Articles | Volume 21, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1903-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1903-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Technical note
| 
17 Apr 2024
Technical note |
| 17 Apr 2024
| 17 Apr 2024
Technical note: Preventing CO2 overestimation from mercuric or copper(II) chloride preservation of dissolved greenhouse gases in freshwater samples
Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway
Jan Erik Thrane
Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway
Kuria Ndungu
Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway
Andrew King
Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway
Peter Dörsch
Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
Thomas Rohrlack
Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
Related authors
Jacqueline Kay Knutson, François Clayer, Peter Dörsch, Sebastian Westermann, and Heleen A. de Wit
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-184, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-184, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Thawing permafrost at Iškoras in northern Norway is transforming peat plateaus into thermokarst ponds and wetlands. These small ponds show striking oversaturation of dissolved greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), partly due to organic matter processing. Streams nearby emit CO2 driven by turbulence. As permafrost disappears, carbon dynamics will change, potentially increasing emissions of CH4. This study highlights the need to integrate these changes into climate models.
François Clayer, Leah Jackson-Blake, Daniel Mercado-Bettín, Muhammed Shikhani, Andrew French, Tadhg Moore, James Sample, Magnus Norling, Maria-Dolores Frias, Sixto Herrera, Elvira de Eyto, Eleanor Jennings, Karsten Rinke, Leon van der Linden, and Rafael Marcé
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1361–1381, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1361-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1361-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed the predictive skill of forecasting tools over the next season for water discharge and lake temperature. Tools were forced with seasonal weather predictions; however, most of the prediction skill originates from legacy effects and not from seasonal weather predictions. Yet, when skills from seasonal weather predictions are present, additional skill comes from interaction effects. Skilful lake seasonal predictions require better weather predictions and realistic antecedent conditions.
Leah A. Jackson-Blake, François Clayer, Sigrid Haande, James E. Sample, and S. Jannicke Moe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3103–3124, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3103-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3103-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We develop a Gaussian Bayesian network (GBN) for seasonal forecasting of lake water quality and algal bloom risk in a nutrient-impacted lake in southern Norway. Bayesian networks are powerful tools for environmental modelling but are almost exclusively discrete. We demonstrate that a continuous GBN is a promising alternative approach. Predictive performance of the GBN was similar or improved compared to a discrete network, and it was substantially less time-consuming and subjective to develop.
Leah A. Jackson-Blake, François Clayer, Elvira de Eyto, Andrew S. French, María Dolores Frías, Daniel Mercado-Bettín, Tadhg Moore, Laura Puértolas, Russell Poole, Karsten Rinke, Muhammed Shikhani, Leon van der Linden, and Rafael Marcé
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 1389–1406, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1389-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1389-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We explore, together with stakeholders, whether seasonal forecasting of water quantity, quality, and ecology can help support water management at five case study sites, primarily in Europe. Reliable forecasting, a season in advance, has huge potential to improve decision-making. However, managers were reluctant to use the forecasts operationally. Key barriers were uncertainty and often poor historic performance. The importance of practical hands-on experience was also highlighted.
François Clayer, Yves Gélinas, André Tessier, and Charles Gobeil
Biogeosciences, 17, 4571–4589, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4571-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4571-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we quantified the sediment production of methane and carbon dioxide in lake sediments to better characterize the nature of the organic matter at the origin of these two greenhouse gases. We demonstrate that the production of these gases is not adequately represented in models for deep lake sediments. We thus propose to improve the representation of organic matter degradation reactions in current models for improving predictions of greenhouse gas cycling in aquatic sediments.
Talent Namatsheve, Vegard Martinsen, Jan Mulder, Alfred Obia, and Peter Dörsch
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1939, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1939, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Biogeosciences (BG).
Short summary
Short summary
Effect of conservation agriculture (CA) and biochar on N2O emissions in unfertilized Ferralsol of northern Uganda was investigated for two seasons. The hypothesis was rotation with pigeon pea increases N2O emission, while biochar amendment in CA reduces N2O emissions. N2O emissions ranged from 0.44–1.11 kg N ha-1. Biochar did not affect N2O emissions but reduced yield-scaled N2O emissions without penalizing pigeon pea productivity.
Jacqueline Kay Knutson, François Clayer, Peter Dörsch, Sebastian Westermann, and Heleen A. de Wit
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-184, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-184, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Thawing permafrost at Iškoras in northern Norway is transforming peat plateaus into thermokarst ponds and wetlands. These small ponds show striking oversaturation of dissolved greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), partly due to organic matter processing. Streams nearby emit CO2 driven by turbulence. As permafrost disappears, carbon dynamics will change, potentially increasing emissions of CH4. This study highlights the need to integrate these changes into climate models.
Sigrid Trier Kjær, Sebastian Westermann, Nora Nedkvitne, and Peter Dörsch
Biogeosciences, 21, 4723–4737, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4723-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4723-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost peatlands are thawing due to climate change, releasing large quantities of carbon that degrades upon thawing and is released as CO2, CH4 or dissolved organic carbon (DOC). We incubated thawed Norwegian permafrost peat plateaus and thermokarst pond sediment found next to permafrost for up to 350 d to measure carbon loss. CO2 production was initially the highest, whereas CH4 production increased over time. The largest carbon loss was measured at the top of the peat plateau core as DOC.
Stephanie Delacroix, Tor Jensen Nystuen, August E. Dessen Tobiesen, Andrew L. King, and Erik Höglund
Biogeosciences, 21, 3677–3690, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3677-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3677-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The addition of alkaline minerals into the ocean might reduce excessive anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Magnesium hydroxide can be added in large amounts because of its low seawater solubility without reaching harmful pH levels. The toxicity effect results of magnesium hydroxide, by simulating the expected concentrations from a ship's dispersion scenario, demonstrated low impacts on both sensitive and local assemblages of marine microalgae when compared to calcium hydroxide.
Alessandra D'Angelo, Cynthia Garcia-Eidell, Zak Kerrigan, Jacob Strock, Frances Crable, Nikolas VanKeersbilck, Humair Raziuddin, Theressa Ewa, Samira Umar, Andrew L. King, Miquel Gonzelez-Meler, and Brice Loose
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-157, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2023-157, 2023
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
In summer 2019, the Northwest Passage Project explored the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA). Our study revealed methane oversaturation in upper CAA waters, driven by meltwater, turbidity, and specific microbial activity. It highlights the need to distinguish active methane zones. Western CAA showed higher methane activity, while the east had lower levels due to Atlantic Water influence. These findings contribute to understanding Arctic methane dynamics and its climate change implications.
François Clayer, Leah Jackson-Blake, Daniel Mercado-Bettín, Muhammed Shikhani, Andrew French, Tadhg Moore, James Sample, Magnus Norling, Maria-Dolores Frias, Sixto Herrera, Elvira de Eyto, Eleanor Jennings, Karsten Rinke, Leon van der Linden, and Rafael Marcé
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1361–1381, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1361-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1361-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We assessed the predictive skill of forecasting tools over the next season for water discharge and lake temperature. Tools were forced with seasonal weather predictions; however, most of the prediction skill originates from legacy effects and not from seasonal weather predictions. Yet, when skills from seasonal weather predictions are present, additional skill comes from interaction effects. Skilful lake seasonal predictions require better weather predictions and realistic antecedent conditions.
Alessandra D'Angelo, Cynthia Garcia-Eidell, Zak Kerrigan, Jacob Strock, Frances Crable, Nikolas VanKeersbilck, Humair Raziuddin, Theressa Ewa, Samira Umar, Andrew L. King, Miquel Gonzelez-Meler, and Brice Loose
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-74, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-74, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we seek to further elucidate the methane budget in the Northwest Passage, and detect its main association with the environmental features and the biogenic control within the water column and the sea ice. Collectively, we can divide the entire study area into: (a) sea ice, with methane excess; (b) meltwaters, characterized by methane oxidations in oversaturated waters; (c) Pacific waters, with high methane oxidation rates; (d) Atlantic regime, mostly abiotic for methane.
Alessandra D'Angelo, Cynthia Garcia-Eidell, Christopher Knowlton, Andrea Gingras, Holly Morin, Dwight Coleman, Jessica Kaelblein, Humair Raziuddin, Nikolas VanKeersbilck, Tristan J. Rivera, Krystian Kopka, Yoana Boleaga, Korenna Estes, Andrea Nodal, Ericka Schulze, Theressa Ewa, Mirella Shaban, Samira Umar, Rosanyely Santana, Jacob Strock, Erich Gruebel, Michael Digilio, Rick Ludkin, Donglai Gong, Zak Kerrigan, Mia Otokiak, Frances Crable, Nicole Trenholm, Triston Millstone, Kevin Montenegro, Melvin Kim, Gibson Porter, Tomer Ketter, Max Berkelhammer, Andrew L. King, Miguel Angel Gonzalez-Meler, and Brice Loose
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-306, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-306, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
The Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) is characterized by advection from the Pacific (PW) and Atlantic waters (AW), ice melt, local river discharge and net precipitation. In a changing Arctic, it is crucial to monitor the hydrography of this Region. We combined chemical and physical parameters into an Optimal MultiParameter Analysis, for the detection of the source water fractions characterizing the CAA. The outcome was effective about the PW and AW, and discriminated the meltwaters origin.
Leah A. Jackson-Blake, François Clayer, Sigrid Haande, James E. Sample, and S. Jannicke Moe
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 3103–3124, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3103-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3103-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We develop a Gaussian Bayesian network (GBN) for seasonal forecasting of lake water quality and algal bloom risk in a nutrient-impacted lake in southern Norway. Bayesian networks are powerful tools for environmental modelling but are almost exclusively discrete. We demonstrate that a continuous GBN is a promising alternative approach. Predictive performance of the GBN was similar or improved compared to a discrete network, and it was substantially less time-consuming and subjective to develop.
Leah A. Jackson-Blake, François Clayer, Elvira de Eyto, Andrew S. French, María Dolores Frías, Daniel Mercado-Bettín, Tadhg Moore, Laura Puértolas, Russell Poole, Karsten Rinke, Muhammed Shikhani, Leon van der Linden, and Rafael Marcé
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 1389–1406, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1389-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-1389-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We explore, together with stakeholders, whether seasonal forecasting of water quantity, quality, and ecology can help support water management at five case study sites, primarily in Europe. Reliable forecasting, a season in advance, has huge potential to improve decision-making. However, managers were reluctant to use the forecasts operationally. Key barriers were uncertainty and often poor historic performance. The importance of practical hands-on experience was also highlighted.
François Clayer, Yves Gélinas, André Tessier, and Charles Gobeil
Biogeosciences, 17, 4571–4589, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4571-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4571-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Here, we quantified the sediment production of methane and carbon dioxide in lake sediments to better characterize the nature of the organic matter at the origin of these two greenhouse gases. We demonstrate that the production of these gases is not adequately represented in models for deep lake sediments. We thus propose to improve the representation of organic matter degradation reactions in current models for improving predictions of greenhouse gas cycling in aquatic sediments.
Shimelis Gizachew Raji and Peter Dörsch
Biogeosciences, 17, 345–359, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-345-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-345-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Intercropping maize with forage legumes can benefit Ethiopian smallholder farmers by providing cheap nitrogen and valuable livestock feed. We measured N2O emissions and maize yields and found that high legume biomasses may enhance N2O emissions per unit of harvested maize but that, after mulching, legume N can partly replace expensive mineral N. Thus, legume intercropping can be a valid strategy in the framework of climate-smart agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa.
Steffen Schlüter, Jan Zawallich, Hans-Jörg Vogel, and Peter Dörsch
Biogeosciences, 16, 3665–3678, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3665-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3665-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A combination of gas chromatography and X-ray CT reveals the microscale processes that govern soil respiration. Aerobic and anaerobic respiration in microbial hotspots depends not only on the quality and quantity of soil organic matter, but also on the spatial distribution of hotspots. Denitrification kinetics are mainly governed by hotspot architecture due to local competition for oxygen during growth. Cumulative behavior is mainly governed by water saturation due to the overall supply with O2.
Longfei Yu, Yihao Wang, Xiaoshan Zhang, Peter Dörsch, and Jan Mulder
Biogeosciences, 14, 3097–3109, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3097-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3097-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we applied phosphorus (P) to a nitrogen (N)-saturated forest in the Chinese subtropics and observed significant decreases in both N2O and CH4 emission from soil within 1.5 years. This was associated with a strong decrease of mineral N in soil water, likely due to stimulated N uptake. Our findings suggest that P limitation could be one important reason for large greenhouse gas emissions reported in the subtropical forests receiving excessive N input.
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Greenhouse Gases
Intercomparison of biogenic CO2 flux models in four urban parks in the city of Zurich
CO2 flux characteristics of the open savanna and its response to environmental factors in the dry–hot valley of Jinsha River, China
Rising Arctic seas and thawing permafrost: uncovering the carbon cycle impact in a thermokarst lagoon system in the outer Mackenzie Delta, Canada
Modelling decadal trends and the impact of extreme events on carbon fluxes in a temperate deciduous forest using a terrestrial biosphere model
Surface CO2 gradients challenge conventional CO2 emission quantification in lentic water bodies under calm conditions
Spatiotemporal variability of CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes from a semi-deciduous tropical forest soil in the Congo Basin
Eddy-covariance fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O in a drained peatland forest after clear-cutting
Eddy covariance evaluation of ecosystem fluxes at a temperate saltmarsh in Victoria, Australia, shows large CO2 uptake
Interferences caused by the biogeochemical methane cycle in peats during the assessment of abandoned oil wells
Carbon sequestration in different urban vegetation types in Southern Finland
Proglacial methane emissions driven by meltwater and groundwater flushing in a high-Arctic glacial catchment
Seasonal and interannual variability in CO2 fluxes in southern Africa seen by GOSAT
Air temperature and precipitation constraining the modelled wetland methane emissions in a boreal region in northern Europe
Ensemble estimates of global wetland methane emissions over 2000–2020
Seasonal carbon fluxes from vegetation and soil in a Mediterranean non-tidal salt marsh
Explainable machine learning for modeling of net ecosystem exchange in boreal forests
Dynamics of CO2 and CH4 fluxes in Red Sea mangrove soils
Nitrous oxide (N2O) in Macquarie Harbour, Tasmania
Technical note: A low-cost, automatic soil–plant–atmosphere enclosure system to investigate CO2 and evapotranspiration flux dynamics
Tidal influence on carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from tree stems and soils in mangrove forests
Drought conditions disrupt atmospheric carbon uptake in a Mediterranean saline lake
Physicochemical perturbation increases nitrous oxide production from denitrification in soils and sediments
Carbon degradation and mobilisation potentials of thawing permafrost peatlands in northern Norway inferred from laboratory incubations
Saturating response of photosynthesis to increasing leaf area index allows selective harvest of trees without affecting forest productivity
Seasonal dynamics and regional distribution patterns of CO2 and CH4 in the north-eastern Baltic Sea
Interannual and seasonal variability of the air–sea CO2 exchange at Utö in the coastal region of the Baltic Sea
CO2 emissions of drained coastal peatlands in the Netherlands and potential emission reduction by water infiltration systems
Influence of wind strength and direction on diffusive methane fluxes and atmospheric methane concentrations above the North Sea
Using eddy covariance observations to determine the carbon sequestration characteristics of subalpine forests in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Isotopomer labeling and oxygen dependence of hybrid nitrous oxide production
The emission of CO from tropical rainforest soils
Modelling CO2 and N2O emissions from soils in silvopastoral systems of the West African Sahelian band
A case study on topsoil removal and rewetting for paludiculture: effect on biogeochemistry and greenhouse gas emissions from Typha latifolia, Typha angustifolia, and Azolla filiculoides
Observations of methane net sinks in the Arctic tundra
Methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions from two clear-water and two turbid-water urban ponds in Brussels (Belgium)
Assessing improvements in global ocean pCO2 machine learning reconstructions with Southern Ocean autonomous sampling
Timescale dependence of airborne fraction and underlying climate–carbon-cycle feedbacks for weak perturbations in CMIP5 models
Exploring temporal and spatial variation of nitrous oxide flux using several years of peatland forest automatic chamber data
Diurnal versus spatial variability of greenhouse gas emissions from an anthropogenically modified lowland river in Germany
Regional assessment and uncertainty analysis of carbon and nitrogen balances at cropland scale using the ecosystem model LandscapeDNDC
Resolving heterogeneous fluxes from tundra halves the growing season carbon budget
Lawns and meadows in urban green space – a comparison from perspectives of greenhouse gases, drought resilience and plant functional types
Large contribution of soil N2O emission to the global warming potential of a large-scale oil palm plantation despite changing from conventional to reduced management practices
Identifying landscape hot and cold spots of soil greenhouse gas fluxes by combining field measurements and remote sensing data
Enhanced Southern Ocean CO2 outgassing as a result of stronger and poleward shifted southern hemispheric westerlies
Spatial and temporal variability of methane emissions and environmental conditions in a hyper-eutrophic fishpond
Optical and radar Earth observation data for upscaling methane emissions linked to permafrost degradation in sub-Arctic peatlands in northern Sweden
Herbivore–shrub interactions influence ecosystem respiration and biogenic volatile organic compound composition in the subarctic
Methane emissions due to reservoir flushing: a significant emission pathway?
Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from mounds of African fungus-growing termites
Stavros Stagakis, Dominik Brunner, Junwei Li, Leif Backman, Anni Karvonen, Lionel Constantin, Leena Järvi, Minttu Havu, Jia Chen, Sophie Emberger, and Liisa Kulmala
Biogeosciences, 22, 2133–2161, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2133-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2133-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The balance between CO2 uptake and emissions from urban green areas is still not well understood. This study evaluated for the first time the urban park CO2 exchange simulations with four different types of biosphere model by comparing them with observations. Even though some advantages and disadvantages of the different model types were identified, there was no strong evidence that more complex models performed better than simple ones.
Chaolei Yang, Yufeng Tian, Jingqi Cui, Guangxiong He, Jingyuan Li, Canfeng Li, Haichuang Duan, Zong Wei, Liu Yan, Xin Xia, Yong Huang, Aihua Jiang, and Yuwen Feng
Biogeosciences, 22, 2097–2114, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2097-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2097-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Due to the influence of extreme-drought events in southwest China, the carbon sequestration capacity of the open savanna in the dry–hot valley of the Jinsha River has been significantly diminished, with soil water content being the key environmental factor governing CO2 flux. Under the climate scenario where the frequency and severity of extreme droughts are expected to continue increasing, the CO2 emissions from the open savanna are also anticipated to rise persistently.
Maren Jenrich, Juliane Wolter, Susanne Liebner, Christian Knoblauch, Guido Grosse, Fiona Giebeler, Dustin Whalen, and Jens Strauss
Biogeosciences, 22, 2069–2086, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2069-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-2069-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Climate warming in the Arctic is causing the erosion of permafrost coasts and the transformation of permafrost lakes into lagoons. To understand how this affects greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, we studied carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) production in lagoons with varying sea connections. Younger lagoons produce more CH₄, while CO₂ increases under more marine conditions. Flooding of permafrost lowlands due to rising sea levels may lead to higher GHG emissions from Arctic coasts in future.
Tea Thum, Tuuli Miinalainen, Outi Seppälä, Holly Croft, Cheryl Rogers, Ralf Staebler, Silvia Caldararu, and Sönke Zaehle
Biogeosciences, 22, 1781–1807, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1781-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1781-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change has the potential to influence the carbon sequestration potential of terrestrial ecosystems, and here the nitrogen cycle is also important. We used the terrestrial biosphere model QUINCY (QUantifying Interactions between terrestrial Nutrient CYcles and the climate system) in a mixed deciduous forest in Canada. We investigated the usefulness of using the leaf area index and leaf chlorophyll content to improve the parameterization of the model. This work paves the way for using spaceborne observations in model parameterizations, also including information on the nitrogen cycle.
Patrick Aurich, Uwe Spank, and Matthias Koschorreck
Biogeosciences, 22, 1697–1709, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1697-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1697-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Lakes can be sources and sinks of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. The gas exchange between the atmosphere and the water can be measured by taking gas samples from them. However, the depth of water samples is not well defined, which may cause errors. We hypothesized that gradients of CO2 concentrations develop under the surface when wind speeds are very low. Our measurements show that such a gradient can occur on calm nights, potentially shifting lakes from a CO2 sink to a source.
Roxanne Daelman, Marijn Bauters, Matti Barthel, Emmanuel Bulonza, Lodewijk Lefevre, José Mbifo, Johan Six, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Benjamin Wolf, Ralf Kiese, and Pascal Boeckx
Biogeosciences, 22, 1529–1542, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1529-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1529-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The increase in atmospheric concentrations of several greenhouse gases (GHGs) since 1750 is attributed to human activity. However, natural ecosystems, such as tropical forests, also contribute to GHG budgets. The Congo Basin hosts the second largest tropical forest and is understudied. In this study, measurements of soil GHG exchange were carried out during 16 months in a tropical forest in the Congo Basin. Overall, the soil acted as a major source of CO2 and N2O and a minor sink of CH4.
Olli-Pekka Tikkasalo, Olli Peltola, Pavel Alekseychik, Juha Heikkinen, Samuli Launiainen, Aleksi Lehtonen, Qian Li, Eduardo Martínez-García, Mikko Peltoniemi, Petri Salovaara, Ville Tuominen, and Raisa Mäkipää
Biogeosciences, 22, 1277–1300, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1277-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1277-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) were measured from a clear-cut peatland forest site. The measurements covered the whole year of 2022, which was the second growing season after the clear-cut. The site was a strong GHG source, and the highest emissions came from CO2, followed by N2O and CH4. A statistical model that included information on different surfaces at the site was developed to unravel surface-type-specific GHG fluxes.
Ruth Reef, Edoardo Daly, Tivanka Anandappa, Eboni-Jane Vienna-Hallam, Harriet Robertson, Matthew Peck, and Adrien Guyot
Biogeosciences, 22, 1149–1162, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1149-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1149-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Studies show that saltmarshes excel at capturing carbon from the atmosphere. In this study, we measured CO2 flux in an Australian temperate saltmarsh on French Island. The temperate saltmarsh exhibited strong seasonality. During the warmer growing season, the saltmarsh absorbed 10.5 g CO2 m−2 on average daily from the atmosphere. Even in winter, when plants were dormant, it continued to be a CO2 sink, albeit a smaller one. Cool temperatures and high cloud cover inhibit carbon sequestration.
Sebastian F. A. Jordan, Stefan Schloemer, Martin Krüger, Tanja Heffner, Marcus A. Horn, and Martin Blumenberg
Biogeosciences, 22, 809–830, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-809-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-809-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Using a multilayer approach, we studied the methane flux, soil gas composition, and isotopic signatures of soil methane and carbon dioxide at eight cut and buried abandoned oil wells in a peat-rich area of northern Germany. The detected methane emissions were of biogenic, peat origin and were not associated with the abandoned wells. Additional microbial analysis and methane oxidation rate measurements demonstrated a high methane emission mitigation potential in the studied peat soils.
Laura Thölix, Leif Backman, Minttu Havu, Esko Karvinen, Jesse Soininen, Justine Trémeau, Olli Nevalainen, Joyson Ahongshangbam, Leena Järvi, and Liisa Kulmala
Biogeosciences, 22, 725–749, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-725-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-725-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Cities aim for carbon neutrality and seek to understand urban vegetation's role as a carbon sink. Direct measurements are challenging, so models are used to estimate the urban carbon cycle. We evaluated model performance at estimating carbon sequestration in lawns, park trees, and urban forests in Helsinki, Finland. Models captured seasonal and annual variations well. Trees had higher sequestration rates than lawns, and irrigation often enhanced carbon sinks.
Gabrielle E. Kleber, Leonard Magerl, Alexandra V. Turchyn, Stefan Schloemer, Mark Trimmer, Yizhu Zhu, and Andrew Hodson
Biogeosciences, 22, 659–674, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-659-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-659-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our research on Svalbard shows that glacier melt rivers can transport large amounts of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. By studying a glacier over one summer, we found that its river was highly concentrated in methane, suggesting that rivers could provide a significant source of methane emissions as the Arctic warms and glaciers melt. This is the first time such emissions have been measured on Svalbard, indicating a wider environmental concern as such processes are occurring across the Arctic.
Eva-Marie Metz, Sanam Noreen Vardag, Sourish Basu, Martin Jung, and André Butz
Biogeosciences, 22, 555–584, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-555-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-555-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We estimate CO2 fluxes in semiarid southern Africa from 2009 to 2018 based on satellite CO2 measurements and atmospheric inverse modeling. By selecting process-based vegetation models, which agree with the satellite CO2 fluxes, we find that soil respiration mainly drives the seasonality, whereas photosynthesis substantially influences the interannual variability. Our study emphasizes the need for better representation of the response of semiarid ecosystems to soil rewetting in vegetation models.
Tuula Aalto, Aki Tsuruta, Jarmo Mäkelä, Jurek Müller, Maria Tenkanen, Eleanor Burke, Sarah Chadburn, Yao Gao, Vilma Mannisenaho, Thomas Kleinen, Hanna Lee, Antti Leppänen, Tiina Markkanen, Stefano Materia, Paul A. Miller, Daniele Peano, Olli Peltola, Benjamin Poulter, Maarit Raivonen, Marielle Saunois, David Wårlind, and Sönke Zaehle
Biogeosciences, 22, 323–340, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-323-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-323-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Wetland methane responses to temperature and precipitation were studied in a boreal wetland-rich region in northern Europe using ecosystem models, atmospheric inversions, and upscaled flux observations. The ecosystem models differed in their responses to temperature and precipitation and in their seasonality. However, multi-model means, inversions, and upscaled fluxes had similar seasonality, and they suggested co-limitation by temperature and precipitation.
Zhen Zhang, Benjamin Poulter, Joe R. Melton, William J. Riley, George H. Allen, David J. Beerling, Philippe Bousquet, Josep G. Canadell, Etienne Fluet-Chouinard, Philippe Ciais, Nicola Gedney, Peter O. Hopcroft, Akihiko Ito, Robert B. Jackson, Atul K. Jain, Katherine Jensen, Fortunat Joos, Thomas Kleinen, Sara H. Knox, Tingting Li, Xin Li, Xiangyu Liu, Kyle McDonald, Gavin McNicol, Paul A. Miller, Jurek Müller, Prabir K. Patra, Changhui Peng, Shushi Peng, Zhangcai Qin, Ryan M. Riggs, Marielle Saunois, Qing Sun, Hanqin Tian, Xiaoming Xu, Yuanzhi Yao, Yi Xi, Wenxin Zhang, Qing Zhu, Qiuan Zhu, and Qianlai Zhuang
Biogeosciences, 22, 305–321, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-305-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-305-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study assesses global methane emissions from wetlands between 2000 and 2020 using multiple models. We found that wetland emissions increased by 6–7 Tg CH4 yr-1 in the 2010s compared to the 2000s. Rising temperatures primarily drove this increase, while changes in precipitation and CO2 levels also played roles. Our findings highlight the importance of wetlands in the global methane budget and the need for continuous monitoring to understand their impact on climate change.
Lorena Carrasco-Barea, Dolors Verdaguer, Maria Gispert, Xavier D. Quintana, Hélène Bourhis, and Laura Llorens
Biogeosciences, 22, 289–304, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-289-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-289-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon dioxide fluxes have been measured seasonally in four plant species in a Mediterranean non-tidal salt marsh, highlighting the high carbon removal potential that these species have. Carbon dioxide and methane emissions from soil showed high variability among the habitats studied, and they were generally higher than those observed in tidal salt marshes. Our results are important for making more accurate predictions regarding carbon emissions from these ecosystems.
Ekaterina Ezhova, Topi Laanti, Anna Lintunen, Pasi Kolari, Tuomo Nieminen, Ivan Mammarella, Keijo Heljanko, and Markku Kulmala
Biogeosciences, 22, 257–288, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-257-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-257-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Machine learning (ML) models are gaining popularity in biogeosciences. They are applied as gap-filling methods and used to upscale carbon fluxes to larger areas. Here we use explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods to elucidate the performance of machine learning models for carbon dioxide fluxes in boreal forests. We show that statistically equal models treat input variables differently. XAI methods can help scientists make informed decisions when applying ML models in their research.
Jessica Breavington, Alexandra Steckbauer, Chuancheng Fu, Mongi Ennasri, and Carlos M. Duarte
Biogeosciences, 22, 117–134, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-117-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-117-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Mangrove carbon storage in the Red Sea is lower than average due to challenging growth conditions. We collected mangrove soil cores over multiple seasons to measure greenhouse gas (GHG) flux of carbon dioxide and methane. GHG emissions are a small offset to mangrove carbon storage overall but punctuated by periods of high emission. This variation is linked to environmental and soil properties, which were also measured. The findings aid understanding of GHG dynamics in arid mangrove ecosystems.
Johnathan Daniel Maxey, Neil D. Hartstein, Hermann W. Bange, and Moritz Müller
Biogeosciences, 21, 5613–5637, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5613-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5613-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The distribution of N2O in fjord-like estuaries is poorly described in the Southern Hemisphere. Our study describes N2O distribution and its drivers in one such system in Macquarie Harbour, Tasmania. Water samples were collected seasonally in 2022 and 2023. Results show the system removes atmospheric N2O when river flow is high, whereas the system emits N2O when the river flow is low. N2O generated in basins is intercepted by the surface water and exported to the ocean during high river flow.
Wael Al Hamwi, Maren Dubbert, Jörg Schaller, Matthias Lück, Marten Schmidt, and Mathias Hoffmann
Biogeosciences, 21, 5639–5651, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5639-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5639-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We present a fully automatic, low-cost soil–plant enclosure system to monitor CO2 and evapotranspiration fluxes within greenhouse experiments. It operates in two modes: independent, using low-cost sensors, and dependent, where multiple chambers connect to a single gas analyzer via a low-cost multiplexer. This system provides precise, accurate measurements and high temporal resolution, enabling comprehensive monitoring of plant–soil responses to various treatments and conditions.
Zhao-Jun Yong, Wei-Jen Lin, Chiao-Wen Lin, and Hsing-Juh Lin
Biogeosciences, 21, 5247–5260, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5247-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5247-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We measured CO2 and CH4 fluxes from mangrove stems and soils of Avicennia marina and Kandelia obovata during tidal cycles. Both stem types served as CO2 and CH4 sources, emitting less CH4 than soils, with no difference in CO2 flux. While A. marina stems showed increased CO2 fluxes from low to high tides, they acted as a CH4 sink before flooding and as a source after ebbing. However, K. obovata stems showed no flux pattern. This study highlights the need to consider tidal influence and species.
Ihab Alfadhel, Ignacio Peralta-Maraver, Isabel Reche, Enrique P. Sánchez-Cañete, Sergio Aranda-Barranco, Eva Rodríguez-Velasco, Andrew S. Kowalski, and Penélope Serrano-Ortiz
Biogeosciences, 21, 5117–5129, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5117-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5117-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Inland saline lakes are crucial in the global carbon cycle, but increased droughts may alter their carbon exchange capacity. We measured CO2 and CH4 fluxes in a Mediterranean saline lake using the eddy covariance method under dry and wet conditions. We found the lake acts as a carbon sink during wet periods but not during droughts. These results highlight the importance of saline lakes in carbon sequestration and their vulnerability to climate-change-induced droughts.
Nathaniel B. Weston, Cynthia Troy, Patrick J. Kearns, Jennifer L. Bowen, William Porubsky, Christelle Hyacinthe, Christof Meile, Philippe Van Cappellen, and Samantha B. Joye
Biogeosciences, 21, 4837–4851, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4837-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4837-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse and ozone-depleting gas produced largely from microbial nitrogen cycling processes, and human activities have resulted in increases in atmospheric N2O. We investigate the role of physical and chemical disturbances to soils and sediments in N2O production. We demonstrate that physicochemical perturbation increases N2O production, microbial community adapts over time, and initial perturbation appears to confer resilience to subsequent disturbance.
Sigrid Trier Kjær, Sebastian Westermann, Nora Nedkvitne, and Peter Dörsch
Biogeosciences, 21, 4723–4737, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4723-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4723-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost peatlands are thawing due to climate change, releasing large quantities of carbon that degrades upon thawing and is released as CO2, CH4 or dissolved organic carbon (DOC). We incubated thawed Norwegian permafrost peat plateaus and thermokarst pond sediment found next to permafrost for up to 350 d to measure carbon loss. CO2 production was initially the highest, whereas CH4 production increased over time. The largest carbon loss was measured at the top of the peat plateau core as DOC.
Olivier Bouriaud, Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Konstantin Gregor, Issam Bourkhris, Peter Högberg, Roland Irslinger, Phillip Papastefanou, Julia Pongratz, Anja Rammig, Riccardo Valentini, and Christian Körner
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3092, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3092, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The impact of harvesting on forests' carbon sink capacities is debated. One view is that their sink strength is resilient to harvesting, the other that it disrupts these capacities. Our work shows that leaf area index (LAI) has been overlooked in this discussion. We found that temperate forests' carbon uptake is largely insensitive to variations in LAI beyond about 4 m² m-², but that forests operate at higher levels.
Silvie Lainela, Erik Jacobs, Stella-Theresa Luik, Gregor Rehder, and Urmas Lips
Biogeosciences, 21, 4495–4519, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4495-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4495-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the variability of carbon dioxide and methane in the surface layer of the north-eastern basins of the Baltic Sea in 2018. We show that the shallower coastal areas have considerably higher spatial variability and seasonal amplitude of surface layer pCO2 and cCH4 than measured in the offshore areas of the Baltic Sea. Despite this high variability, caused mostly by coastal physical processes, the average annual air–sea CO2 fluxes differed only marginally between the sub-basins.
Martti Honkanen, Mika Aurela, Juha Hatakka, Lumi Haraguchi, Sami Kielosto, Timo Mäkelä, Jukka Seppälä, Simo-Matti Siiriä, Ken Stenbäck, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Pasi Ylöstalo, and Lauri Laakso
Biogeosciences, 21, 4341–4359, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4341-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4341-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The exchange of CO2 between the sea and the atmosphere was studied in the Archipelago Sea, Baltic Sea, in 2017–2021, using an eddy covariance technique. The sea acted as a net source of CO2 with an average yearly emission of 27.1 gC m-2 yr-1, indicating that the marine ecosystem respired carbon that originated elsewhere. The yearly CO2 emission varied between 18.2–39.2 gC m-2 yr-1, mostly due to the yearly variation of ecosystem carbon uptake.
Ralf C. H. Aben, Daniël van de Craats, Jim Boonman, Stijn H. Peeters, Bart Vriend, Coline C. F. Boonman, Ype van der Velde, Gilles Erkens, and Merit van den Berg
Biogeosciences, 21, 4099–4118, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4099-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4099-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Drained peatlands cause high CO2 emissions. We assessed the effectiveness of subsurface water infiltration systems (WISs) in reducing CO2 emissions related to increases in water table depth (WTD) on 12 sites for up to 4 years. Results show WISs markedly reduced emissions by 2.1 t CO2-C ha-1 yr-1. The relationship between the amount of carbon above the WTD and CO2 emission was stronger than the relationship between WTD and emission. Long-term monitoring is crucial for accurate emission estimates.
Ingeborg Bussmann, Eric P. Achterberg, Holger Brix, Nicolas Brüggemann, Götz Flöser, Claudia Schütze, and Philipp Fischer
Biogeosciences, 21, 3819–3838, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3819-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3819-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Methane (CH4) is an important greenhouse gas and contributes to climate warming. However, the input of CH4 from coastal areas to the atmosphere is not well defined. Dissolved and atmospheric CH4 was determined at high spatial resolution in or above the North Sea. The atmospheric CH4 concentration was mainly influenced by wind direction. With our detailed study on the spatial distribution of CH4 fluxes we were able to provide a detailed and more realistic estimation of coastal CH4 fluxes.
Niu Zhu, Jinniu Wang, Dongliang Luo, Xufeng Wang, Cheng Shen, and Ning Wu
Biogeosciences, 21, 3509–3522, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3509-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3509-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Our study delves into the vital role of subalpine forests in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau as carbon sinks in the context of climate change. Utilizing advanced eddy covariance systems, we uncover their significant carbon sequestration potential, observing distinct seasonal patterns influenced by temperature, humidity, and radiation. Notably, these forests exhibit robust carbon absorption, with potential implications for global carbon balance.
Colette L. Kelly, Nicole M. Travis, Pascale Anabelle Baya, Claudia Frey, Xin Sun, Bess B. Ward, and Karen L. Casciotti
Biogeosciences, 21, 3215–3238, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3215-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3215-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas, accumulates in regions of the ocean that are low in dissolved oxygen. We used a novel combination of chemical tracers to determine how nitrous oxide is produced in one of these regions, the eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean. Our experiments showed that the two most important sources of nitrous oxide under low-oxygen conditions are denitrification, an anaerobic process, and a novel “hybrid” process performed by ammonia-oxidizing archaea.
Hella van Asperen, Thorsten Warneke, Alessandro Carioca de Araújo, Bruce Forsberg, Sávio José Filgueiras Ferreira, Thomas Röckmann, Carina van der Veen, Sipko Bulthuis, Leonardo Ramos de Oliveira, Thiago de Lima Xavier, Jailson da Mata, Marta de Oliveira Sá, Paulo Ricardo Teixeira, Julie Andrews de França e Silva, Susan Trumbore, and Justus Notholt
Biogeosciences, 21, 3183–3199, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3183-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3183-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Carbon monoxide (CO) is regarded as an important indirect greenhouse gas. Soils can emit and take up CO, but, until now, uncertainty remains as to which process dominates in tropical rainforests. We present the first soil CO flux measurements from a tropical rainforest. Based on our observations, we report that tropical rainforest soils are a net source of CO. In addition, we show that valley streams and inundated areas are likely additional hot spots of CO in the ecosystem.
Yélognissè Agbohessou, Claire Delon, Manuela Grippa, Eric Mougin, Daouda Ngom, Espoir Koudjo Gaglo, Ousmane Ndiaye, Paulo Salgado, and Olivier Roupsard
Biogeosciences, 21, 2811–2837, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2811-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2811-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Emissions of greenhouse gases in the Sahel are not well represented because they are considered weak compared to the rest of the world. However, natural areas in the Sahel emit carbon dioxide and nitrous oxides, which need to be assessed because of extended surfaces. We propose an assessment of such emissions in Sahelian silvopastoral systems and of how they are influenced by environmental characteristics. These results are essential to inform climate change strategies in the region.
Merit van den Berg, Thomas M. Gremmen, Renske J. E. Vroom, Jacobus van Huissteden, Jim Boonman, Corine J. A. van Huissteden, Ype van der Velde, Alfons J. P. Smolders, and Bas P. van de Riet
Biogeosciences, 21, 2669–2690, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2669-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2669-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Drained peatlands emit 3 % of the global greenhouse gas emissions. Paludiculture is a way to reduce CO2 emissions while at the same time generating an income for landowners. The side effect is the potentially high methane emissions. We found very high methane emissions for broadleaf cattail compared with narrowleaf cattail and water fern. The rewetting was, however, effective to stop CO2 emissions for all species. The highest potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions had narrowleaf cattail.
Antonio Donateo, Daniela Famulari, Donato Giovannelli, Arturo Mariani, Mauro Mazzola, Stefano Decesari, and Gianluca Pappaccogli
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1440, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1440, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on direct measurements of CO2 and CH4 turbulent eddy covariance fluxes in tundra ecosystems in the Svalbard Islands over a two-year period. Our results reveal dynamic interactions between climatic conditions and ecosystem activities such as photosynthesis and microbial activity. The observed net summertime methane uptake is correlated with the activation and aeration of soil microorganisms. High temperature anomalies increase CO2 and CH4 emissions.
Thomas Bauduin, Nathalie Gypens, and Alberto V. Borges
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1315, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1315, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions from ponds can vary depending on the state of ponds (clear-water with macrophytes or turbid-water with phytoplankton). We studied CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions in clear and turbid urban ponds (June 2021 to December 2023) in Brussels. We observed seasonal differences in methanogenesis pathways, in CH4 emissions between clear and turbid ponds, and annual differences in total emissions of GHG, likely from intense El Niño event in 2023.
Thea H. Heimdal, Galen A. McKinley, Adrienne J. Sutton, Amanda R. Fay, and Lucas Gloege
Biogeosciences, 21, 2159–2176, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2159-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2159-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Measurements of ocean carbon are limited in time and space. Machine learning algorithms are therefore used to reconstruct ocean carbon where observations do not exist. Improving these reconstructions is important in order to accurately estimate how much carbon the ocean absorbs from the atmosphere. In this study, we find that a small addition of observations from the Southern Ocean, obtained by autonomous sampling platforms, could significantly improve the reconstructions.
Guilherme L. Torres Mendonça, Julia Pongratz, and Christian H. Reick
Biogeosciences, 21, 1923–1960, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1923-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1923-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We study the timescale dependence of airborne fraction and underlying feedbacks by a theory of the climate–carbon system. Using simulations we show the predictive power of this theory and find that (1) this fraction generally decreases for increasing timescales and (2) at all timescales the total feedback is negative and the model spread in a single feedback causes the spread in the airborne fraction. Our study indicates that those are properties of the system, independently of the scenario.
Helena Rautakoski, Mika Korkiakoski, Jarmo Mäkelä, Markku Koskinen, Kari Minkkinen, Mika Aurela, Paavo Ojanen, and Annalea Lohila
Biogeosciences, 21, 1867–1886, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1867-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1867-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Current and future nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are difficult to estimate due to their high variability in space and time. Several years of N2O fluxes from drained boreal peatland forest indicate high importance of summer precipitation, winter temperature, and snow conditions in controlling annual N2O emissions. The results indicate increasing year-to-year variation in N2O emissions in changing climate with more extreme seasonal weather conditions.
Matthias Koschorreck, Norbert Kamjunke, Uta Koedel, Michael Rode, Claudia Schuetze, and Ingeborg Bussmann
Biogeosciences, 21, 1613–1628, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1613-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1613-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We measured the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from different sites at the river Elbe in Germany over 3 days to find out what is more important for quantification: small-scale spatial variability or diurnal temporal variability. We found that CO2 emissions were very different between day and night, while CH4 emissions were more different between sites. Dried out river sediments contributed to CO2 emissions, while the side areas of the river were important CH4 sources.
Odysseas Sifounakis, Edwin Haas, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, and Maria P. Papadopoulou
Biogeosciences, 21, 1563–1581, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1563-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1563-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We performed a full assessment of the carbon and nitrogen cycles of a cropland ecosystem. An uncertainty analysis and quantification of all carbon and nitrogen fluxes were deployed. The inventory simulations include greenhouse gas emissions of N2O, NH3 volatilization and NO3 leaching from arable land cultivation in Greece. The inventory also reports changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks in arable soils.
Sarah M. Ludwig, Luke Schiferl, Jacqueline Hung, Susan M. Natali, and Roisin Commane
Biogeosciences, 21, 1301–1321, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1301-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1301-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Landscapes are often assumed to be homogeneous when using eddy covariance fluxes, which can lead to biases when calculating carbon budgets. In this study we report eddy covariance carbon fluxes from heterogeneous tundra. We used the footprints of each flux observation to unmix the fluxes coming from components of the landscape. We identified and quantified hot spots of carbon emissions in the landscape. Accurately scaling with landscape heterogeneity yielded half as much regional carbon uptake.
Justine Trémeau, Beñat Olascoaga, Leif Backman, Esko Karvinen, Henriikka Vekuri, and Liisa Kulmala
Biogeosciences, 21, 949–972, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-949-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-949-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We studied urban lawns and meadows in the Helsinki metropolitan area, Finland. We found that meadows are more resistant to drought events but that they do not increase carbon sequestration compared with lawns. Moreover, the transformation from lawns to meadows did not demonstrate any negative climate effects in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. Even though social and economic aspects also steer urban development, these results can guide planning to consider carbon-smart options.
Guantao Chen, Edzo Veldkamp, Muhammad Damris, Bambang Irawan, Aiyen Tjoa, and Marife D. Corre
Biogeosciences, 21, 513–529, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-513-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-513-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We established an oil palm management experiment in a large-scale oil palm plantation in Jambi, Indonesia. We recorded oil palm fruit yield and measured soil CO2, N2O, and CH4 fluxes. After 4 years of treatment, compared with conventional fertilization with herbicide weeding, reduced fertilization with mechanical weeding did not reduce yield and soil greenhouse gas emissions, which highlights the legacy effects of over a decade of conventional management prior to the start of the experiment.
Elizabeth Gachibu Wangari, Ricky Mwangada Mwanake, Tobias Houska, David Kraus, Gretchen Maria Gettel, Ralf Kiese, Lutz Breuer, and Klaus Butterbach-Bahl
Biogeosciences, 20, 5029–5067, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5029-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-5029-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Agricultural landscapes act as sinks or sources of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) CO2, CH4, or N2O. Various physicochemical and biological processes control the fluxes of these GHGs between ecosystems and the atmosphere. Therefore, fluxes depend on environmental conditions such as soil moisture, soil temperature, or soil parameters, which result in large spatial and temporal variations of GHG fluxes. Here, we describe an example of how this variation may be studied and analyzed.
Laurie C. Menviel, Paul Spence, Andrew E. Kiss, Matthew A. Chamberlain, Hakase Hayashida, Matthew H. England, and Darryn Waugh
Biogeosciences, 20, 4413–4431, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4413-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4413-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
As the ocean absorbs 25% of the anthropogenic emissions of carbon, it is important to understand the impact of climate change on the flux of carbon between the ocean and the atmosphere. Here, we use a very high-resolution ocean, sea-ice, carbon cycle model to show that the capability of the Southern Ocean to uptake CO2 has decreased over the last 40 years due to a strengthening and poleward shift of the southern hemispheric westerlies. This trend is expected to continue over the coming century.
Petr Znachor, Jiří Nedoma, Vojtech Kolar, and Anna Matoušů
Biogeosciences, 20, 4273–4288, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4273-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4273-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted intensive spatial sampling of the hypertrophic fishpond to better understand the spatial dynamics of methane fluxes and environmental heterogeneity in fishponds. The diffusive fluxes of methane accounted for only a minor fraction of the total fluxes and both varied pronouncedly within the pond and over the studied summer season. This could be explained only by the water depth. Wind substantially affected temperature, oxygen and chlorophyll a distribution in the pond.
Sofie Sjögersten, Martha Ledger, Matthias Siewert, Betsabé de la Barreda-Bautista, Andrew Sowter, David Gee, Giles Foody, and Doreen S. Boyd
Biogeosciences, 20, 4221–4239, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4221-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4221-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Permafrost thaw in Arctic regions is increasing methane emissions, but quantification is difficult given the large and remote areas impacted. We show that UAV data together with satellite data can be used to extrapolate emissions across the wider landscape as well as detect areas at risk of higher emissions. A transition of currently degrading areas to fen type vegetation can increase emission by several orders of magnitude, highlighting the importance of quantifying areas at risk.
Cole G. Brachmann, Tage Vowles, Riikka Rinnan, Mats P. Björkman, Anna Ekberg, and Robert G. Björk
Biogeosciences, 20, 4069–4086, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4069-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4069-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Herbivores change plant communities through grazing, altering the amount of CO2 and plant-specific chemicals (termed VOCs) emitted. We tested this effect by excluding herbivores and studying the CO2 and VOC emissions. Herbivores reduced CO2 emissions from a meadow community and altered VOC composition; however, community type had the strongest effect on the amount of CO2 and VOCs released. Herbivores can mediate greenhouse gas emissions, but the effect is marginal and community dependent.
Ole Lessmann, Jorge Encinas Fernández, Karla Martínez-Cruz, and Frank Peeters
Biogeosciences, 20, 4057–4068, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4057-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4057-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Based on a large dataset of seasonally resolved methane (CH4) pore water concentrations in a reservoir's sediment, we assess the significance of CH4 emissions due to reservoir flushing. In the studied reservoir, CH4 emissions caused by one flushing operation can represent 7 %–14 % of the annual CH4 emissions and depend on the timing of the flushing operation. In reservoirs with high sediment loadings, regular flushing may substantially contribute to the overall CH4 emissions.
Matti Räsänen, Risto Vesala, Petri Rönnholm, Laura Arppe, Petra Manninen, Markus Jylhä, Jouko Rikkinen, Petri Pellikka, and Janne Rinne
Biogeosciences, 20, 4029–4042, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4029-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4029-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Fungus-growing termites recycle large parts of dead plant material in African savannas and are significant sources of greenhouse gases. We measured CO2 and CH4 fluxes from their mounds and surrounding soils in open and closed habitats. The fluxes scale with mound volume. The results show that emissions from mounds of fungus-growing termites are more stable than those from other termites. The soil fluxes around the mound are affected by the termite colonies at up to 2 m distance from the mound.
Cited articles
Akima, H.: A method of bivariate interpolation and smooth surface fitting based on local procedures, Commun. ACM, 17, 18–20, https://doi.org/10.1145/360767.360779, 1974.
Allison, J., Brown, D., and Novo-Gradac, K.: MINTEQA2/PRODEFA2, a geochemical assessment model for environmental systems: Version 3. 0 user's manual, US Environmental Protection Agency, GA, PB-91-182469/XAB; EPA-600/3-91/021, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5673069 (last access: 15 April 2024), 1991.
Amorim, M. J. B. and Scott-Fordsmand, J. J.: Toxicity of copper nanoparticles and CuCl2 salt to Enchytraeus albidus worms: Survival, reproduction and avoidance responses, Environ. Pollut., 164, 164–168, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.015, 2012.
Atekwana, E. A., Molwalefhe, L., Kgaodi, O., and Cruse, A. M.: Effect of evapotranspiration on dissolved inorganic carbon and stable carbon isotopic evolution in rivers in semi-arid climates: The Okavango Delta in North West Botswana, J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud., 7, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2016.05.003, 2016.
Borges, A. V., Darchambeau, F., Lambert, T., Morana, C., Allen, G. H., Tambwe, E., Toengaho Sembaito, A., Mambo, T., Nlandu Wabakhangazi, J., Descy, J.-P., Teodoru, C. R., and Bouillon, S.: Variations in dissolved greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) in the Congo River network overwhelmingly driven by fluvial-wetland connectivity, Biogeosciences, 16, 3801–3834, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3801-2019, 2019.
Carroll, J. J., Slupsky, J. D., and Mather, A. E.: The Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water at Low Pressure, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 1201–1209, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555900, 1991.
Chen, C. Y., Driscoll, C. T., Eagles-Smith, C. A., Eckley, C. S., Gay, D. A., Hsu-Kim, H., Keane, S. E., Kirk, J. L., Mason, R. P., Obrist, D., Selin, H., Selin, N. E., and Thompson, M. R.: A Critical Time for Mercury Science to Inform Global Policy, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 9556–9561, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02286, 2018.
Chen, H., Johnston, R. C., Mann, B. F., Chu, R. K., Tolic, N., Parks, J. M., and Gu, B.: Identification of Mercury and Dissolved Organic Matter Complexes Using Ultrahigh Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Environ. Sci. Tech. Let., 4, 59–65, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00460, 2017.
Chou, W.-C., Gong, G.-C., Yang, C.-Y., and Chuang, K.-Y.: A comparison between field and laboratory pH measurements for seawater on the East China Sea shelf, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 14, 315–322, https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10091, 2016.
Ciavatta, L. and Grimaldi, M.: The hydrolysis of mercury(II) chloride, HgCl2, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 30, 563–581, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1902(68)80483-X, 1968.
Clayer, F., Gobeil, C., and Tessier, A.: Rates and pathways of sedimentary organic matter mineralization in two basins of a boreal lake: Emphasis on methanogenesis and methanotrophy: Methane cycling in boreal lake sediments, Limnol. Oceanogr., 61, S131–S149, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10323, 2016.
Clayer, F., Thrane, J.-E., Brandt, U., Dörsch, P., and de Wit, H. A.: Boreal Headwater Catchment as Hot Spot of Carbon Processing From Headwater to Fjord, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 126, e2021JG006359, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JG006359, 2021.
Clayer, F., Thrane, J.-E., Dörsch, P., and Rohrlack, T.: Dataset for “Technical Note: Preventing CO2 overestimation from mercuric or copper (II) chloride preservation of dissolved greenhouse gases in freshwater samples”, https://doi.org/10.4211/hs.436be40748a246269102b20211b49762, 2024.
Cole, J. J. and Caraco, N. F.: Atmospheric exchange of carbon dioxide in a low-wind oligotrophic lake measured by the addition of SF6, Limnol. Oceanogr., 43, 647–656, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1998.43.4.0647, 1998.
Cole, J. J., Caraco, N. F., Kling, G. W., and Kratz, T. K.: Carbon Dioxide Supersaturation in the Surface Waters of Lakes, Science, 265, 1568–1570, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.265.5178.1568, 1994.
Crusius, J. and Wanninkhof, R.: Gas transfer velocities measured at low wind speed over a lake, Limnol. Oceanogr., 48, 1010–1017, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2003.48.3.1010, 2003.
de Wit, H. A., Garmo, Ø. A., Jackson-Blake, L. A., Clayer, F., Vogt, R. D., Austnes, K., Kaste, Ø., Gundersen, C. B., Guerrerro, J. L., and Hindar, A.: Changing Water Chemistry in One Thousand Norwegian Lakes During Three Decades of Cleaner Air and Climate Change, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 37, e2022GB007509, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GB007509, 2023.
Deheyn, D. D., Bencheikh-Latmani, R., and Latz, M. I.: Chemical speciation and toxicity of metals assessed by three bioluminescence-based assays using marine organisms, Environ. Toxicol., 19, 161–178, https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20009, 2004.
Dickson, A. G., Sabine, C. L., and Christian, J. R.: Guide to best practices for ocean CO2 measurements, North Pacific Marine Science Organization, https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-1342, 2007.
Duan, Z. and Mao, S.: A thermodynamic model for calculating methane solubility, density and gas phase composition of methane-bearing aqueous fluids from 273 to 523 K and from 1 to 2000 bar, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 70, 3369–3386, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.03.018, 2006.
Foti, C., Giuffrè, O., Lando, G., and Sammartano, S.: Interaction of Inorganic Mercury(II) with Polyamines, Polycarboxylates, and Amino Acids, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 54, 893–903, https://doi.org/10.1021/je800685c, 2009.
Frost API: https://frost.met.no/index.html (last access: 15 April 2024), 2022.
Golub, M., Desai, A. R., McKinley, G. A., Remucal, C. K., and Stanley, E. H.: Large Uncertainty in Estimating pCO2 From Carbonate Equilibria in Lakes, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 122, 2909–2924, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JG003794, 2017.
Guérin, F., Abril, G., Richard, S., Burban, B., Reynouard, C., Seyler, P., and Delmas, R.: Methane and carbon dioxide emissions from tropical reservoirs: Significance of downstream rivers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L21407, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027929, 2006.
Guérin, F., Abril, G., Serça, D., Delon, C., Richard, S., Delmas, R., Tremblay, A., and Varfalvy, L.: Gas transfer velocities of CO2 and CH4 in a tropical reservoir and its river downstream, J. Marine Syst., 66, 161–172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.03.019, 2007.
Hagman, C. H. C., Ballot, A., Hjermann, D. Ø., Skjelbred, B., Brettum, P., and Ptacnik, R.: The occurrence and spread of Gonyostomum semen (Ehr.) Diesing (Raphidophyceae) in Norwegian lakes, Hydrobiologia, 744, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-014-2050-y, 2015.
Halmi, M. I. E., Kassim, A., and Shukor, M. Y.: Assessment of heavy metal toxicity using a luminescent bacterial test based on Photobacterium sp. strain MIE, Rend. Lincei-Sci. Fis., 30, 589–601, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-019-00809-5, 2019.
Hamme, R. C. and Emerson, S. R.: The solubility of neon, nitrogen and argon in distilled water and seawater, Deep-Sea Res., 51, 1517–1528, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2004.06.009, 2004.
Hassen, A., Saidi, N., Cherif, M., and Boudabous, A.: Resistance of environmental bacteria to heavy metals, Bioresource Technol., 64, 7–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(97)00161-2, 1998.
Hessen, D. O., Håll, J. P., Thrane, J.-E., and Andersen, T.: Coupling dissolved organic carbon, CO2 and productivity in boreal lakes, Freshwater Biol., 62, 945–953, https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12914, 2017.
Hilgert, S., Scapulatempo Fernandes, C. V., and Fuchs, S.: Redistribution of methane emission hot spots under drawdown conditions, Sci. Total Environ., 646, 958–971, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.338, 2019.
Horvatić, J. and Peršić, V.: The Effect of Ni2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ on the Growth Rate of Marine Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin: Microplate Growth Inhibition Test, B. Environ. Contam. Tox., 79, 494–498, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-007-9291-7, 2007.
Houle, D., Augustin, F., and Couture, S.: Rapid improvement of lake acid–base status in Atlantic Canada following steep decline in precipitation acidity, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 79, 2126–2137, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2021-0349, 2022.
Jeffrey, L. C., Santos, I. R., Tait, D. R., Makings, U., and Maher, D. T.: Seasonal Drivers of Carbon Dioxide Dynamics in a Hydrologically Modified Subtropical Tidal River and Estuary (Caboolture River, Australia), J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 123, 1827–1849, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JG004023, 2018.
Jonsson, A., Meili, M., Bergström, A.-K., and Jansson, M.: Whole-lake mineralization of allochthonous and autochthonous organic carbon in a large humic lake (örträsket, N. Sweden), Limnol. Oceanogr., 46, 1691–1700, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2001.46.7.1691, 2001.
Karlsson, J., Giesler, R., Persson, J., and Lundin, E.: High emission of carbon dioxide and methane during ice thaw in high latitude lakes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1123–1127, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50152, 2013.
Khwaja, A. R., Bloom, P. R., and Brezonik, P. L.: Binding Constants of Divalent Mercury (Hg2+) in Soil Humic Acids and Soil Organic Matter, Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 844–849, https://doi.org/10.1021/es051085c, 2006.
Kim, D., Mahabadi, N., Jang, J., and van Paassen, L. A.: Assessing the Kinetics and Pore-Scale Characteristics of Biological Calcium Carbonate Precipitation in Porous Media using a Microfluidic Chip Experiment, Water Resour. Res., 56, e2019WR025420, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR025420, 2020.
Klaus, M.: Decadal increase in groundwater inorganic carbon concentrations across Sweden, Commun. Earth Environ., 4, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00885-4, 2023.
Kling, G. W., Kipphut, G. W., and Miller, M. C.: Arctic Lakes and Streams as Gas Conduits to the Atmosphere: Implications for Tundra Carbon Budgets, Science, 251, 298–301, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.251.4991.298, 1991.
Knowles, R.: Denitrification, Microbiol. Rev., 46, 43–70, https://doi.org/10.1128/mr.46.1.43-70.1982, 1982.
Kokic, J., Wallin, M. B., Chmiel, H. E., Denfeld, B. A., and Sobek, S.: Carbon dioxide evasion from headwater systems strongly contributes to the total export of carbon from a small boreal lake catchment, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 120, 13–28, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002706, 2015.
Koschorreck, M., Prairie, Y. T., Kim, J., and Marcé, R.: Technical note: CO2 is not like CH4 – limits of and corrections to the headspace method to analyse pCO2 in fresh water, Biogeosciences, 18, 1619–1627, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1619-2021, 2021.
Larrañaga, M., Lewis, R., and Lewis, R.: Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 16th Edn., i–xiii, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119312468.fmatter, 2016.
Liang, X., Lu, X., Zhao, J., Liang, L., Zeng, E. Y., and Gu, B.: Stepwise Reduction Approach Reveals Mercury Competitive Binding and Exchange Reactions within Natural Organic Matter and Mixed Organic Ligands, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 10685–10694, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b02586, 2019.
Machado Damazio, J., Cordeiro Geber de Melo, A., Piñeiro Maceira, M. E., Medeiros, A., Negrini, M., Alm, J., Schei, T. A., Tateda, Y., Smith, B., and Nielsen, N.: Guidelines for quantitative analysis of net GHG emissions from reservoirs: Volume 1: Measurement Programmes and Data Analysis. International Energy Agency (IEA), https://www.ieahydro.org/media/992f6848/GHG_Guidelines_22October2012_Final.pdf (last access: 15 April 2024), 2012.
Magen, C., Lapham, L. L., Pohlman, J. W., Marshall, K., Bosman, S., Casso, M., and Chanton, J. P.: A simple headspace equilibration method for measuring dissolved methane, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 12, 637–650, https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2014.12.637, 2014.
Miller, C. L., Southworth, G., Brooks, S., Liang, L., and Gu, B.: Kinetic Controls on the Complexation between Mercury and Dissolved Organic Matter in a Contaminated Environment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 8548–8553, https://doi.org/10.1021/es901891t, 2009.
Millero, F.: Speciation of metals in natural waters, Geochem. T., 2, 57, https://doi.org/10.1186/1467-4866-2-57, 2001.
Mørkved, P. T., Dörsch, P., and Bakken, L. R.: The N2O product ratio of nitrification and its dependence on long-term changes in soil pH, Soil Biol. Biochem., 39, 2048–2057, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.03.006, 2007.
Myrstener, M., Fork, M. L., Bergström, A.-K., Puts, I. C., Hauptmann, D., Isles, P. D. F., Burrows, R. M., and Sponseller, R. A.: Resolving the Drivers of Algal Nutrient Limitation from Boreal to Arctic Lakes and Streams, Ecosystems, 25, 1682–1699, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-022-00759-4, 2022.
NILU: EBAS, https://ebas-data.nilu.no/Default.aspx (last access: 15 April 2024), 2022.
Nowack, B., Krug, H. F., and Height, M.: 120 Years of Nanosilver History: Implications for Policy Makers, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 1177–1183, https://doi.org/10.1021/es103316q, 2011.
NPIRS: Purdue University, https://www.npirs.org/public (last access: 15 April 2024), 2023.
Okuku, E. O., Bouillon, S., Tole, M., and Borges, A. V.: Diffusive emissions of methane and nitrous oxide from a cascade of tropical hydropower reservoirs in Kenya, Lakes Reserv. Sci. Policy Manag. Sustain. Use, 24, 127–135, https://doi.org/10.1111/lre.12264, 2019.
Parkhurst, D. L. and Appelo, C. A. J.: Description of input and examples for PHREEQC version 3 – A computer program for speciation, batch-reaction, one-dimensional transport, and inverse geochemical calculations: U. S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, Book 6, Chap. A43, USGS, 497, http://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/06/a43/ (last access: 15 April 2024), 2013.
Powell, K. J., Brown, P. L., Byrne, R. H., Gajda, T., Hefter, G., Sjöberg, S., and Wanner, H.: Chemical speciation of environmentally significant heavy metals with inorganic ligands. Part 1: The Hg2+ – Cl−, OH−,
Rai, L. C., Gaur, J. P., and Kumar, H. D.: Phycology and Heavy-Metal Pollution, Biol. Rev., 56, 99–151, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1981.tb00345.x, 1981.
Ratte, H. T.: Bioaccumulation and toxicity of silver compounds: A review, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 18, 89–108, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620180112, 1999.
Ray, R., Miyajima, T., Watanabe, A., Yoshikai, M., Ferrera, C. M., Orizar, I., Nakamura, T., San Diego-McGlone, M. L., Herrera, E. C., and Nadaoka, K.: Dissolved and particulate carbon export from a tropical mangrove-dominated riverine system, Limnol. Oceanogr., 66, 3944–3962, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11934, 2021.
Rees, A. P., Brown, I. J., Jayakumar, A., Lessin, G., Somerfield, P. J., and Ward, B. B.: Biological nitrous oxide consumption in oxygenated waters of the high latitude Atlantic Ocean, Commun. Earth Environ., 2, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00104-y, 2021.
Rippner, D. A., Margenot, A. J., Fakra, S. C., Aguilera, L. A., Li, C., Sohng, J., Dynarski, K. A., Waterhouse, H., McElroy, N., Wade, J., Hind, S. R., Green, P. G., Peak, D., McElrone, A. J., Chen, N., Feng, R., Scow, K. M., and Parikh, S. J.: Microbial response to copper oxide nanoparticles in soils is controlled by land use rather than copper fate, Environ. Sci.-Nano, 8, 3560–3576, https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EN00656H, 2021.
Rohrlack, T., Frostad, P., Riise, G., and Hagman, C. H. C.: Motile phytoplankton species such as Gonyostomum semen can significantly reduce CO2 emissions from boreal lakes, Limnologica, 84, 125810, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.limno.2020.125810, 2020.
Schubert, C. J., Diem, T., and Eugster, W.: Methane Emissions from a Small Wind Shielded Lake Determined by Eddy Covariance, Flux Chambers, Anchored Funnels, and Boundary Model Calculations: A Comparison, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 4515–4522, https://doi.org/10.1021/es203465x, 2012.
Seitzinger, S. P.: Denitrification in freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems: Ecological and geochemical significance, Limnol. Oceanogr., 33, 702–724, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1988.33.4part2.0702, 1988.
Skjelkvåle, B. L., and de Wit, H. A.: Trends in precipitation chemistry, surface water chemistry and aquatic biota in acidified areas in Europe and North America from 1990 to 2008, ICP Waters report 106/2011, In 126. Norsk institutt for vannforskning, https://niva.brage.unit.no/niva-xmlui/handle/11250/215591 (last access: 15 April 2024), 2011.
Skyllberg, U.: Competition among thiols and inorganic sulfides and polysulfides for Hg and MeHg in wetland soils and sediments under suboxic conditions: Illumination of controversies and implications for MeHg net production, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 113, G00C03, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JG000745, 2008.
Sobek, S., Algesten, G., Bergström, A.-K., Jansson, M., and Tranvik, L. J.: The catchment and climate regulation of pCO2 in boreal lakes, Global Change Biol., 9, 630–641, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00619.x, 2003.
Stumm, W. and Morgan, J. J.: Aquatic Chemistry: An introduction emphasizing chemical equilibria in natural waters, Wiley Interscience, New York, ISBN-10: 0471091731, ISBN-13: 978-0471091738, 1981.
Stumm, W. and Morgan, J. J.: Aquatic chemistry: Chemical equilibria and rates in natural waters, 3rd edn., Wiley, ISBN-10: 0471511854, ISBN-13: 978-0471511854, 1996.
Taipale, S. J. and Sonninen, E.: The influence of preservation method and time on the δ13C value of dissolved inorganic carbon in water samples, Rapid Commun. Mass Sp., 23, 2507–2510, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.4072, 2009.
Takahashi, H. A., Handa, H., Sugiyama, A., Matsushita, M., Kondo, M., Kimura, H., and Tsujimura, M.: Filtration and exposure to benzalkonium chloride or sodium chloride to preserve water samples for dissolved inorganic carbon analysis, Geochem. J., 53, 305–318, https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.2.0570, 2019.
Thottathil, S. D., Reis, P. C. J., and Prairie, Y. T.: Methane oxidation kinetics in northern freshwater lakes, Biogeochemistry, 143, 105–116, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-019-00552-x, 2019.
Tipping, E.: Cation binding by humic substances, Cambridge University Press, ISBN: 9780511535598, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511535598, 2002.
Tørseth, K., Aas, W., Breivik, K., Fjæraa, A. M., Fiebig, M., Hjellbrekke, A. G., Lund Myhre, C., Solberg, S., and Yttri, K. E.: Introduction to the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) and observed atmospheric composition change during 1972–2009, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 5447–5481, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-5447-2012, 2012.
Ullmann, F., Gerhartz, W., Yamamoto, Y. S., Campbell, F. T., Pfefferkorn, R., and Rounsaville, J. F.: Ullmann's encyclopedia of industrial chemistry, 5th, completely rev. edn., VCH, Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany, 584 pp., ISBN: 0895731541, 9780895731548, 1985.
UNESCO/IHA: Assessment of the GHG status of freshwater reservoirs: Scoping paper, IHP/GHG-WG/3, p. 28, UNESCO/IHA, International Hydropower Association – International Hydrological Programme, Working Group on Greenhouse Gas Status of Freshwater Reservoirs, https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000181713 (last access: 15 April 2024), 2008.
UNESCO/IHA: GHG Measurement Guidelines for Freshwater Reservoirs, p. 154, UNESCO/IHA, International Hydropower Association, https://www.hydropower.org/publications/ghg-measurement-guidelines-for-freshwater-reservoirs (last access: 15 April 2024), 2010.
Urabe, J., Iwata, T., Yagami, Y., Kato, E., Suzuki, T., Hino, S., and Ban, S.: Within-lake and watershed determinants of carbon dioxide in surface water: A comparative analysis of a variety of lakes in the Japanese Islands, Limnol. Oceanogr., 56, 49–60, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2011.56.1.0049, 2011.
Vachon, D. and Prairie, Y. T.: The ecosystem size and shape dependence of gas transfer velocity versus wind speed relationships in lakes, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 70, 1757–1764, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0241, 2013.
Valiente, N., Eiler, A., Allesson, L., Andersen, T., Clayer, F., Crapart, C., Dörsch, P., Fontaine, L., Heuschele, J., Vogt, R. D., Wei, J., de Wit, H. A., and Hessen, D. O.: Catchment properties as predictors of greenhouse gas concentrations across a gradient of boreal lakes, Front. Environ. Sci., 10, 880619, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.880619, 2022.
Valinia, S., Englund, G., Moldan, F., Futter, M. N., Köhler, S. J., Bishop, K., and Fölster, J.: Assessing anthropogenic impact on boreal lakes with historical fish species distribution data and hydrogeochemical modeling, Global Change Biol., 20, 2752–2764, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12527, 2014.
van Grinsven, S., Oswald, K., Wehrli, B., Jegge, C., Zopfi, J., Lehmann, M. F., and Schubert, C. J.: Methane oxidation in the waters of a humic-rich boreal lake stimulated by photosynthesis, nitrite, Fe(III) and humics, Biogeosciences, 18, 3087–3101, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3087-2021, 2021.
Wanninkhof, R.: Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean revisited, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 12, 351–362, https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2014.12.351, 2014.
Webb, J. R., Santos, I. R., Maher, D. T., Macdonald, B., Robson, B., Isaac, P., and McHugh, I.: Terrestrial versus aquatic carbon fluxes in a subtropical agricultural floodplain over an annual cycle, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 260–261, 262–272, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.06.015, 2018.
Weiss, R. F. and Price, B. A.: Nitrous oxide solubility in water and seawater, Mar. Chem., 8, 347–359, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(80)90024-9, 1980.
Weyhenmeyer, G. A., Hartmann, J., Hessen, D. O., Kopáček, J., Hejzlar, J., Jacquet, S., Hamilton, S. K., Verburg, P., Leach, T. H., Schmid, M., Flaim, G., Nõges, T., Nõges, P., Wentzky, V. C., Rogora, M., Rusak, J. A., Kosten, S., Paterson, A. M., Teubner, K., Higgins, S. N., Lawrence, G., Kangur, K., Kokorite, I., Cerasino, L., Funk, C., Harvey, R., Moatar, F., de Wit, H. A., and Zechmeister, T.: Widespread diminishing anthropogenic effects on calcium in freshwaters, Sci. Rep.-UK, 9, 10450, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46838-w, 2019.
Wilhelm, E., Battino, R., and Wilcock, R. J.: Low-pressure solubility of gases in liquid water, Chem. Rev., 77, 219–262, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60306a003, 1977.
Wilson, J., Munizzi, J., and Erhardt, A. M.: Preservation methods for the isotopic composition of dissolved carbon species in non-ideal conditions, Rapid Commun. Mass Sp., 34, e8903, https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.8903, 2020.
Xiao, S., Yang, H., Liu, D., Zhang, C., Lei, D., Wang, Y., Peng, F., Li, Y., Wang, C., Li, X., Wu, G., and Liu, L.: Gas transfer velocities of methane and carbon dioxide in a subtropical shallow pond, Tellus B, 66, 23795, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v66.23795, 2014.
Xu, F. F. and Imlay, J. A.: Silver(I), Mercury(II), Cadmium(II), and Zinc(II) Target Exposed Enzymic Iron-Sulfur Clusters when They Toxify Escherichia coli, Appl. Environ. Microb., 78, 3614–3621, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.07368-11, 2012.
Yamamoto, S., Alcauskas, J. B., and Crozier, T. E.: Solubility of methane in distilled water and seawater, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 21, 78–80, https://doi.org/10.1021/je60068a029, 1976.
Yan, F., Sillanpää, M., Kang, S., Aho, K. S., Qu, B., Wei, D., Li, X., Li, C., and Raymond, P. A.: Lakes on the Tibetan Plateau as Conduits of Greenhouse Gases to the Atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 123, 2091–2103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JG004379, 2018.
Yang, H., Andersen, T., Dörsch, P., Tominaga, K., Thrane, J.-E., and Hessen, D. O.: Greenhouse gas metabolism in Nordic boreal lakes, Biogeochemistry, 126, 211–225, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-015-0154-8, 2015.
Short summary
Determination of dissolved greenhouse gas (GHG) in freshwater allows us to estimate GHG fluxes. Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) is used to preserve water samples prior to GHG analysis despite its environmental and health impacts and interferences with water chemistry in freshwater. Here, we tested the effects of HgCl2, two substitutes and storage time on GHG in water from two boreal lakes. Preservation with HgCl2 caused overestimation of CO2 concentration with consequences for GHG flux estimation.
Determination of dissolved greenhouse gas (GHG) in freshwater allows us to estimate GHG fluxes....
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint