Juliane Mai, and Thilo Streck
Biogeosciences, 19, 2187–2209, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2187-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2187-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed the evolution of model parameter uncertainty and prediction error as we updated parameters of a maize phenology model based on yearly observations, by sequentially applying Bayesian calibration. Although parameter uncertainty was reduced, prediction quality deteriorated when calibration and prediction data were from different maize ripening groups or temperature conditions. The study highlights that Bayesian methods should account for model limitations and inherent data structures.
Jessica Kolbusz, Tim Langlois, Charitha Pattiaratchi, and Simon de Lestang
Biogeosciences, 19, 517–539, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-517-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-517-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Western rock lobster larvae spend up to 11 months in offshore waters before ocean currents and their ability to swim transport them back to the coast. In 2008, there was a reduction in the number of puerulus (larvae) settling into the fishery. We use an oceanographic model to see how the environment may have contributed to the reduction. Our results show that a combination of effects from local currents and a widespread quiet period in the ocean off WA likely led to less puerulus settlement.
Rémy Asselot, Frank Lunkeit, Philip B. Holden, and Inga Hense
Biogeosciences, 19, 223–239, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-223-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-223-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Previous studies show that phytoplankton light absorption can warm the atmosphere, but how this warming occurs is still unknown. We compare the importance of air–sea heat versus CO2 flux in the phytoplankton-induced atmospheric warming and determine the main driver. To shed light on this research question, we conduct simulations with a climate model of intermediate complexity. We show that phytoplankton mainly warms the atmosphere by increasing the air–sea CO2 flux.
Roxane Tzortzis, Andrea M. Doglioli, Stéphanie Barrillon, Anne A. Petrenko, Francesco d'Ovidio, Lloyd Izard, Melilotus Thyssen, Ananda Pascual, Bàrbara Barceló-Llull, Frédéric Cyr, Marc Tedetti, Nagib Bhairy, Pierre Garreau, Franck Dumas, and Gérald Gregori
Biogeosciences, 18, 6455–6477, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6455-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6455-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This work analyzes an original high-resolution data set collected in the Mediterranean Sea. The major result is the impact of a fine-scale frontal structure on the distribution of phytoplankton groups, in an area of moderate energy with oligotrophic conditions. Our results provide an in situ confirmation of the findings obtained by previous modeling studies and remote sensing about the structuring effect of the fine-scale ocean dynamics on the structure of the phytoplankton community.
Johannes Vogel, Eva Paton, and Valentin Aich
Biogeosciences, 18, 5903–5927, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5903-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5903-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates extreme ecosystem impacts evoked by temperature and soil moisture in the Mediterranean Basin for the time span 1999–2019 with a specific focus on seasonal variations. The analysis showed that ecosystem vulnerability is caused by several varying combinations of both drivers during the yearly cycle. The approach presented here helps to provide insights on the specific phenological stage of the year in which ecosystem vulnerability to a certain climatic condition occurs.
Mara Freilich, Alexandre Mignot, Glenn Flierl, and Raffaele Ferrari
Biogeosciences, 18, 5595–5607, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5595-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5595-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Observations reveal that in some regions phytoplankton biomass increases during the wintertime when growth conditions are sub-optimal, which has been attributed to a release from grazing during mixed layer deepening. Measurements of grazer populations to support this theory are lacking. We demonstrate that a release from grazing when the winter mixed layer is deepening holds only for certain grazing models, extending the use of phytoplankton observations to make inferences about grazer dynamics.
Shuangling Chen, Mark L. Wells, Rui Xin Huang, Huijie Xue, Jingyuan Xi, and Fei Chai
Biogeosciences, 18, 5539–5554, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Subduction transports surface waters to the oceanic interior, which can supply significant amounts of carbon and oxygen to the twilight zone. Using a novel BGC-Argo dataset covering the western North Pacific, we successfully identified the imprints of episodic shallow subduction patches. These subduction patches were observed mainly in spring and summer (70.6 %), and roughly half of them extended below ~ 450 m, injecting carbon- and oxygen-enriched waters into the ocean interior.
Pierre Damien, Julio Sheinbaum, Orens Pasqueron de Fommervault, Julien Jouanno, Lorena Linacre, and Olaf Duteil
Biogeosciences, 18, 4281–4303, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4281-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4281-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Gulf of Mexico deep waters are relatively poor in phytoplankton biomass due to low levels of nutrients in the upper layers. Using modeling techniques, we find that the long-living anticyclonic Loop Current eddies that are shed episodically from the Yucatan Channel strongly shape the distribution of phytoplankton and, more importantly, stimulate their growth. This results from the contribution of multiple mechanisms of physical–biogeochemical interactions discussed in this study.
Sergey V. Stanichny, Elena A. Kubryakova, and Arseny A. Kubryakov
Biogeosciences, 18, 3173–3188, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3173-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3173-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we show that the short-term impact of tropical cyclones can trigger the intense, long-term bloom of coccolithophores, which are major marine calcifiers playing an important role in the balance and fluxes of inorganic carbon in the ocean. In our paper, we describe the evolution of and physical reasons for such an unusual bloom observed in autumn 2005 in the Black Sea on the basis of satellite data.
Fengshan Liu, Ying Chen, Nini Bai, Dengpan Xiao, Huizi Bai, Fulu Tao, and Quansheng Ge
Biogeosciences, 18, 2275–2287, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2275-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2275-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The sowing date is key to the surface biophysical processes in the winter dormancy period. The climate effect of the sowing date shift is therefore very interesting and may contribute to the mitigation of climate change. An earlier sowing date always had a higher LAI but a higher temperature in the dormancy period and a lower temperature in the growth period. The main reason was the relative contributions of the surface albedo and energy partitioning processes.
Peter Aartsma, Johan Asplund, Arvid Odland, Stefanie Reinhardt, and Hans Renssen
Biogeosciences, 18, 1577–1599, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1577-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1577-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In the literature, it is generally assumed that alpine lichen heaths keep their direct environment cool due to their relatively high albedo. However, we reveal that the soil temperature and soil heat flux are higher below lichens than below shrubs during the growing season, despite a lower net radiation for lichens. We also show that the differences in microclimatic conditions between these two vegetation types are more pronounced during warm and sunny days than during cold and cloudy days.
Oleg Sizov, Ekaterina Ezhova, Petr Tsymbarovich, Andrey Soromotin, Nikolay Prihod'ko, Tuukka Petäjä, Sergej Zilitinkevich, Markku Kulmala, Jaana Bäck, and Kajar Köster
Biogeosciences, 18, 207–228, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-207-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-207-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In changing climate, tundra is expected to turn into shrubs and trees, diminishing reindeer pasture and increasing risks of tick-borne diseases. However, this transition may require a disturbance. Fires in Siberia are increasingly widespread. We studied wildfire dynamics and tundra–forest transition over 60 years in northwest Siberia near the Arctic Circle. Based on satellite data analysis, we found that transition occurs in 40 %–85 % of burned tundra compared to 5 %–15 % in non-disturbed areas.
