Articles | Volume 20, issue 24
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5087-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5087-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
20 Dec 2023
Research article |
| 20 Dec 2023
| 20 Dec 2023
Environmental controls of winter soil carbon dioxide fluxes in boreal and tundra environments
Alex Mavrovic
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Département des sciences de l’environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, G9A 5H7, Canada
Centre d'Études Nordiques, Québec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
Polar Knowledge Canada, Canadian High Arctic Research Station campus, Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, X0B 0C0, Canada
Département de géographie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
Oliver Sonnentag
Centre d'Études Nordiques, Québec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
Département de géographie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
Juha Lemmetyinen
Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, 00560, Finland
Carolina Voigt
Département de géographie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
Institute of Soil Science, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, 20146, Germany
Nick Rutter
Geography and Environmental Sciences Department, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
Paul Mann
Geography and Environmental Sciences Department, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
Jean-Daniel Sylvain
Ministère des Ressources naturelles et des Forêts, Québec, Quebec, G1H 6R1, Canada
Alexandre Roy
Département des sciences de l’environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, G9A 5H7, Canada
Centre d'Études Nordiques, Québec, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
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Cited
11 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Retrieving frozen ground surface temperature under the snowpack in the Arctic permafrost area from SMOS observations J. Ortet et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3571-2025
- Estimates of Annual Carbon Dioxide Fluxes from the Soil of Spruce Forests of the Ural-Carbon Carbon Supersite based on Incomplete Time Series using Classical Regression Approaches and Machine Learning I. Smorkalov https://doi.org/10.1134/S1067413624603609
- Comparison and environmental controls of soil respiration in primary and secondary dry dipterocarp forests in Thailand W. Tammadid et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2024.1294942
- A multisensor C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) approach to retrieve freeze/thaw cycles: a case study for a low Arctic environment C. Crevier et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-3369-2026
- Bridging the gap in carbon cycle studies: Meteorological station-based carbon flux dataset as a complement to EC towers W. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110397
- Temporal Dynamic of the Net Ecosystem Exchange of Carbon Dioxide and Responses to Meteorological Drivers in Mountain Forest Ecosystem of Southeastern China Z. Yan et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41810-025-00316-1
- Impacts of winter climate change on northern forest understory carbon dioxide exchange determined by reindeer grazing N. Kantola et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180089
- Impact of coupling biochar and clay minerals on physicochemical properties of sandy soils and CH4/CO2 flux for agriculture A. Ads et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.128881
- The effect of urbanisation on wintertime soil respiration in the Russian Arctic N. Saltan et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-024-03885-9
- Beyond the Growing Season: Variability of 13C-CO2 Fluxes in Temperate Forests and Peatlands K. Harenda et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/f17010055
- In situ monitoring of seasonally frozen ground using soil freezing characteristic curve in permittivity–temperature space H. Salmabadi et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-1635-2026
11 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Retrieving frozen ground surface temperature under the snowpack in the Arctic permafrost area from SMOS observations J. Ortet et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-3571-2025
- Estimates of Annual Carbon Dioxide Fluxes from the Soil of Spruce Forests of the Ural-Carbon Carbon Supersite based on Incomplete Time Series using Classical Regression Approaches and Machine Learning I. Smorkalov https://doi.org/10.1134/S1067413624603609
- Comparison and environmental controls of soil respiration in primary and secondary dry dipterocarp forests in Thailand W. Tammadid et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2024.1294942
- A multisensor C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) approach to retrieve freeze/thaw cycles: a case study for a low Arctic environment C. Crevier et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-3369-2026
- Bridging the gap in carbon cycle studies: Meteorological station-based carbon flux dataset as a complement to EC towers W. Zhang et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110397
- Temporal Dynamic of the Net Ecosystem Exchange of Carbon Dioxide and Responses to Meteorological Drivers in Mountain Forest Ecosystem of Southeastern China Z. Yan et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41810-025-00316-1
- Impacts of winter climate change on northern forest understory carbon dioxide exchange determined by reindeer grazing N. Kantola et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180089
- Impact of coupling biochar and clay minerals on physicochemical properties of sandy soils and CH4/CO2 flux for agriculture A. Ads et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.128881
- The effect of urbanisation on wintertime soil respiration in the Russian Arctic N. Saltan et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-024-03885-9
- Beyond the Growing Season: Variability of 13C-CO2 Fluxes in Temperate Forests and Peatlands K. Harenda et al. https://doi.org/10.3390/f17010055
- In situ monitoring of seasonally frozen ground using soil freezing characteristic curve in permittivity–temperature space H. Salmabadi et al. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-1635-2026
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 26 Jul 2026
Short summary
We present an analysis of soil CO2 emissions in boreal and tundra regions during the non-growing season. We show that when the soil is completely frozen, soil temperature is the main control on CO2 emissions. When the soil is around the freezing point, with a mix of liquid water and ice, the liquid water content is the main control on CO2 emissions. This study highlights that the vegetation–snow–soil interactions must be considered to understand soil CO2 emissions during the non-growing season.
We present an analysis of soil CO2 emissions in boreal and tundra regions during the non-growing...
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