Articles | Volume 20, issue 18
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3717-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3717-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Alkalinity biases in CMIP6 Earth system models and implications for simulated CO2 drawdown via artificial alkalinity enhancement
Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und
Meeresforschung, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
now at: Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH),
20359 Hamburg, Germany
Peter Köhler
Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und
Meeresforschung, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Christoph Völker
Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und
Meeresforschung, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
Judith Hauck
Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und
Meeresforschung, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
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Cited
14 citations as recorded by crossref.
- The hidden value of low-performers: ensemble design strategies for coupled ocean-circulation biogeochemical modelling U. Löptien & H. Dietze https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-54424-0
- Viability of commercial olivine mixtures for enhanced weathering in seawater: Dissolution kinetics, CO2 sequestration, and metal release assessment R. Pokharel et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104522
- Interactions between ocean alkalinity enhancement and phytoplankton in an Earth system model M. Seifert et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5897-2025
- Enhanced carbon loss in the Southern Ocean under mitigation scenarios H. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aee9228
- Total alkalinity change: The perspective of phytoplankton stoichiometry D. Wolf‐Gladrow & C. Klaas https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12597
- Strategic research priorities for marine climate interventions in Australia K. Brent et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2026.2665493
- Dissolved inorganic carbon entrainment into the mixed layer of the western subarctic North Pacific: a key process of ocean acidification under historical carbon dioxide emissions A. Nagano et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-025-00709-3
- On the emission-path dependency of the efficiency of ocean alkalinity enhancement J. Schwinger et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad5a27
- Substantial Limitations of Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement in Mitigating the Negative Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Calcifiers H. van de Mortel et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c09298
- Amplified bottom water acidification rates on the Bering Sea shelf from 1970–2022 D. Pilcher et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3103-2025
- Modelling considerations for research on ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) K. Fennel et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-9-2023
- Monitoring, reporting, and verification for ocean alkalinity enhancement D. Ho et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-12-2023
- Progression of ocean interior acidification over the industrial era J. Müller & N. Gruber https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ado3103
- Regionally distinct drivers of the carbonate system dynamics in the Drake Passage and northern Antarctic Peninsula L. Arbilla et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2025.104070
14 citations as recorded by crossref.
- The hidden value of low-performers: ensemble design strategies for coupled ocean-circulation biogeochemical modelling U. Löptien & H. Dietze https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-54424-0
- Viability of commercial olivine mixtures for enhanced weathering in seawater: Dissolution kinetics, CO2 sequestration, and metal release assessment R. Pokharel et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2025.104522
- Interactions between ocean alkalinity enhancement and phytoplankton in an Earth system model M. Seifert et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5897-2025
- Enhanced carbon loss in the Southern Ocean under mitigation scenarios H. Lee et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aee9228
- Total alkalinity change: The perspective of phytoplankton stoichiometry D. Wolf‐Gladrow & C. Klaas https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12597
- Strategic research priorities for marine climate interventions in Australia K. Brent et al. https://doi.org/10.1080/18366503.2026.2665493
- Dissolved inorganic carbon entrainment into the mixed layer of the western subarctic North Pacific: a key process of ocean acidification under historical carbon dioxide emissions A. Nagano et al. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-025-00709-3
- On the emission-path dependency of the efficiency of ocean alkalinity enhancement J. Schwinger et al. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad5a27
- Substantial Limitations of Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement in Mitigating the Negative Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Calcifiers H. van de Mortel et al. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c09298
- Amplified bottom water acidification rates on the Bering Sea shelf from 1970–2022 D. Pilcher et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3103-2025
- Modelling considerations for research on ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) K. Fennel et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-9-2023
- Monitoring, reporting, and verification for ocean alkalinity enhancement D. Ho et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-12-2023
- Progression of ocean interior acidification over the industrial era J. Müller & N. Gruber https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ado3103
- Regionally distinct drivers of the carbonate system dynamics in the Drake Passage and northern Antarctic Peninsula L. Arbilla et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2025.104070
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 17 Sep 2026
Short summary
This study evaluated the alkalinity distribution in 14 climate models and found that most models underestimate alkalinity at the surface and overestimate it in the deeper ocean. It highlights the need for better understanding and quantification of processes driving alkalinity distribution and calcium carbonate dissolution and the importance of accounting for biases in model results when evaluating potential ocean alkalinity enhancement experiments.
This study evaluated the alkalinity distribution in 14 climate models and found that most models...
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