Kaveh Purkiani, André Paul, Annemiek Vink, Maren Walter, Michael Schulz, and Matthias Haeckel
Biogeosciences, 17, 6527–6544, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6527-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6527-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
There has been a steady increase in interest in mining of deep-sea minerals in the eastern Pacific Ocean recently. The ocean state in this region is known to be highly influenced by rotating bodies of water (eddies), some of which can travel long distances in the ocean and impact the deeper layers of the ocean. Better insight into the variability of eddy activity in this region is of great help to mitigate the impact of the benthic ecosystem from future potential deep-sea mining activity.
Jing Yan, Nathaniel A. Bogie, and Teamrat A. Ghezzehei
Biogeosciences, 17, 6377–6392, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6377-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6377-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
An uneven supply of water and nutrients in soils often drives how plants behave. We observed that plants extract all their required nutrients from dry soil patches in sufficient quantity, provided adequate water is available elsewhere in the root zone. Roots in nutrient-rich dry patches facilitate the nutrient acquisition by extensive growth, water release, and modifying water retention in their immediate environment. The findings are valuable in managing nutrient losses in agricultural systems.
Amandine Erktan, Matthias C. Rillig, Andrea Carminati, Alexandre Jousset, and Stefan Scheu
Biogeosciences, 17, 4961–4980, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4961-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4961-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Soil aggregation is crucial for soil functioning. While the role of bacteria and fungi in soil aggregation is well established, how predators feeding on microbes modify soil aggregation has hardly been investigated. We showed for the first time that protists modify soil aggregation, presumably through changes in the production of bacterial mucilage, and that collembolans reduce soil aggregation, presumably by reducing the abundance of saprotrophic fungi.
Wei Hu, Kotaro Murata, Chunlan Fan, Shu Huang, Hiromi Matsusaki, Pingqing Fu, and Daizhou Zhang
Biogeosciences, 17, 4477–4487, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4477-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4477-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper reports the first estimate of the status of bacteria in long-distance-transported Asian dust, demonstrating that airborne dust, which can carry viable and nonviable bacteria on particle surfaces, is an efficient medium for constantly spreading bacteria at regional and even global scales. Such data are essential to better model and understand the roles and activities of bioaerosols in environmental evolution and climate change and the potential risks of bioaerosols to human health.
Inge Grünberg, Evan J. Wilcox, Simon Zwieback, Philip Marsh, and Julia Boike
Biogeosciences, 17, 4261–4279, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4261-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4261-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Based on topsoil temperature data for different vegetation types at a low Arctic tundra site, we found large small-scale variability. Winter temperatures were strongly influenced by vegetation through its effects on snow. Summer temperatures were similar below most vegetation types and not consistently related to late summer permafrost thaw depth. Given that vegetation type defines the relationship between winter and summer soil temperature and thaw depth, it controls permafrost vulnerability.
Long Jiang, Theo Gerkema, Jacco C. Kromkamp, Daphne van der Wal, Pedro Manuel Carrasco De La Cruz, and Karline Soetaert
Biogeosciences, 17, 4135–4152, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4135-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4135-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A seaward increasing chlorophyll-a gradient is observed during the spring bloom in a Dutch tidal bay. Biophysical model runs indicate the roles of bivalve grazing and tidal import in shaping the gradient. Five common spatial phytoplankton patterns are summarized in global estuarine–coastal ecosystems: seaward increasing, seaward decreasing, concave with a chlorophyll maximum, weak spatial gradients, and irregular patterns.
Emil De Borger, Justin Tiano, Ulrike Braeckman, Tom Ysebaert, and Karline Soetaert
Biogeosciences, 17, 1701–1715, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1701-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1701-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
By applying a novel technique to quantify organism-induced sediment–water column fluid exchange (bioirrigation), we show that organisms in subtidal (permanently submerged) areas have similar bioirrigation rates as those that inhabit intertidal areas (not permanently submerged), but organisms in the latter irrigate deeper burrows in this study. Our results expand on traditional methods to quantify bioirrigation rates and broaden the pool of field measurements of bioirrigation rates.
Sheila N. Estrada-Allis, Julio Sheinbaum Pardo, Joao M. Azevedo Correia de Souza, Cecilia Elizabeth Enríquez Ortiz, Ismael Mariño Tapia, and Jorge A. Herrera-Silveira
Biogeosciences, 17, 1087–1111, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1087-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1087-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Continental shelves are the most productive areas in the ocean and can have an important impact on the nutrient cycle as well as the climate system. The one in Yucatán is the largest shelf in the Gulf of Mexico. However, its nutrient budget remains unidentifiable. Here we propose not only a general nutrient budget for the Yucatán Shelf but also the physical processes responsible for its pathway modulation through a physical–biogeochemical coupled model of the whole Gulf of Mexico.
Ashley Dubnick, Martin Sharp, Brad Danielson, Alireza Saidi-Mehrabad, and Joel Barker
Biogeosciences, 17, 963–977, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-963-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-963-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We found that glaciers with basal temperatures near the melting point mobilize more solutes, nutrients, and microbes from the underlying substrate and are more likely to promote in situ biogeochemical activity than glaciers with basal temperatures well below the melting point. The temperature at the base of glaciers is therefore an important control on the biogeochemistry of ice near glacier beds, and, ultimately, the potential solutes, nutrients, and microbes exported from glaciated watersheds.
Audrey Delpech, Anna Conchon, Olivier Titaud, and Patrick Lehodey
Biogeosciences, 17, 833–850, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-833-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-833-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Micronekton is an important, yet poorly known, component of the trophic chain, which partly contributes to the storage of CO2 in the deep ocean thanks to biomass vertical migrations. In this study, we characterize the ideal sampling regions to estimate the amount of biomass that undergoes theses migrations. We find that observations made in warm, nondynamic and productive waters reduce the error of the estimation by 20 %. This result should likely serve for future in situ network deployment.
Filippos Tagklis, Takamitsu Ito, and Annalisa Bracco
Biogeosciences, 17, 231–244, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-231-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-231-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Deoxygenation of the oceans is potentially one of the most severe ecosystem stressors resulting from global warming given the high sensitivity of dissolved oxygen to ocean temperatures. Climate models suggest that despite the thermodynamic tendency of the oceans to lose oxygen, certain regions experience significant changes in the biologically driven O2 consumption, resulting in a resistance against deoxygenation. Overturning circulation changes are responsible for such a behavior.
Mohammad Abdul Halim, Han Y. H. Chen, and Sean C. Thomas
Biogeosciences, 16, 4357–4375, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4357-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4357-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Using field data collected over 4 years across a range of stand ages, we investigated how seasonal surface albedo in boreal forest varies with stand age, stand structure, and composition. Our results indicate that successional change in species composition is a key driver of age–related patterns in albedo, with hardwood species associated with higher albedo. The patterns described have important implications for both climate modeling and
climate–smartboreal forest management.
Paul A. Moore, Maxwell C. Lukenbach, Dan K. Thompson, Nick Kettridge, Gustaf Granath, and James M. Waddington
Biogeosciences, 16, 3491–3506, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3491-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3491-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Using very-high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs), we assessed the basic structure and microtopographic variability of hummock–hollow plots at boreal and hemi-boreal sites primarily in North America. Using a simple model of peatland biogeochemical function, our results suggest that both surface heating and moss productivity may not be adequately resolved in models which only consider idealized hummock–hollow units.
Renee K. Gruber, Ryan J. Lowe, and James L. Falter
Biogeosciences, 16, 1921–1935, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1921-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1921-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Researchers from the University of Western Australia's Oceans Institute are studying large tides (up to 12 m range) that occur in the Kimberley region of Australia. These tides flush coral reefs with water rich in nutrients, which supports the growth of reef organisms. In this paper, we show how tidal cycles and seasons control nutrient availability on reefs. This study is among the first published accounts of reefs and water quality data in the remote and pristine Kimberley region.
Sergey A. Marakushev and Ol'ga V. Belonogova
Biogeosciences, 16, 1817–1828, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1817-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1817-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Among the existing theories of the autotrophic origin of life, CO2 is usually considered to be the carbon source for nascent autotrophic metabolism. However, ancestral carbon used in metabolism may have been derived from CH4 if the outflow of magma fluid to the surface of the Earth consisted mainly of methane. The hydrothermal system model is considered in the form of a phase diagram, which demonstrates the area of redox and P and T conditions favorable to development of primary methanotroph.
Venugopal Thushara, Puthenveettil Narayana Menon Vinayachandran, Adrian J. Matthews, Benjamin G. M. Webber, and Bastien Y. Queste
Biogeosciences, 16, 1447–1468, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1447-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1447-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Chlorophyll distribution in the ocean remains to be explored in detail, despite its climatic significance. Here, we document the vertical structure of chlorophyll in the Bay of Bengal using observations and a model. The shape of chlorophyll profiles, characterized by prominent deep chlorophyll maxima, varies in dynamically different regions, controlled by the monsoonal forcings. The present study provides new insights into the vertical distribution of chlorophyll, rarely observed by satellites.
Soeren Thomsen, Johannes Karstensen, Rainer Kiko, Gerd Krahmann, Marcus Dengler, and Anja Engel
Biogeosciences, 16, 979–998, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-979-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-979-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Physical and biogeochemical observations from an autonomous underwater vehicle in combination with ship-based measurements are used to investigate remote and local drivers of the oxygen and nutrient variability off Mauritania. Beside the transport of oxygen and nutrients characteristics from remote areas towards Mauritania also local remineralization of organic material close to the seabed seems to be important for the distribution of oxygen and nutrients.
Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, Yannis Cuypers, Andrea Doglioli, Mathieu Caffin, Christophe Yohia, Alain de Verneil, Anne Petrenko, Dominique Lefèvre, Hervé Le Goff, Gilles Rougier, Marc Picheral, and Thierry Moutin
Biogeosciences, 15, 7485–7504, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7485-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7485-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The OUTPACE cruise took place between New Caledonia and French Polynesia. The main purpose was to understand how micro-organisms can survive in a very poor environment. One main source of nutrients is at depth, below the euphotic layer where micro-organisms live. The purpose of the turbulence measurements was to determine to which extent turbulence may
upliftnutrients into the euphotic layer. The origin of the turbulence that was found contrasted along the transect was also determined.
Daniel D. Richter, Sharon A. Billings, Peter M. Groffman, Eugene F. Kelly, Kathleen A. Lohse, William H. McDowell, Timothy S. White, Suzanne Anderson, Dennis D. Baldocchi, Steve Banwart, Susan Brantley, Jean J. Braun, Zachary S. Brecheisen, Charles W. Cook, Hilairy E. Hartnett, Sarah E. Hobbie, Jerome Gaillardet, Esteban Jobbagy, Hermann F. Jungkunst, Clare E. Kazanski, Jagdish Krishnaswamy, Daniel Markewitz, Katherine O'Neill, Clifford S. Riebe, Paul Schroeder, Christina Siebe, Whendee L. Silver, Aaron Thompson, Anne Verhoef, and Ganlin Zhang
Biogeosciences, 15, 4815–4832, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4815-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4815-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
As knowledge in biology and geology explodes, science becomes increasingly specialized. Given the overlap of the environmental sciences, however, the explosion in knowledge inevitably creates opportunities for interconnecting the biogeosciences. Here, 30 scientists emphasize the opportunities for biogeoscience collaborations across the world’s remarkable long-term environmental research networks that can advance science and engage larger scientific and public audiences.
Ivy Frenger, Matthias Münnich, and Nicolas Gruber
Biogeosciences, 15, 4781–4798, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4781-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4781-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Although mesoscale ocean eddies are ubiquitous in the Southern Ocean (SO), their regional and seasonal association with phytoplankton has not been quantified. We identify over 100 000 eddies and determine the associated phytoplankton biomass anomalies using satellite-based chlorophyll (Chl) as a proxy. The emerging Chl anomalies can be explained largely by lateral advection of Chl by eddies. This impact of eddies on phytoplankton may implicate downstream effects on SO biogeochemical properties.
Yi Sun, Xiong Z. He, Fujiang Hou, Zhaofeng Wang, and Shenghua Chang
Biogeosciences, 15, 4233–4243, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4233-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4233-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
To investigate how grazing alters litter composition, quality and decomposition, we collected litter from grazing (GP) and grazing exclusion paddocks (GEP) and incubated them in situ and across sites. Grazing increased litter N and grazing exclusion increased litter mass of palatable species and promoted SOC. Litter decomposed faster in GP and N was opposite. Site environment had more impact on litter decomposition. Results may be helpful in developing strategies to restore degraded grasslands.
Louise Rousselet, Alain de Verneil, Andrea M. Doglioli, Anne A. Petrenko, Solange Duhamel, Christophe Maes, and Bruno Blanke
Biogeosciences, 15, 2411–2431, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2411-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2411-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The patterns of the large- and fine-scale surface circulation on biogeochemical and biological distributions are examined in the western tropical South Pacific (WTSP) in the context of the OUTPACE oceanographic cruise. The combined use of in situ and satellite data allows for the identification of water mass transport pathways and fine-scale structures, such as fronts, that drive surface distribution of tracers and microbial community structures.
Alain de Verneil, Louise Rousselet, Andrea M. Doglioli, Anne A. Petrenko, Christophe Maes, Pascale Bouruet-Aubertot, and Thierry Moutin
Biogeosciences, 15, 2125–2147, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2125-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2125-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Oceanographic campaigns to measure biogeochemical processes popularly deploy drifters with onboard incubations to stay in a single body of water. Here, we aggregate physical data taken during such a cruise, OUTPACE, to independently test in a new approach whether the drifter really stayed in what can be considered a single biological or chemical environment. This study concludes that future campaigns would benefit from similar data collection and analysis to validate their sampling strategy.
Cited articles
Ahmerkamp, S., Winter, C., Krämer, K., de Beer, D., Janssen, F.,
Friedrich, J., Kuypers, M. M., and Holtappels, M.: Regulation of benthic
oxygen fluxes in permeable sediments of the coastal ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 62, 1935–1954, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10544, 2017. a, b
Amann, T., Weiss, A., and Hartmann, J.: Carbon dynamics in the freshwater part
of the Elbe estuary, Germany: Implications of improving water quality,
Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 107, 112–121,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2012.05.012, 2012. a
Androsov, A., Fofonova, V., Kuznetsov, I., Danilov, S., Rakowsky, N., Harig, S., Brix, H., and Wiltshire, K. H.: FESOM-C v.2: coastal dynamics on hybrid unstructured meshes, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 1009–1028, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1009-2019, 2019. a
Backhaus, J. O.: A three-dimensional model for the simulation of shelf sea
dynamics, Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift, 38, 165–187,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02328975, 1985. a
Baird, M. E., Adams, M. P., Babcock, R. C., Oubelkheir, K., Mongin, M.,
Wild-allen, K. A., Skerratt, J., Robson, B. J., Petrou, K., Ralph, P. J.,
Brien, K. R. O., Carter, A. B., Jarvis, J. C., and Rasheed, M. A.: A
biophysical representation of seagrass growth for application in a complex
shallow-water biogeochemical model, Ecol. Model., 325, 13–27,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.12.011, 2016. a
Baretta, J., Ebenhöh, W., and Ruardij, P.: The European regional seas
ecosystem model, a complex marine ecosystem model, Neth. J.
Sea Res., 33, 233–246, 1995. a
Barthel, K., Daewel, U., Pushpadas, D., Schrum, C., Årthun, M., and Wehde,
H.: Resolving frontal structures: on the payoff using a less diffusive but
computationally more expensive advection scheme, Ocean Dynam., 62,
1457–1470, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-012-0578-9, 2012. a
Becker, E. and Burkhardt, U.: Nonlinear Horizontal Diffusion for GCMs,
Mon. Weather Rev., 135, 1439–1454, https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR3348.1, 2007. a
Becker, G., Dick, S., and Dippner, J.: Hydrography of the German Bight,
Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 91, 9–18, 1992. a
Beckers, J.-M., Burchard, H., Deleersnijder, E., and Mathieu, P.: Numerical
Discretization of Rotated Diffusion Operators in Ocean Models, Mon.
Weather Rev., 128, 2711–2733, 2000. a
Beniston, M., Stephenson, D. B., Christensen, O. B., Ferro, C. a. T., Frei, C.,
Goyette, S., Halsnaes, K., Holt, T., Jylhä, K., Koffi, B., Palutikof,
J., Schöll, R., Semmler, T., and Woth, K.: Future extreme events in
European climate: an exploration of regional climate model projections,
Climatic Change, 81, 71–95, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9226-z, 2007. a
Blackford, J. C. and Radford, P. J.: A structure and methodology for marine
ecosystem modelling, Neth. J. Sea Res., 33, 247–260,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0077-7579(95)90048-9, 1995. a
Bratek, A., van Beusekom, J. E. E., Neumann, A., Sanders, T., Friedrich, J., Emeis, K.-C., and Dähnke, K.: Spatial variations in sedimentary N-transformation rates in the North Sea (German Bight), Biogeosciences, 17, 2839–2851, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2839-2020, 2020. a
Breitbach, G.: COSYNA Data web portal, re3data.org, https://doi.org/10.17616/R3K02T, last access: 19 October 2020. a
Breitbach, G., Krasemann, H., Behr, D., Beringer, S., Lange, U., Vo, N., and Schroeder, F.: Accessing diverse data comprehensively – CODM, the COSYNA data portal, Ocean Sci., 12, 909–923, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-909-2016, 2016. a
Bruggeman, J. and Bolding, K.: A general framework for aquatic biogeochemical
models, Environ. Model. Softw., 61, 249–265,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.04.002, 2014. a, b
Burchard, H. and Badewien, T. H.: Thermohaline residual circulation of the
Wadden Sea, Ocean Dynam., 65, 1717–1730, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-015-0895-x,
2015. a, b, c
Burchard, H. and Bolding, K.: GETM: A general estuarine transport model,
Tech. rep., Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy, 2002. a
Burchard, H. and Hetland, R. D.: Quantifying the Contributions of Tidal
Straining and Gravitational Circulation to Residual Circulation in
Periodically Stratified Tidal Estuaries, J. Phys. Oceanogr.,
40, 1243–1262, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JPO4270.1, 2010. a
Burchard, H. and Rennau, H.: Comparative quantification of physically and
numerically induced mixing in ocean models, Ocean Model., 20, 293–311,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2007.10.003, 2008. a, b
Burchard, H., Flöser, G., Staneva, J. V., Badewien, T. H., and
Riethmüller, R.: Impact of Density Gradients on Net Sediment Transport
into the Wadden Sea, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 566–587,
https://doi.org/10.1175/2007JPO3796.1, 2008. a
Burchard, H., Schuttelaars, H. M., and Ralston, D. K.: Sediment Trapping in
Estuaries, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 10, 371–395,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010816-060535, 2018. a
Burson, A., Stomp, M., Akil, L., Brussaard, C. P. D., and Huisman, J.:
Unbalanced reduction of nutrient loads has created an offshore gradient from
phosphorus to nitrogen limitation in the North Sea, Limnol. Oceanogr., 61, 869–888, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10257, 2016. a
Callies, U. and Scharfe, M.: Mean spring conditions at Helgoland Roads, North
Sea: Graphical modeling of the influence of hydro-climatic forcing and Elbe
River discharge, J. Sea Res., 101, 1–11,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2014.06.008, 2015. a
Callies, U.: CoastDat-2 Hydrodynamic Model TRIM-NP Principal Component Analysis Residual
Currents, World Data Center for Climate (WDCC) at DKRZ, https://doi.org/10.1594/WDCC/TRIM-NP-2d-PCA_ResCurr, 2016. a
Callies, U., Gaslikova, L., Kapitza, H., and Scharfe, M.: German Bight
residual current variability on a daily basis: principal components of
multi-decadal barotropic simulations, Geo-Mar. Lett., 37, 151–162,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-016-0466-2, 2017. a, b, c
Carpenter, J. R., Merckelbach, L., Callies, U., Clark, S., Gaslikova, L., and
Baschek, B.: Potential Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms on North Sea
Stratification, PloS one, 11, e0160830, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160830,
2016. a
Chegini, F., Holtermann, P., Kerimoglu, O., Becker, M., Kreus, M., Klingbeil,
K., Gräwe, U., Winter, C., and Burchard, H.: Processes of
stratification and de-stratification during an extreme river discharge event
in the German Bight in a model study, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 125, e2019JC015987, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015987, 2020. a, b
Christianen, M., Middelburg, J., Holthuijsen, S., Jouta, J., Compton, T.,
van der Heide, T., Piersma, T., Sinninghe Damste, J., van der Veer, H.,
Schouten, S., and Olff, H.: Benthic primary producers are key to sustain the
Wadden Sea food web: stable carbon isotope analysis at landscape scale,
Ecology, 98, 1498–1512, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.1837, 2017. a
Clark, N., Eber, L., Laurs, R., Renner, J., and Saur, J.: Heat exchange
between ocean and atmosphere in the Eastern North Pacific for 1961–1971,
Tech. rep., NOAA, Washington, DC, USA, 1974. a
Cloern, J. E., Foster, S. Q., and Kleckner, A. E.: Phytoplankton primary production in the world's estuarine-coastal ecosystems, Biogeosciences, 11, 2477–2501, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2477-2014, 2014. a
Cook, P. L., Veuger, B., Böer, S., and Middelburg, J. J.: Effect of
nutrient availability on carbon and nitrogen incorporation and flows through
benthic algae and bacteria in near-shore sandy sediment, Aquat. Microb.
Ecol., 49, 165–180, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame01142, 2007. a
Daewel, U., Schrum, C., and Macdonald, J. I.: Towards end-to-end (E2E) modelling in a consistent NPZD-F modelling framework (ECOSMO E2E_v1.0): application to the North Sea and Baltic Sea, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 1765–1789, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1765-2019, 2019. a
Deek, A., Dähnke, K., Van Beusekom, J., Meyer, S., Voss, M., and Emeis,
K.: N2 fluxes in sediments of the Elbe Estuary and adjacent coastal zones,
Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 493, 9–21, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10514, 2013. a, b, c
Dolch, T., Buschbaum, C., and Reise, K.: Persisting intertidal seagrass beds
in the northern Wadden Sea since the 1930s, J. Sea Res., 82,
134–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2012.04.007, 2013. a
Emeis, K. C., van Beusekom, J., Callies, U., Ebinghaus, R., Kannen, A., Kraus,
G., Kröncke, I., Lenhart, H., Lorkowski, I., Matthias, V.,
Möllmann, C., Pätsch, J., Scharfe, M., Thomas, H., Weisse, R.,
and Zorita, E.: The North Sea - A shelf sea in the Anthropocene, J. Marine Syst., 141, 18–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.03.012, 2015. a
EMEP: Grid emissions in 0.1∘ × 0.1∘ long-lat resolution, EMEP Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections, available at: https://www.ceip.at/the-emep-grid/gridded-emissions, last access: 19 October 2020. a
EMODnet: Bathymetry, available at: https://portal.emodnet-bathymetry.eu/, last access: 19 October 2020. a
Fasham, M., Ducklow, H., and Mckelvie, S.: A nitrogen-based model of plankton
dynamics in the oceanic mixed layer, J. Mar. Res., 48,
591–639, 1990. a
Feng, Y., Friedrichs, M. A., Wilkin, J., Tian, H., Yang, Q., Hofmann, E. E.,
Wiggert, J. D., and Hood, R. R.: Chesapeake Bay nitrogen fluxes derived from
a land-estuarine ocean biogeochemical modeling system: Model description,
evaluation, and nitrogen budgets, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 120, 1666–1695, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG002931, 2015. a
Fennel, K. and Laurent, A.: N and P as ultimate and proximate limiting nutrients in the northern Gulf of Mexico: implications for hypoxia reduction strategies, Biogeosciences, 15, 3121–3131, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3121-2018, 2018. a
Fennel, K. and Testa, J. M.: Biogeochemical Controls on Coastal Hypoxia,
Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 11, 4.1–4.26,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095138, 2019. a
Flöser, G., Burchard, H., and Riethmüller, R.: Observational
evidence for estuarine circulation in the German Wadden Sea, Cont.
Shelf Res., 31, 1633–1639,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2011.03.014, 2011. a
Flynn, K. J.: Modelling multi-nutrient interactions in phytoplankton;
balancing simplicity and realism, Prog. Oceanogr., 56, 249–279,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6611(03)00006-5, 2003. a
Ford, D. A., van der Molen, J., Hyder, K., Bacon, J., Barciela, R., Creach, V., McEwan, R., Ruardij, P., and Forster, R.: Observing and modelling phytoplankton community structure in the North Sea, Biogeosciences, 14, 1419–1444, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1419-2017, 2017. a, b
Garnier, J., Riou, P., Gendre, R. L., Ramarson, A., Billen, G., Cugier, P.,
Shapira, M., Théry, S., Thieu, V., and Alain, M.: Managing the
Agri-Food System of Watersheds to Combat Coastal Eutrophication: A
Land-to-Sea Modelling Approach to the French Coastal English Channel,
Geosciences, 9, 441, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9100441, 2019. a
Gaslikova, L. and Weisse, R.: coastDat-2 TRIM-NP-2d Tide-Surge North Sea,
Tech. rep., WDCC at DKRZ, https://doi.org/10.1594/WDCC/coastDat-2_TRIM-NP-2d, 2013. a, b
Gayer, G., Dick, S., Pleskachevsky, A., and Rosenthal, W.: Numerical modeling
of suspended matter transport in the North Sea, Ocean Dynam., 56, 62–77,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-006-0070-5, 2006. a
Geider, R., Maclntyre, H., and Kana, T.: A dynamic regulatory model of
phytoplanktonic acclimation to light, nutrients, and temperature, Limnol.
Oceanogr., 43, 679–694, 1998. a
Gent, P. R. and McWilliams, J. C.: Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation
models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150–155, 1990. a
Geyer, B.: High-resolution atmospheric reconstruction for Europe 1948–2012:
coastDat2, Earth System Science Data, 6, 147–164,
https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-6-147-2014, 2014. a, b, c
Geyer, B. and Rockel, B.: coastDat-2 COSMO-CLM Atmospheric Reconstruction, World Data Center for Climate (WDCC) at DKRZ, https://doi.org/10.1594/WDCC/coastDat-2_COSMO-CLM, 2013. a
Geyer, W. R. and Maccready, P.: The Estuarine Circulation, Annu. Rev.
Fluid Mech., 46, 175–197, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-010313-141302,
2014. a
Gräwe, U., Flöser, G., Gerkema, T., Duran-Matute, M., Badewien, T.,
Schulz, E., and Burchard, H.: A numerical model for the entire Wadden Sea:
skill assessment and analysis of hydrodynamics, J. Geophys.
Res.-Oceans, 121, 5231–2551, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011655, 2016. a, b, c
Griffies, S. M. and Hallberg, R. W.: Biharmonic Friction with a
Smagorinsky-Like Viscosity for Use in Large-Scale Eddy-Permitting Ocean
Models, Mon. Weather Rev., 128, 2935–2946, 2000. a
Große, F., Greenwood, N., Kreus, M., Lenhart, H.-J., Machoczek, D., Pätsch, J., Salt, L., and Thomas, H.: Looking beyond stratification: a model-based analysis of the biological drivers of oxygen deficiency in the North Sea, Biogeosciences, 13, 2511–2535, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2511-2016, 2016. a, b, c, d
Große, F., Kreus, M., Lenhart, H.-J., Pätsch, J., and Pohlmann, T.:
A Novel Modeling Approach to Quantify the Influence of Nitrogen Inputs on
the Oxygen Dynamics of the North Sea, Front. Mar. Sci., 4, 1–21,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00383, 2017. a, b, c, d
Grover, J.: Stoichiometry, Herbivory and Competition for Nutrients: Simple
Models based on Planktonic Ecosystems, J. Theor. Biol., 214, 599–618,
https://doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.2001.2488, 2002. a
Grunwald, M., Dellwig, O., Kohlmeier, C., Kowalski, N., Beck, M., Badewien,
T. H., Kotzur, S., Liebezeit, G., and Brumsack, H.-J.: Nutrient dynamics in
a back barrier tidal basin of the Southern North Sea: Time-series, model
simulations, and budget estimates, J. Sea Res., 64, 199–212,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2010.02.008,
2010. a
Hanlon, A. R., Bellinger, B., Haynes, K., Xiao, G., Hofmann, T. A., Gretz,
M. R., Ball, A. S., Osborn, A. M., and Underwood, G. J.: Dynamics of
extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production and loss in an estuarine,
diatom-dominated, microalgal biofilm over a tidal emersion-immersion period,
Limnol. Oceanogr., 51, 79–93, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.1.0079,
2006. a
Hansen, P., Bjørnsen, P., and Hansen, B.: Zooplankton grazing and growth:
Scaling within the 2–2,000 µm body size range, Limnol. Oceanogr., 42, 687–704, 1997. a
Heip, C. H. R., Goosen, N. K., Herman, P. M. J., Kromkamp, J., Middelburg, J. J., and
Soetaerd, K.: Production and consumption of biological particles in temperate tidal
estuaries, Oceanogr. Mar. Biol., 33, 1–149, 1995. a
Herman, P., Middelburg, J., van de Koppel, J., and Heip, C.: Ecology of
Estuarine Macrobenthos, Adv. Ecol. Res., 29, 195–240,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60194-4, 1999. a
Hickel, W., Mangelsdorf, P., and Berg, J.: The human impact in the German
Bight: Eutrophication during three decades (1962–1991), Helgoländer
Meeresun., 47, 243–263, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02367167, 1993. a
Hickey, B. M., Kudela, R. M., Nash, J. D., Bruland, K. W., Peterson, W. T.,
MacCready, P., Lessard, E. J., Jay, D. a., Banas, N. S., Baptista, a. M.,
Dever, E. P., Kosro, P. M., Kilcher, L. K., Horner-Devine, a. R., Zaron,
E. D., McCabe, R. M., Peterson, J. O., Orton, P. M., Pan, J., and Lohan,
M. C.: River Influences on Shelf Ecosystems: Introduction and synthesis,
J. Geophys. Res., 115, C00B17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JC005452,
2010. a
Hofmeister, R., Beckers, J.-M., and Burchard, H.: Realistic modelling of the
exceptional inflows into the central Baltic Sea in 2003 using
terrain-following coordinates, Ocean Model., 39, 233–247,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2011.04.007, 2011. a
Hofmeister, R., Flöser, G., and Schartau, M.: Estuary-type circulation
as a factor sustaining horizontal nutrient gradients in freshwater-influenced
coastal systems, Geo-Mar. Lett., 37, 179–192,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-016-0469-z, 2017. a, b, c
Holt, J. T. and James, I. D.: An assessment of the fine-scale eddies in a
high-resolution model of the shelf seas west of Great Britain, Ocean
Model., 13, 271–291, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2006.02.005, 2006. a
ICES/CIEM: ICES Datasets, available at: https://ecosystemdata.ices.dk/, last access: 19 October 2020. a
Irby, I. D., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Da, F., and Hinson, K. E.: The competing impacts of climate change and nutrient reductions on dissolved oxygen in Chesapeake Bay, Biogeosciences, 15, 2649–2668, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2649-2018, 2018. a
Izett, J. G. and Fennel, K.: Estimating the Cross-Shelf Export of Riverine
Materials: Part 2. Estimates of Global Freshwater and Nutrient Export,
Global Biogeochem. Cy., 32, 176–186, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GB005668, 2018. a
Kantha, L. H. and Clayson, C. A.: Numerical models of oceans and oceanic
processes, Academic Press, USA, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0074-6142(00)x8001-1, 2000. a
Kerimoglu, O.: Parameterization of turbidity in the German Bight, Tech. rep.,
Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, available at:
https://www.hzg.de/imperia/md/content/hzg/zentrale_einrichtungen/bibliothek/berichte/hzg_reports_2019/hzg_report_2019_2.pdf (last access: 19 October 2020),
2014. a
Kerimoglu, O.: OnurKerimoglu/FABM-GPM: First major pre-release, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4016957, Zenodo, 2020. a
Kerimoglu, O., Große, F., Kreus, M., Lenhart, H.-J., and van Beusekom,
J. E.: A model-based projection of historical state of a coastal ecosystem:
relevance of phytoplankton stoichiometry, Sci. Environ.,
639, 1311–1323, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.215, 2018. a, b
Klingbeil, K., Mohammadi-Aragh, M., Gräwe, U., and Burchard, H.:
Quantification of spurious dissipation and mixing – Discrete variance
decay in a Finite-Volume framework, Ocean Model., 81, 49–64,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2014.06.001, 2014. a
Kondo, J.: Air-sea bulk transfer coefficients in diabatic conditions,
Bound. Lay. Meteorol., 9, 91–112, 1975. a
Laurent, A., Fennel, K., Cai, W.-J., Huang, W.-J., Barbero, L., and Wanninkhof,
R.: Eutrophication-induced acidification of coastal waters in the northern
Gulf of Mexico: Insights into origin and processes from a coupled physical-biogeochemical model Arnaud, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 946–956,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071881, 2017. a
Lenhart, H., Radach, G., and Ruardij, P.: The effects of river input on the
ecosystem dynamics in the continental coastal zone of the North Sea using
ERSEM, J. Sea Res., 38, 249–274, 1997. a
Leote, C., Mulder, L. L., Philippart, C. J. M., and Epping, E. H. G.:
Nutrients in the Western Wadden Sea: Freshwater Input Versus Internal
Recycling, Estuar. Coast., 39, 40–53, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-015-9979-6, 2015. a
Lessin, G., Artioli, Y., Almroth-rosell, E., Blackford, J. C., Dale, A. W.,
Glud, R. N., Middelburg, J. J., Pastres, R., Rabouille, C., Regnier, P.,
Soetaert, K., Solidoro, C., Stephens, N., and Yakushev, E.: Modelling Marine
Sediment Biogeochemistry: Current Knowledge Gaps, Challenges, and Some
Methodological Advice for Advancement, Front. Mar. Sci., 5, 19,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00019, 2018. a
Lessin, G., Bruggeman, J., McNeill, C. L., and Widdicombe, S.: Time scales of
benthic macrofaunal response to pelagic production differ between major
feeding groups, Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 1–12,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00015, 2019. a, b
Löder, M., Kraberg, A., Aberle, N., Peters, S., and Wiltshire, K.:
Dinoflagellates and ciliates at Helgoland Roads, North Sea, Helgoland
Mar. Res., 66, 11–23, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-010-0242-z, 2012. a
Loebl, M., Dolch, T., and Beusekom, J. E. E. V.: Annual dynamics of pelagic
primary production and respiration in a shallow coastal basin, J.
Sea Res., 58, 269–282, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2007.06.003, 2007. a
Loebl, M., Colijn, F., van Beusekom, J., Baretta-Bekker, J., Lancelot, C.,
Philippart, C., Rousseau, V., and Wiltshire, K.: Recent patterns in
potential phytoplankton limitation along the Northwest European continental
coast, J. Sea Res., 61, 34–43,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2008.10.002, 2009. a
Lorkowski, I., Pätsch, J., Moll, A., and Kühn, W.: Interannual
variability of carbon fluxes in the North Sea from 1970 to 2006 – Competing
effects of abiotic and biotic drivers on the gas-exchange of CO2,
Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 100, 38–57,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2011.11.037, 2012. a, b, c, d, e, f
Los, F., Villars, M., and Van der Tol, M.: A 3-dimensional primary
production model (BLOOM/GEM) and its applications to the (southern) North Sea
(coupled physical–chemical–ecological model), J. Marine Syst.,
74, 259–294, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.01.002, 2008. a
Maerz, J., Hofmeister, R., van der Lee, E. M., Gräwe, U., Riethmüller, R., and Wirtz, K. W.: Maximum sinking velocities of suspended particulate matter in a coastal transition zone, Biogeosciences, 13, 4863–4876, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4863-2016, 2016. a
Merz, B., Elmer, F., Kunz, M., Mühr, B., Schröter, K., and
Uhlemann-Elmer, S.: The extreme flood in June 2013 in Germany, Houille
Blanche, 1, 5–10, https://doi.org/10.1051/lhb/2014001, 2014. a
Middelburg, J. J.: Reviews and syntheses: to the bottom of carbon processing at the seafloor, Biogeosciences, 15, 413–427, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-413-2018, 2018. a, b
Morel, F.: Kinetics of nutrient uptake and growth in phytoplankton, J. Phycol., 23, 137–150, 1987. a
Nasermoaddeli, M. H., Lemmen, C., Stigge, G., Kerimoglu, O., Burchard, H.,
Klingbeil, K., Hofmeister, R., Kreus, M., Wirtz, K. W., and Kösters,
F.: A model study on the large-scale effect of macrofauna on the suspended
sediment concentration in a shallow shelf sea, Estuar. Coast. Shelf
S., 211, 62–76, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.11.002, 2018. a, b
Neumann, A., van Beusekom, J. E., Holtappels, M., and Emeis, K. C.: Nitrate
consumption in sediments of the German Bight (North Sea), J. Sea
Res., 127, 26–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2017.06.012, 2017. a
Oubelkheir, K., Sciandra, A., and Babin, M.: Bio-optical and biogeochemical
properties of different trophic regimes in oceanic waters, Limnol. Oceanogr., 50, 1795–1809, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2005.50.6.1795, 2005. a
Pätsch, J. and Kühn, W.: Nitrogen and carbon cycling in the North
Sea and exchange with the North Atlantic – A model study. Part I. Nitrogen
budget and fluxes, Cont. Shelf Res., 28, 767–787,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2007.12.013, 2008. a, b
Pätsch, J., Burchard, H., Dieterich, C., Gräwe, U., Gröger,
M., Mathis, M., Kapitza, H., Bersch, M., Moll, A., Pohlmann, T., Su, J.,
Ho-Hagemann, H. T., Schulz, A., Elizalde, A., and Eden, C.: An evaluation of
the North Sea circulation in global and regional models relevant for
ecosystem simulations, Ocean Model., 116, 70–95,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2017.06.005, 2017. a, b
Paulson, C. and Simpson, J.: Irradience measurements in the upper ocean,
J. Phys. Oceanogr., 7, 952–956, 1977. a
Payne, R. E.: Albedo of the Sea Surface, J. Atmos. Sci.,
29, 959–970, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1972)029<0959:AOTSS>2.0.CO;2, 1972. a
Pein, J., Eisele, A., Hofmeister, R., Sanders, T., Daewel, U., Stanev, E. V., van Beusekom, J., Staneva, J., and Schrum, C.: Nitrogen cycling in the Elbe estuary from a joint 3D-modelling and observational perspective, Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2019-265, 2019. a, b, c, d, e
Petersen, W., Schroeder, F., and Bockelmann, F.-D.: FerryBox – Application of
continuous water quality observations along transects in the North Sea,
Ocean Dynam., 61, 1541–1554, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-011-0445-0, 2011. a
Platis, A., Siedersleben, S. K., Bange, J., Lampert, A., Bärfuss, K.,
Hankers, R., Cañadillas, B., Foreman, R., Schulz-stellenfleth, J.,
Djath, B., Neumann, T., and Emeis, S.: First in situ evidence of wakes in
the far field behind offshore wind farms, Sci. Rep.-UK, 8, 2163,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20389-y, 2018. a
Pohlmann, T.: A meso-scale model of the central and southern North Sea:
Consequences of an improved resolution, Cont. Shelf Res., 26,
2367–2385, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2006.06.011, 2006. a
Radach, G.: Ecosystem Functioning in the German Bight Under Continental
Nutrient Inputs by Rivers, Estuaries, 15, 477–496, https://doi.org/10.2307/1352392,
1992. a
Radach, G. and Pätsch, J.: Variability of Continental Riverine
Freshwater and Nutrient Inputs into the North Sea for the Years 1977–2000
and Its Consequences for the Assessment of Eutrophication, Estuar.
Coast., 30, 66–81, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02782968, 2007. a, b
Rijkswaterstaat: Waterinfo, available at: https://waterinfo.rws.nl, last access: 19 October 2020. a
Roberts, M. and Marshall, D.: Do We Require Adiabatic Dissipation Schemes in
Eddy-Resolving Ocean Models?, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28,
2050–2063, 1998. a
Rosenberg, R., Agrenius, S., Hellman, B., Nilsson, H. C., and Norling, K.:
Recovery of marine benthic habitats and fauna in a Swedish fjord following
improved oxygen conditions, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 234, 43–53,
https://doi.org/10.3354/meps234043, 2002. a
Schrum, C.: Thermohaline stratification and instabilities at tidal mixing
fronts: Results of an eddy resolving model for the German Bight, Cont.
Shelf Res., 17, 689–716, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(96)00051-9, 1997. a, b, c
Seitzinger, S. P. and Giblin, A. E.: Estimating denitrification in North
Atlantic continental shelf sediments, Biogeochemistry, 35, 235–260,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1776-7_7, 1996. a
Sharples, J., Middelburg, J., Fennel, K., and Jickells, T.: What proportion of
riverine nutrients reaches the open ocean?, Global Biogeochem. Cy.,
31, 39–58, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GB005483, 2017. a
Siegismund, F. and Schrum, C.: Decadal changes in the wind forcing over the
North Sea, Clim. Res., 18, 39–45, 2001. a
Singer, A., Schückel, U., Beck, M., Bleich, O., Brumsack, H. J., Freund,
H., Geimecke, C., Lettmann, K. A., Millat, G., Staneva, J., Vanselow, A.,
Westphal, H., Wolff, J. O., Wurpts, A., and Kröncke, I.: Small-scale
benthos distribution modelling in a North Sea tidal basin in response to
climatic and environmental changes (1970s–2009), Mar. Ecol.-Prog.
Ser., 551, 13–30, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11756, 2016. a
Singer, A., Millat, G., and Staneva, J.: Modelling benthic macrofauna and
seagrass distribution patterns in a North Sea tidal basin in response to 2050
climatic and environmental scenarios, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S.,
188, 99–108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.02.003, 2017. a
Smagorinsky, J.: General circulation experiments with the primitive equations.
Part I: The basic experiment, Mon. Weather Rev., 91, 99–164,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.27.693.594, 1963. a, b
Smith, V. H. and Schindler, D. W.: Eutrophication science: where do we go from
here?, Trends Ecol. Evol., 24, 201–207,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2008.11.009, 2009. a
Soetaert, K., Middelburg, J. J., Herman, P. M. J., and Buis, K.: On the
coupling of benthic and pelagic biogeochemical models, Earth-Sci.
Rev., 51, 173–201, 2000. a
Stanev, E. V., Jacob, B., and Pein, J.: German Bight estuaries : An
inter-comparison on the basis of numerical modeling, Cont. Shelf
Res., 174, 48–65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2019.01.001, 2019. a
Staneva, J., Stanev, E., Wolff, J.-O., Badewien, T., Reuter, R., Flemming, B.,
Bartholomä, A., and Bolding, K.: Hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics
in the German Bight. A focus on observations and numerical modelling in the
East Frisian Wadden Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 29, 302–319,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2008.01.006, 2009. a, b, c
Stedmon, C., Markager, S., and Kaas, H.: The optics of chromophoric dissolved
organic matter (CDOM) in the Greenland Sea: An algorithm for differentiation
between marine and terrestrially derived organic matter, Limnol. Oceanogr., 46, 2087–2093, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2001.46.8.2087, 2001. a
Stips, A., Bolding, K., Pohlmann, T., and Burchard, H.: Simulating the
temporal and spatial dynamics of the North Sea using the new model GETM
(general estuarine transport model), Ocean Dynam., 54, 266–283,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-003-0077-0, 2004. a
Straile, D.: Gross growth efficiencies of protozoan and metazoan zooplankton
and their dependence on food concentration, predator-prey weight ratio, and
taxonomic group, Limnol. Oceanogr., 42, 1375–1385, 1997. a
Sündermann, J. and Pohlmann, T.: A brief analysis of North Sea physics,
Oceanologia, 53, 663–689, https://doi.org/10.5697/oc.53-3.663, 2011. a
UNESCO: Progress on oceanographic tables and standards 1983–1986: work and
recommendations of the UNESCO/SCOR/ICES/IAPSO Joint Panel, Technical Papers
in Marine Science, 50, Tech. rep., UNESCO, Paris, France, 1986. a
van Aken, H. M.: The onset of seasonal stratification in shelf seas due to
differential advection in the presence of a salinity gradient, Cont.
Shelf Res., 5, 475–485, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(86)90071-3, 1986. a
van Beusekom, J. and Brockmann, U.: Transformation of Phosphorus in the Elbe
Estuary, Estuaries, 21, 518–526, 1998. a
van Beusekom, J., Brockmann, U., Hesse, K.-J., Hickel, W., Poremba, K., and
Tillmann, U.: The importance of sediments in the transformation and turnover
of nutrients and organic matter in the Wadden Sea and German Bight, Deutsche
Hydrographische Zeitschrift, 51, 245–266, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02764176, 1999. a
van Beusekom, J. E., Carstensen, J., Dolch, T., Grage, A., Hofmeister, R.,
Lenhart, H., Kerimoglu, O., Kolbe, K., Pätsch, J., Rick, J.,
Rönn, L., and Ruiter, H.: Wadden Sea Eutrophication: Long-Term Trends
and Regional Differences, Front. Marine Sci., 6, 370,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00370, 2019. a, b, c
van Leeuwen, S., Tett, P., Mills, D., and Van Der Molen, J.: Stratified and
nonstratified areas in the North Sea: Long-term variability and biological
and policy implications, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 120,
4670–4686, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010485, 2015. a
van Leeuwen, S. M., van der Molen, J., Ruardij, P., Fernand, L., and Jickells,
T.: Modelling the contribution of deep chlorophyll maxima to annual primary
production in the North Sea, Biogeochemistry, 113, 137–152,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-012-9704-5, 2013. a
Wang, Y.: Importance of subgrid-scale parameterization in numerical
simulations of lake circulation, Adv. Water Resour., 26, 277–294,
2003. a
Wanninkhof, R.: Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the
ocean, J. Geophysical Res., 97, 7373–7382,
https://doi.org/10.1029/92JC00188, 1992. a
Wetz, M. S. and Yoskowitz, D. W.: An “extreme” future for estuaries –
Effects of extreme climatic events on estuarine water quality and ecology,
Mar. Pollut. Bull., 69, 7–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.01.020,
2013. a
Wiltshire, K. H., Malzahn, A. M., Wirtz, K., Greve, W., Janisch, S.,
Mangelsdorf, P., Manly, B. F. J., and Boersma, M.: Resilience of North Sea
phytoplankton spring bloom dynamics: An analysis of long-term data at
Helgoland Roads, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 1294–1302,
https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2008.53.4.1294, 2008. a, b
Zhang, Y. J., Ye, F., Stanev, E. V., and Grashorn, S.: Seamless cross-scale
modeling with SCHISM, Ocean Model., 102, 64–81,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2016.05.002, 2016. a
Short summary
In this study, using extensive field observations and a numerical model, we analyzed the physical and biogeochemical structure of a coastal system following an extreme flood event. Our results suggest that a number of anomalous observations were driven by a co-occurrence of peculiar meteorological conditions and increased riverine discharges. Our results call for attention to the combined effects of hydrological and meteorological extremes that are anticipated to increase in frequency.
In this study, using extensive field observations and a numerical model, we analyzed the...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint