Articles | Volume 23, issue 8
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-2687-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-2687-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
21 Apr 2026
Research article |
| 21 Apr 2026
| 21 Apr 2026
Dynamics of island mass effect – Part 2: Phytoplankton physiological responses
Guillaume Bourdin
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
Lee Karp-Boss
School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
Fabien Lombard
Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-Sur-Mer, France
Gabriel Gorsky
Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Villefranche-Sur-Mer, France
Emmanuel Boss
School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
Related authors
Guillaume Bourdin, Lee Karp-Boss, Fabien Lombard, Gabriel Gorsky, and Emmanuel Boss
Biogeosciences, 22, 3207–3233, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3207-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3207-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Remote islands and atolls create unique oceanic processes that affect the surrounding waters, known as the island mass effect (IME). These processes input nutrients to the ocean surface, leading to an increasing phytoplankton concentration near islands. We combine data from various satellites and modeled currents to better track these changes. This reveals a larger IME impact than previously estimated, suggesting that islands play a more significant role in ocean food chains in subtropical regions.
Zoé Mériguet, Guillaume Bourdin, Nathaniel Kristan, Laetitia Jalabert, Olivier Bun, Marc Picheral, Louis Caray-Counil, Juliette Maury, Maria-Luiza Pedrotti, Amanda Elineau, David A. Paz-Garcia, Lee Karp-Boss, Gaby Gorsky, Fabien Lombard, and the Tara Pacific Consortium Coordinators team
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2761–2792, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2761-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2761-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents imaging datasets from the Tara Pacific expedition, covering multiple plankton sizes and a wide sampling area in Pacific waters. By sampling both open-ocean and island areas, these data can show how plankton size, diversity and abundance change with different environments. We also highlight the usefulness of high-speed plankton sampling when it is not possible to slow the boat during sailing as well as the value of this technique with respect to extending the sampling coverage and frequency.
Nicolas Metzl, Jonathan Fin, Claire Lo Monaco, Claude Mignon, Samir Alliouane, David Antoine, Guillaume Bourdin, Jacqueline Boutin, Yann Bozec, Pascal Conan, Laurent Coppola, Frédéric Diaz, Eric Douville, Xavier Durrieu de Madron, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Frédéric Gazeau, Melek Golbol, Bruno Lansard, Dominique Lefèvre, Nathalie Lefèvre, Fabien Lombard, Férial Louanchi, Liliane Merlivat, Léa Olivier, Anne Petrenko, Sébastien Petton, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Christophe Rabouille, Gilles Reverdin, Céline Ridame, Aline Tribollet, Vincenzo Vellucci, Thibaut Wagener, and Cathy Wimart-Rousseau
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 89–120, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-89-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-89-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work presents a synthesis of 44 000 total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon observations obtained between 1993 and 2022 in the Global Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea at the surface and in the water column. Seawater samples were measured using the same method and calibrated with international Certified Reference Material. We describe the data assemblage, quality control and some potential uses of this dataset.
Laurent Coppola, Anthony Bosse, Thibaut Wagener, Dominique Lefevre, Magali Lescot, François Carlotti, Fabien Lombard, Lionel Guidi, Fabrice Not, Xavier Durrieu de Madron, Pascal Conan, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Caroline Ulses, Samuel Somot, Claude Estournel, Emilie Diamond Riquier, Céline Laus, Nathalie Leblond, Matthieu Labaste, Patrice Bretel, Melek Golbol, Stephane Kunesch, Jennifer Sola, Laure Chirurgien, Sandra Nunige, Sarah Romac, and Pierre Testor
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-127, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2026-127, 2026
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
The MOOSE program investigated the fast-changing northwestern Mediterranean by repeating annual cruises from 2010 to 2024. Using consistent measurements from the surface to the seafloor and checking them against fixed and autonomous platforms, we find intermediate and deep waters are becoming warmer and saltier, oxygen is declining, and dissolved carbon is rising, pointing to progressing acidification. These trends can reshape ecosystems and underline the need for sustained monitoring.
Ariadna Celina Nocera, Lars Stemmann, Marcel Babin, Tristan Biard, Julie Coustenoble, François Carlotti, Laurent Coppola, Lucas Courchet, Laetitia Drago, Amanda Elineau, Lionel Guidi, Helena Hauss, Laëtitia Jalabert, Lee Karp-Boss, Rainer Kiko, Manon Laget, Fabien Lombard, Andrew McDonnell, Camille Merland, Solène Motreuil, Thelma Panaïotis, Marc Picheral, Andreas Rogge, Anya Waite, and Jean-Olivier Irisson
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-522, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-522, 2025
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Plankton and detritus play a key role in ocean health and climate regulation. We present a large global dataset of images and information collected from 2008 to 2018 using specialized underwater camera (UVP). This publicly available dataset will support more accurate ecological models and help train artificial intelligence tools, improving how scientists track ocean biodiversity and monitor environmental changes.
Guillaume Bourdin, Lee Karp-Boss, Fabien Lombard, Gabriel Gorsky, and Emmanuel Boss
Biogeosciences, 22, 3207–3233, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3207-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3207-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Remote islands and atolls create unique oceanic processes that affect the surrounding waters, known as the island mass effect (IME). These processes input nutrients to the ocean surface, leading to an increasing phytoplankton concentration near islands. We combine data from various satellites and modeled currents to better track these changes. This reveals a larger IME impact than previously estimated, suggesting that islands play a more significant role in ocean food chains in subtropical regions.
Zoé Mériguet, Guillaume Bourdin, Nathaniel Kristan, Laetitia Jalabert, Olivier Bun, Marc Picheral, Louis Caray-Counil, Juliette Maury, Maria-Luiza Pedrotti, Amanda Elineau, David A. Paz-Garcia, Lee Karp-Boss, Gaby Gorsky, Fabien Lombard, and the Tara Pacific Consortium Coordinators team
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2761–2792, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2761-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2761-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents imaging datasets from the Tara Pacific expedition, covering multiple plankton sizes and a wide sampling area in Pacific waters. By sampling both open-ocean and island areas, these data can show how plankton size, diversity and abundance change with different environments. We also highlight the usefulness of high-speed plankton sampling when it is not possible to slow the boat during sailing as well as the value of this technique with respect to extending the sampling coverage and frequency.
Mathilde Dugenne, Marco Corrales-Ugalde, Jessica Y. Luo, Rainer Kiko, Todd D. O'Brien, Jean-Olivier Irisson, Fabien Lombard, Lars Stemmann, Charles Stock, Clarissa R. Anderson, Marcel Babin, Nagib Bhairy, Sophie Bonnet, Francois Carlotti, Astrid Cornils, E. Taylor Crockford, Patrick Daniel, Corinne Desnos, Laetitia Drago, Amanda Elineau, Alexis Fischer, Nina Grandrémy, Pierre-Luc Grondin, Lionel Guidi, Cecile Guieu, Helena Hauss, Kendra Hayashi, Jenny A. Huggett, Laetitia Jalabert, Lee Karp-Boss, Kasia M. Kenitz, Raphael M. Kudela, Magali Lescot, Claudie Marec, Andrew McDonnell, Zoe Mériguet, Barbara Niehoff, Margaux Noyon, Thelma Panaïotis, Emily Peacock, Marc Picheral, Emilie Riquier, Collin Roesler, Jean-Baptiste Romagnan, Heidi M. Sosik, Gretchen Spencer, Jan Taucher, Chloé Tilliette, and Marion Vilain
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 2971–2999, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2971-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-2971-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Plankton and particles influence carbon cycling and energy flow in marine ecosystems. We used three types of novel plankton imaging systems to obtain size measurements from a range of plankton and particle sizes and across all major oceans. Data were compiled and cross-calibrated from many thousands of images, showing seasonal and spatial changes in particle size structure in different ocean basins. These datasets form the first release of the Pelagic Size Structure database (PSSdb).
Nicolas Metzl, Jonathan Fin, Claire Lo Monaco, Claude Mignon, Samir Alliouane, David Antoine, Guillaume Bourdin, Jacqueline Boutin, Yann Bozec, Pascal Conan, Laurent Coppola, Frédéric Diaz, Eric Douville, Xavier Durrieu de Madron, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Frédéric Gazeau, Melek Golbol, Bruno Lansard, Dominique Lefèvre, Nathalie Lefèvre, Fabien Lombard, Férial Louanchi, Liliane Merlivat, Léa Olivier, Anne Petrenko, Sébastien Petton, Mireille Pujo-Pay, Christophe Rabouille, Gilles Reverdin, Céline Ridame, Aline Tribollet, Vincenzo Vellucci, Thibaut Wagener, and Cathy Wimart-Rousseau
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 89–120, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-89-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-89-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work presents a synthesis of 44 000 total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon observations obtained between 1993 and 2022 in the Global Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea at the surface and in the water column. Seawater samples were measured using the same method and calibrated with international Certified Reference Material. We describe the data assemblage, quality control and some potential uses of this dataset.
Anna Denvil-Sommer, Erik T. Buitenhuis, Rainer Kiko, Fabien Lombard, Lionel Guidi, and Corinne Le Quéré
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 2995–3012, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2995-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-2995-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using outputs of global biogeochemical ocean model and machine learning methods, we demonstrate that it will be possible to identify linkages between surface environmental and ecosystem structure and the export of carbon to depth by sinking organic particles using real observations. It will be possible to use this knowledge to improve both our understanding of ecosystem dynamics and of their functional representation within models.
Darren C. McKee, Scott C. Doney, Alice Della Penna, Emmanuel S. Boss, Peter Gaube, Michael J. Behrenfeld, and David M. Glover
Biogeosciences, 19, 5927–5952, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5927-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5927-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
As phytoplankton (small, drifting photosynthetic organisms) drift with ocean currents, biomass accumulation rates should be evaluated in a Lagrangian (observer moves with a fluid parcel) as opposed to an Eulerian (observer is stationary) framework. Here, we use profiling floats and surface drifters combined with satellite data to analyse time and length scales of chlorophyll concentrations (a proxy for biomass) and of velocity to quantify how phytoplankton variability is related to water motion.
Rainer Kiko, Marc Picheral, David Antoine, Marcel Babin, Léo Berline, Tristan Biard, Emmanuel Boss, Peter Brandt, Francois Carlotti, Svenja Christiansen, Laurent Coppola, Leandro de la Cruz, Emilie Diamond-Riquier, Xavier Durrieu de Madron, Amanda Elineau, Gabriel Gorsky, Lionel Guidi, Helena Hauss, Jean-Olivier Irisson, Lee Karp-Boss, Johannes Karstensen, Dong-gyun Kim, Rachel M. Lekanoff, Fabien Lombard, Rubens M. Lopes, Claudie Marec, Andrew M. P. McDonnell, Daniela Niemeyer, Margaux Noyon, Stephanie H. O'Daly, Mark D. Ohman, Jessica L. Pretty, Andreas Rogge, Sarah Searson, Masashi Shibata, Yuji Tanaka, Toste Tanhua, Jan Taucher, Emilia Trudnowska, Jessica S. Turner, Anya Waite, and Lars Stemmann
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 4315–4337, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4315-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4315-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The term
marine particlescomprises detrital aggregates; fecal pellets; bacterioplankton, phytoplankton and zooplankton; and even fish. Here, we present a global dataset that contains 8805 vertical particle size distribution profiles obtained with Underwater Vision Profiler 5 (UVP5) camera systems. These data are valuable to the scientific community, as they can be used to constrain important biogeochemical processes in the ocean, such as the flux of carbon to the deep sea.
Cited articles
Bailey, S. W. and Werdell, P. J.: A Multi-Sensor Approach for the on-Orbit Validation of Ocean Color Satellite Data Products, Remote Sens. Environ., 102, 12–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.01.015, 2006. a
Behrenfeld, M. J. and Kolber, Z. S.: Widespread Iron Limitation of Phytoplankton in the South Pacific Ocean, Science, 283, 840–843, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.283.5403.840, 1999. a
Behrenfeld, M. J. and Milligan, A. J.: Photophysiological Expressions of Iron Stress in Phytoplankton, Annu. Rev. Marine Sci., 5, 217–246, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172356, 2013. a
Behrenfeld, M. J., Worthington, K., Sherrell, R. M., Chavez, F. P., Strutton, P., McPhaden, M., and Shea, D. M.: Controls on Tropical Pacific Ocean Productivity Revealed through Nutrient Stress Diagnostics, Nature, 442, 1025–1028, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05083, 2006. a
Behrenfeld, M. J., Westberry, T. K., Boss, E. S., O'Malley, R. T., Siegel, D. A., Wiggert, J. D., Franz, B. A., McClain, C. R., Feldman, G. C., Doney, S. C., Moore, J. K., Dall'Olmo, G., Milligan, A. J., Lima, I., and Mahowald, N.: Satellite-detected fluorescence reveals global physiology of ocean phytoplankton, Biogeosciences, 6, 779–794, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-779-2009, 2009. a, b, c, d
Behrenfeld, M. J., O'Malley, R. T., Boss, E. S., Westberry, T. K., Graff, J. R., Halsey, K. H., Milligan, A. J., Siegel, D. A., and Brown, M. B.: Revaluating Ocean Warming Impacts on Global Phytoplankton, Nat. Clim. Change, 6, 323–330, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2838, 2015. a, b
Berman-Frank, I., Cullen, J. T., Shaked, Y., Sherrell, R. M., and Falkowski, P. G.: Iron Availability, Cellular Iron Quotas, and Nitrogen Fixation in Trichodesmium, Limnol. Oceanogr., 46, 1249–1260, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2001.46.6.1249, 2001a. a
Berman-Frank, I., Lundgren, P., Chen, Y.-B., Küpper, H., Kolber, Z., Bergman, B., and Falkowski, P.: Segregation of Nitrogen Fixation and Oxygenic Photosynthesis in the Marine Cyanobacterium Trichodesmium, Science, 294, 1534–1537, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1064082, 2001b. a
Bishop, J. K. B., Calvert, S. E., and Soon, M. Y.: Spatial and Temporal Variability of POC in the Northeast Subarctic Pacific, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 46, 2699–2733, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(99)00081-8, 1999. a
Bisson, K. M., Boss, E., Werdell, P. J., Ibrahim, A., and Behrenfeld, M. J.: Particulate Backscattering in the Global Ocean: A Comparison of Independent Assessments, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL090909, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090909, 2021. a, b, c
Blain, S., Quéguiner, B., and Trull, T.: The Natural Iron Fertilization Experiment KEOPS (KErguelen Ocean and Plateau Compared Study): An Overview, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 55, 559–565, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.01.002, 2008. a
Bonnet, S., Guieu, C., Taillandier, V., Boulart, C., Bouruet-Aubertot, P., Gazeau, F., Scalabrin, C., Bressac, M., Knapp, A. N., Cuypers, Y., González-Santana, D., Forrer, H. J., Grisoni, J.-M., Grosso, O., Habasque, J., Jardin-Camps, M., Leblond, N., Le Moigne, F. A. C., Lebourges-Dhaussy, A., Lory, C., Nunige, S., Pulido-Villena, E., Rizzo, A. L., Sarthou, G., and Tilliette, C.: Natural Iron Fertilization by Shallow Hydrothermal Sources Fuels Diazotroph Blooms in the Ocean, Science, 380, 812–817, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abq4654, 2023. a, b
Boss, E., Twardowski, M. S., and Herring, S.: Shape of the Particulate Beam Attenuation Spectrum and Its Inversion to Obtain the Shape of the Particulate Size Distribution, Appl. Opt., 40, 4885, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.40.004885, 2001. a, b
Boss, E., Picheral, M., Leeuw, T., Chase, A., Karsenti, E., Gorsky, G., Taylor, L., Slade, W., Ras, J., and Claustre, H.: The Characteristics of Particulate Absorption, Scattering and Attenuation Coefficients in the Surface Ocean; Contribution of the Tara Oceans Expedition, Meth. Oceanogr., 7, 52–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mio.2013.11.002, 2013. a
Boss, E., Haëntjens, N., Ackleson, S. G., Balch, B., Chase, A., Dall'Olmo, G., Freeman, S., Liu, Y., Loftin, J., Neary, W., Nelson, N., Novak, M., Slade, W. H., Proctor, C. W., Tortell, P., and Westberry, T. K.: Ocean Optics & Biogeochemistry Protocols for Satellite Ocean Colour Sensor Validation. Volume 4: Inherent Optical Property Measurements and Protocols: Best Practices for the Collection and Processing of Ship-Based Underway Flow-Through Optical Data (V. 4.0)., IOCCG Protocol Series, 4, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-664, 2019. a
Bourdin, G.: Dynamics of Island Mass Effect: Multi-Satellite Binning Package, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13376825, 2024. a
Bourdin, G.: Dynamics of island mass effect: detection input & output data, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17156826, 2025. a, b, c, d
Bourdin, G. and Karp-Boss, L.: Pigment Concentrations Derived from High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Analysis from Samples Collected during the Tara Pacific Expedition from 2016–2018, Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO) [data set], https://doi.org/10.26008/1912/BCO-DMO.889930.1, 2023. a
Bourdin, G., Lombard, F., Boss, E., Douville, É., Flores, M. J., Cassar, N., Cohen, N. R., Dimier, C., Fin, J., Gorsky, G., John, S. G., Kelly, R. L., Koren, I., Lin, Y., Marie, D., Metzl, N., Pujo-Pay, M., Ras, J., Reverdin, G., Vardi, A., Conan, P., Ghiglione, J.-F., Moulin, C., Boissin, É., Iwankow, G., Poulain, J., Romac, S., Agostini, A., Banaigs, B., Bowler, C., De Vargas, C., Forcioli, D., Furla, P., Galand, P. E., Gilson, E., Pesant, S., Reynaud, S., Sullivan, M. B., Sunagawa, S., Thomas, O., Troublé, R., Vega Thurber, R., Voolstra, C. R., Wincker, P., Zoccola, D., Allemand, D., and Planes, S.: Environmental context observed during the Tara Pacific Expedition 2016-2018, simplified version at site level (Version 1), Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6474974, 2022. a
Brewin, R. J., Sathyendranath, S., Müller, D., Brockmann, C., Deschamps, P.-Y., Devred, E., Doerffer, R., Fomferra, N., Franz, B., Grant, M., Groom, S., Horseman, A., Hu, C., Krasemann, H., Lee, Z., Maritorena, S., Mélin, F., Peters, M., Platt, T., Regner, P., Smyth, T., Steinmetz, F., Swinton, J., Werdell, J., and White, G. N.: The Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative: III. A Round-Robin Comparison on in-Water Bio-Optical Algorithms, Remote Sens. Environ., 162, 271–294, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2013.09.016, 2015. a
Caferri, R., Guardini, Z., Bassi, R., and Dall'Osto, L.: Assessing Photoprotective Functions of Carotenoids in Photosynthetic Systems of Plants and Green Algae, in: Methods in Enzymology, vol. 674, 53–84, Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-323-91351-5, https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.mie.2022.04.006, 2022. a, b
Caputi, L., Carradec, Q., Eveillard, D., Kirilovsky, A., Pelletier, E., Pierella Karlusich, J. J., Rocha Jimenez Vieira, F., Villar, E., Chaffron, S., Malviya, S., Scalco, E., Acinas, S. G., Alberti, A., Aury, J.-M., Benoiston, A.-S., Bertrand, A., Biard, T., Bittner, L., Boccara, M., Brum, J. R., Brunet, C., Busseni, G., Carratalà, A., Claustre, H., Coelho, L. P., Colin, S., D'Aniello, S., Da Silva, C., Del Core, M., Doré, H., Gasparini, S., Kokoszka, F., Jamet, J.-L., Lejeusne, C., Lepoivre, C., Lescot, M., Lima-Mendez, G., Lombard, F., Lukeš, J., Maillet, N., Madoui, M.-A., Martinez, E., Mazzocchi, M. G., Néou, M. B., Paz-Yepes, J., Poulain, J., Ramondenc, S., Romagnan, J.-B., Roux, S., Salvagio Manta, D., Sanges, R., Speich, S., Sprovieri, M., Sunagawa, S., Taillandier, V., Tanaka, A., Tirichine, L., Trottier, C., Uitz, J., Veluchamy, A., Veselá, J., Vincent, F., Yau, S., Kandels-Lewis, S., Searson, S., Dimier, C., Picheral, M., Tara Oceans Coordinators, Bork, P., Boss, E., De Vargas, C., Follows, M. J., Grimsley, N., Guidi, L., Hingamp, P., Karsenti, E., Sordino, P., Stemmann, L., Sullivan, M. B., Tagliabue, A., Zingone, A., Garczarek, L., d'Ortenzio, F., Testor, P., Not, F., d'Alcalà, M. R., Wincker, P., Bowler, C., and Iudicone, D.: Community-Level Responses to Iron Availability in Open Ocean Plankton Ecosystems, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 33, 391–419, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GB006022, 2019. a
Carder, K. L., Chen, F. R., and Hawes, S. K.: Instantaneous Photosynthetically Available Radiation and Absorbed Radiation by Phytoplankton, Tech. rep., College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, 2003. a
Chase, A., Boss, E., Zaneveld, R., Bricaud, A., Claustre, H., Ras, J., Dall'Olmo, G., and Westberry, T. K.: Decomposition of in Situ Particulate Absorption Spectra, Methods in Oceanography, 7, 110–124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mio.2014.02.002, 2013. a, b, c, d
Coale, K. H., Johnson, K. S., Fitzwater, S. E., Blain, S. P., Stanton, T. P., and Coley, T. L.: IronEx-I, an in Situ Iron-Enrichment Experiment: Experimental Design, Implementation and Results, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 45, 919–945, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00019-8, 1998. a
Connell, P., Ribalet, F., Armbrust, E., White, A., and Caron, D.: Diel Oscillations in the Feeding Activity of Heterotrophic and Mixotrophic Nanoplankton in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 85, 167–181, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame01950, 2020. a
Dai, S., Zhao, Y., Li, X., Wang, Z., Zhu, M., Liang, J., Liu, H., Tian, Z., and Sun, X.: The Seamount Effect on Phytoplankton in the Tropical Western Pacific, Marine Environ. Res., 162, 105094, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105094, 2020. a
Dall'Olmo, G., Westberry, T. K., Behrenfeld, M. J., Boss, E., and Slade, W. H.: Significant contribution of large particles to optical backscattering in the open ocean, Biogeosciences, 6, 947–967, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-947-2009, 2009. a
Dandonneau, Y. and Charpy, L.: An Empirical Approach to the Island Mass Effect in the South Tropical Pacific Based on Sea Surface Chlorophyll Concentrations, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 32, 707–721, https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(85)90074-3, 1985. a
De Falco, C., Desbiolles, F., Bracco, A., and Pasquero, C.: Island Mass Effect: A Review of Oceanic Physical Processes, Front. Marine Sci., 9, 894860, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.894860, 2022. a, b, c, d
European Union-Copernicus Marine Service: Global Ocean Ensemble Physics Reanalysis, Mercator Ocean International [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/MOI-00024, 2019. a, b
Falkowski, P. G. and Owens, T. G.: Light–Shade Adaptation: Two Strategies in Marine Phytoplankton, Plant Physiol., 66, 592–595, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.66.4.592, 1980. a
Frouin, R. and Pinker, R. T.: Estimating Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) at the Earth's Surface from Satellite Observations, Remote Sens. Environ., 51, 98–107, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(94)00068-X, 1995. a
Gardner, W., Mishonov, A., and Richardson, M.: Global POC Concentrations from In-Situ and Satellite Data, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 53, 718–740, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.01.029, 2006. a, b
Gardner, W. D., Richardson, M. J., Carlson, C. A., Hansell, D., and Mishonov, A. V.: Determining True Particulate Organic Carbon: Bottles, Pumps and Methodologies, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 50, 655–674, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00589-1, 2003. a
GEBCO Bathymetric Compilation Group: The GEBCO_2022 Grid - a Continuous Terrain Model of the Global Oceans and Land, NERC EDS British Oceanographic Data Centre NOC [data set], https://doi.org/10.5285/E0F0BB80-AB44-2739-E053-6C86ABC0289C, 2022. a
Geider, R. J.: Light and Temperature Dependence of the Carbon to chlorophyll a Ratio in Microalgae and Cyanobacteria: Implications for Physiology and Growth of Phytoplankton., New Phytologist, 106, 1–34, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb04788.x, 1987. a
Geider, R. J., Maclntyre, H. L., and Kana, T. M.: A Dynamic Regulatory Model of Phytoplanktonic Acclimation to Light, Nutrients, and Temperature, Limnol. Oceanogr., 43, 679–694, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1998.43.4.0679, 1998. a, b, c, d
Goes, J., Saino, T., Oaku, H., and Jiang, D.: A Method for Estimating Sea Surface Nitrate Concentrations from Remotely Sensed SST and Chlorophyll A-a Case Study for the North Pacific Ocean Using OCTS/ADEOS Data, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 37, 1633–1644, https://doi.org/10.1109/36.763279, 1999. a
Gorsky, G., Bourdin, G., Lombard, F., Pedrotti, M. L., Audrain, S., Bin, N., Boss, E., Bowler, C., Cassar, N., Caudan, L., Chabot, G., Cohen, N. R., Cron, D., De Vargas, C., Dolan, J. R., Douville, E., Elineau, A., Flores, J. M., Ghiglione, J. F., Haëntjens, N., Hertau, M., John, S. G., Kelly, R. L., Koren, I., Lin, Y., Marie, D., Moulin, C., Moucherie, Y., Pesant, S., Picheral, M., Poulain, J., Pujo-Pay, M., Reverdin, G., Romac, S., Sullivan, M. B., Trainic, M., Tressol, M., Troublé, R., Vardi, A., Voolstra, C. R., Wincker, P., Agostini, S., Banaigs, B., Boissin, E., Forcioli, D., Furla, P., Galand, P. E., Gilson, E., Reynaud, S., Sunagawa, S., Thomas, O. P., Thurber, R. L. V., Zoccola, D., Planes, S., Allemand, D., and Karsenti, E.: Expanding Tara Oceans Protocols for Underway, Ecosystemic Sampling of the Ocean-Atmosphere Interface During Tara Pacific Expedition (2016–2018), Front. Marine Sci., 6, 750, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00750, 2019. a, b, c, d
Gove, J. M., McManus, M. A., Neuheimer, A. B., Polovina, J. J., Drazen, J. C., Smith, C. R., Merrifield, M. A., Friedlander, A. M., Ehses, J. S., Young, C. W., Dillon, A. K., and Williams, G. J.: Near-Island Biological Hotspots in Barren Ocean Basins, Nat. Commun., 7, 10581, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10581, 2016. a, b
Graff, J. R., Westberry, T. K., Milligan, A. J., Brown, M. B., Dall'Olmo, G., van Dongen-Vogels, V., Reifel, K. M., and Behrenfeld, M. J.: Analytical Phytoplankton Carbon Measurements Spanning Diverse Ecosystems, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 102, 16–25, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2015.04.006, 2015. a, b, c
Greene, R. M., Kolber, Z. S., Swift, D. G., Tindale, N. W., and Falkowski, P. G.: Physiological Limitation of Phytoplankton Photosynthesis in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Determined from Variability in the Quantum Yield of Fluorescence, Limnol. Oceanogr., 39, 1061–1074, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1994.39.5.1061, 1994. a
Guieu, C., Bonnet, S., Petrenko, A., Menkes, C., Chavagnac, V., Desboeufs, K., Maes, C., and Moutin, T.: Iron from a Submarine Source Impacts the Productive Layer of the Western Tropical South Pacific (WTSP), Sci. Rep., 8, 9075, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27407-z, 2018. a, b
Halsey, K. H. and Jones, B. M.: Phytoplankton Strategies for Photosynthetic Energy Allocation, Annu. Rev. Marine Sci., 7, 265–297, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015813, 2015. a, b, c
Heywood, K. J., Barton, E. D., and Simpson, J. H.: The Effects of Flow Disturbance by an Oceanic Island, J. Marine Res., 48, 55–73, https://doi.org/10.1357/002224090784984623, 1990. a
Hu, C., Feng, L., Lee, Z., Franz, B. A., Bailey, S. W., Werdell, P. J., and Proctor, C. W.: Improving Satellite Global Chlorophyll a Data Products Through Algorithm Refinement and Data Recovery, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 1524–1543, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC014941, 2019. a
Huot, Y., Antoine, D., and Vellucci, V.: Daily Sun-induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence vs. Irradiance Curves Reflect the Photoadaptation of Phytoplankton in Surface Waters, Limnol. Oceanogr., 70, 1001–1015, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.70001, 2025. a
James, A. K., Washburn, L., Gotschalk, C., Maritorena, S., Alldredge, A., Nelson, C. E., Hench, J. L., Leichter, J. J., Wyatt, A. S. J., and Carlson, C. A.: An Island Mass Effect Resolved Near Mo'orea, French Polynesia, Front. Marine Sci., 7, 16, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00016, 2020. a
Kolber, Z. S., Barber, R. T., Coale, K. H., Fitzwateri, S. E., Greene, R. M., Johnson, K. S., Lindley, S., and Falkowski, P. G.: Iron Limitation of Phytoplankton Photosynthesis in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean, Nature, 371, 145–149, https://doi.org/10.1038/371145a0, 1994. a
Kramer, S. J. and Siegel, D. A.: How Can Phytoplankton Pigments Be Best Used to Characterize Surface Ocean Phytoplankton Groups for Ocean Color Remote Sensing Algorithms?, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 7557–7574, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015604, 2019. a, b, c, d
Küpper, H., Šetlík, I., Seibert, S., Prášil, O., Šetlikova, E., Strittmatter, M., Levitan, O., Lohscheider, J., Adamska, I., and Berman-Frank, I.: Iron Limitation in the Marine Cyanobacterium Trichodesmium Reveals New Insights into Regulation of Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Fixation, New Phytologist, 179, 784–798, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02497.x, 2008. a
Langdon, C.: On the Causes of Interspecific Differences in the Growth-Irradiance Relationship for Phytoplankton. II. A General Review, J. Plankton Res., 10, 1291–1312, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/10.6.1291, 1988. a
Laws, E. A. and Bannister, T. T.: Nutrient- and Light-limited Growth of Thalassiosira Fluviatilis in Continuous Culture, with Implications for Phytoplankton Growth in the Ocean1, Limnol. Oceanogr., 25, 457–473, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1980.25.3.0457, 1980. a, b, c, d
Lee, Z., Carder, K. L., and Arnone, R. A.: Deriving Inherent Optical Properties from Water Color: A Multiband Quasi-Analytical Algorithm for Optically Deep Waters, Appl. Optics, 41, 5755, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.41.005755, 2002. a, b
Lee, Z., Hu, C., Shang, S., Du, K., Lewis, M., Arnone, R., and Brewin, R.: Penetration of UV-visible Solar Radiation in the Global Oceans: Insights from Ocean Color Remote Sensing., J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 4241–4255, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20308, 2013. a
Lehahn, Y., Koren, I., Sharoni, S., d'Ovidio, F., Vardi, A., and Boss, E.: Dispersion/Dilution Enhances Phytoplankton Blooms in Low-Nutrient Waters, Nat. Commun., 8, 14868, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14868, 2017. a
Leitner, A. B., Neuheimer, A. B., and Drazen, J. C.: Evidence for Long-Term Seamount-Induced Chlorophyll Enhancements, Sci. Rep., 10, 12729, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69564-0, 2020. a
Litchman, E., Klausmeier, C. A., Schofield, O. M., and Falkowski, P. G.: The Role of Functional Traits and Trade-offs in Structuring Phytoplankton Communities: Scaling from Cellular to Ecosystem Level, Ecol. Lett., 10, 1170–1181, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01117.x, 2007. a
Livanou, E., Lagaria, A., Santi, I., Mandalakis, M., Pavlidou, A., Lika, K., and Psarra, S.: Pigmented and Heterotrophic Nanoflagellates: Abundance and Grazing on Prokaryotic Picoplankton in the Ultra-Oligotrophic Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 164, 100–111, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2019.04.007, 2019. a
Lombard, F., Bourdin, G., Pesant, S., Agostini, S., Baudena, A., Boissin, E., Cassar, N., Clampitt, M., Conan, P., Da Silva, O., Dimier, C., Douville, E., Elineau, A., Fin, J., Flores, J. M., Ghiglione, J.-F., Hume, B. C. C., Jalabert, L., John, S. G., Kelly, R. L., Koren, I., Lin, Y., Marie, D., McMinds, R., Mériguet, Z., Metzl, N., Paz-García, D. A., Pedrotti, M. L., Poulain, J., Pujo-Pay, M., Ras, J., Reverdin, G., Romac, S., Rouan, A., Röttinger, E., Vardi, A., Voolstra, C. R., Moulin, C., Iwankow, G., Banaigs, B., Bowler, C., De Vargas, C., Forcioli, D., Furla, P., Galand, P. E., Gilson, E., Reynaud, S., Sunagawa, S., Sullivan, M. B., Thomas, O. P., Troublé, R., Thurber, R. V., Wincker, P., Zoccola, D., Allemand, D., Planes, S., Boss, E., and Gorsky, G.: Open Science Resources from the Tara Pacific Expedition across Coral Reef and Surface Ocean Ecosystems, Sci. Data, 10, 324, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01757-w, 2023. a, b, c, d, e
Longhurst, A.: Ecological Geography of the Sea, Elsevier, 2nd edn., ISBN 978-0-12-455521-1, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-455521-1.X5000-1, 2007. a
Lueck, R. G. and Mudge, T. D.: Topographically Induced Mixing Around a Shallow Seamount, Science, 276, 1831–1833, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5320.1831, 1997. a
Martinez, E., Rodier, M., Pagano, M., and Sauzède, R.: Plankton Spatial Variability within the Marquesas Archipelago, South Pacific, J. Marine Syst., 212, 103432, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2020.103432, 2020. a, b
Mériguet, Z., Bourdin, G., Jalabert, L., Bun, O., Caray–Counil, L., Elineau, A., Gorsky, G., and Lombard, F.: Global Scale Surface Micro-Plankton Dataset Collected with Deck Net and Imaged with FlowCam during the Tara Pacific Expedition, SEANOE [data set], https://doi.org/10.17882/102697, 2024. a, b, c
Mériguet, Z., Bourdin, G., Kristan, N., Jalabert, L., Bun, O., Picheral, M., Caray-Counil, L., Maury, J., Pedrotti, M.-L., Elineau, A., Paz-Garcia, D. A., Karp-Boss, L., Gorsky, G., Lombard, F., and the Tara Pacific Consortium Coordinators team: Quantitative imaging datasets of surface micro- to mesoplankton communities and microplastic across the Pacific and North Atlantic oceans from the Tara Pacific expedition, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 2761–2792, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-2761-2025, 2025. a, b, c
Messié, M., Petrenko, A., Doglioli, A. M., Aldebert, C., Martinez, E., Koenig, G., Bonnet, S., and Moutin, T.: The Delayed Island Mass Effect: How Islands Can Remotely Trigger Blooms in the Oligotrophic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085282, 2020. a, b
Morel, A., Huot, Y., Gentili, B., Werdell, P. J., Hooker, S. B., and Franz, B. A.: Examining the Consistency of Products Derived from Various Ocean Color Sensors in Open Ocean (Case 1) Waters in the Perspective of a Multi-Sensor Approach, Remote Sens. Environ., 111, 69–88, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2007.03.012, 2007. a, b
Nunn, P. D., Kumar, L., Eliot, I., and McLean, R. F.: Classifying Pacific Islands, Geosci. Lett., 3, 7, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40562-016-0041-8, 2016. a, b
Olson, R., Sosik, H., Chekalyuk, A., and Shalapyonok, A.: Effects of Iron Enrichment on Phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean during Late Summer: Active Fluorescence and Flow Cytometric Analyses, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 47, 3181–3200, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(00)00064-3, 2000. a
O'Reilly, J. E. and Werdell, P. J.: Chlorophyll Algorithms for Ocean Color Sensors - OC4, OC5 & OC6, Remote Sens. Environ., 229, 32–47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.04.021, 2019. a
Palacios, D. M.: Factors Influencing the Island-mass Effect of the Galápagos Archipelago, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016232, 2002. a
Petit, F., Uitz, J., Schmechtig, C., Dimier, C., Ras, J., Poteau, A., Golbol, M., Vellucci, V., and Claustre, H.: Influence of the Phytoplankton Community Composition on the in Situ Fluorescence Signal: Implication for an Improved Estimation of the Chlorophyll-a Concentration from BioGeoChemical-Argo Profiling Floats, Front. Marine Sci., 9, 959131, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.959131, 2022. a
POLYMER flags: HYGEOS – POLYMER README Section: 2.6 Flagging, GitHub [code], https://github.com/hygeos/polymer/blob/master/README.md, last access: August 2024. a
Raapoto, H., Martinez, E., Petrenko, A., Doglioli, A., Gorgues, T., Sauzède, R., Maamaatuaiahutapu, K., Maes, C., Menkes, C., and Lefèvre, J.: Role of Iron in the Marquesas Island Mass Effect, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 124, 7781–7796, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015275, 2019. a
Raimbault, P., Garcia, N., and Cerutti, F.: Distribution of inorganic and organic nutrients in the South Pacific Ocean − evidence for long-term accumulation of organic matter in nitrogen-depleted waters, Biogeosciences, 5, 281–298, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-281-2008, 2008. a
Roesler, C., Uitz, J., Claustre, H., Boss, E., Xing, X., Organelli, E., Briggs, N., Bricaud, A., Schmechtig, C., Poteau, A., D'Ortenzio, F., Ras, J., Drapeau, S., Haëntjens, N., and Barbieux, M.: Recommendations for Obtaining Unbiased Chlorophyll Estimates from in Situ Chlorophyll Fluorometers: A Global Analysis of WET Labs ECO Sensors, Limnol. Oceanogr.: Methods, 15, 572–585, https://doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10185, 2017. a
Sayre, R., Noble, S., Hamann, S., Smith, R., Wright, D., Breyer, S., Butler, K., Van Graafeiland, K., Frye, C., Karagulle, D., Hopkins, D., Stephens, D., Kelly, K., Basher, Z., Burton, D., Cress, J., Atkins, K., Van Sistine, D. P., Friesen, B., Allee, R., Allen, T., Aniello, P., Asaad, I., Costello, M. J., Goodin, K., Harris, P., Kavanaugh, M., Lillis, H., Manca, E., Muller-Karger, F., Nyberg, B., Parsons, R., Saarinen, J., Steiner, J., and Reed, A.: A New 30 Meter Resolution Global Shoreline Vector and Associated Global Islands Database for the Development of Standardized Ecological Coastal Units, J. Oper. Oceanogr., 12, S47–S56, https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2018.1529714, 2019. a
Sayre, R., Martin, M. T., Cress, J. J., Holmes, N., McDermott-Long, O., Weatherdon, L., Spatz, D., VanGraafeiland, K., and Will, D.: The Geography of Islands, in: GIS for Science: Applying Mapping and Spatial Analysis, Volume 2, edited by: Esri Press, 4–21, Esri Press, http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70217711 (last access: March 2023), ISBN 978-1-58948-587-7, 2020. a
Shiozaki, T., Kodama, T., and Furuya, K.: Large-scale Impact of the Island Mass Effect through Nitrogen Fixation in the Western South Pacific Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 2907–2913, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059835, 2014. a
Signorini, S. R., McClain, C. R., and Dandonneau, Y.: Mixing and Phytoplankton Bloom in the Wake of the Marquesas Islands, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3121–3124, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL010470, 1999. a
Slade, W. H., Boss, E., Dall'Olmo, G., Langner, M. R., Loftin, J., Behrenfeld, M. J., Roesler, C., and Westberry, T. K.: Underway and Moored Methods for Improving Accuracy in Measurement of Spectral Particulate Absorption and Attenuation, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 27, 1733–1746, https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JTECHO755.1, 2010. a
Smith, S. R., Dupont, C. L., McCarthy, J. K., Broddrick, J. T., Oborník, M., Horák, A., Füssy, Z., Cihlář, J., Kleessen, S., Zheng, H., McCrow, J. P., Hixson, K. K., Araújo, W. L., Nunes-Nesi, A., Fernie, A., Nikoloski, Z., Palsson, B. O., and Allen, A. E.: Evolution and Regulation of Nitrogen Flux through Compartmentalized Metabolic Networks in a Marine Diatom, Nat. Commun., 10, 4552, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12407-y, 2019. a
Steinmetz, F.: HYGEOS – POLYMER v4.17beta2, GitHub [code], https://github.com/hygeos/polymer/releases/tag/v4.17beta2, last access: 22 December 2023. a
Steinmetz, F., Deschamps, P.-Y., and Ramon, D.: Atmospheric Correction in Presence of Sun Glint: Application to MERIS, Opt. Express, 19, 9783, https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.009783, 2011. a
Tara Pacific Consortium: Tara Pacific Expedition Participants, Zenodo [technical note], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3777760, 2020. a
Thuillier, G., Hersé, M., Labs, D., Foujols, T., Peetermans, W., Gillotay, D., Simon, P. C., and Mandel, H.: The Solar Spectral Irradiance from 200 to 2400 Nm as Measured by the SOLSPEC Spectrometer from the ATLAS and EURECA Missions., Sol. Phys., 214, 1–22, 2003. a
Wang, X., Li, H., Zhang, J., Chen, J., Xie, X., Xie, W., Yin, K., Zhang, D., Ruiz-Pino, D., and Kao, S.-J.: Seamounts Generate Efficient Active Transport Loops to Nourish the Twilight Ecosystem, Sci. Adv., 10, eadk6833, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adk6833, 2024. a
Wang, X. J., Behrenfeld, M., Le Borgne, R., Murtugudde, R., and Boss, E.: Regulation of phytoplankton carbon to chlorophyll ratio by light, nutrients and temperature in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean: a basin-scale model, Biogeosciences, 6, 391–404, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-391-2009, 2009. a
Whiteman, C. and Allwine, K.: Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation on Inclined Surfaces, Environ. Softw., 1, 164–169, https://doi.org/10.1016/0266-9838(86)90020-1, 1986. a
Yun-Chi, L., An-Yi, T., and Kuo-Ping, C.: Trophic Coupling between Synechococcus and Pigmented Nanoflagellates in the Coastal Waters of Taiwan, Western Subtropical Pacific, J. Oceanogr., 65, 781–789, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-009-0065-1, 2009. a
Short summary
Island mass effect (IME) refers to elevated chlorophyll a concentrations around islands, often extending hundreds of kilometers into oligotrophic waters. Using satellite-derived nutrient and iron stress indices and in situ bio-optical data from the Tara Pacific expedition, we show that IMEs are associated with recurring iron and macronutrient enrichments, and changes in phytoplankton community composition relative to the regional background ocean.
Island mass effect (IME) refers to elevated chlorophyll a concentrations around islands, often...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint