Articles | Volume 23, issue 9
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3091-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-23-3091-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
08 May 2026
Research article |
| 08 May 2026
| 08 May 2026
From Alnus to Pinus: temperate peatland ecosystem transformation triggered by human-driven landscape change
Dendrolab IBL, Department of Natural Forests, Forest Research Institute (IBL), Białowieża, Poland
Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Lomma, Sweden
Tomasz Związek
Laboratory for Interdisciplinary Research into the Anthropocene, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization (IGiPZ), Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Warszawa, Poland
Marcin Klisz
Dendrolab IBL, Department of Silviculture and Genetics of Forest Trees, Forest Research Institute (IBL), Sękocin Stary, Poland
Sandra Słowińska
Climate Research Department, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization (IGiPZ), Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Warszawa, Poland
Dominik Róg
Institute of History, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin (KUL), Lublin, Poland
Milena Obremska
Institute of Geological Sciences (ING), Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Warszawa, Poland
Dominika Łuców
Department of Past Landscape Dynamics, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization (IGiPZ), Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Warszawa, Poland
Department of Geomorphology and Quaternary Geology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk (UG), Gdańsk, Poland
Jarosław Pietruczuk
Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin (UMCS), Lublin, Poland
Joachim Popek
Department of Economic and Social History, Faculty of Humanities, University of Rzeszów (UR), Rzeszów, Poland
Katarzyna Piotrowicz
Department of Climatology, Institute of Geography and Spatial Management, Jagiellonian University (UJ), Kraków, Poland
Kamil Pilch
Dendrolab IBL, Department of Natural Forests, Forest Research Institute (IBL), Białowieża, Poland
Krzysztof Szewczyk
Department of Past Landscape Dynamics, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization (IGiPZ), Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Warszawa, Poland
Agnieszka Halaś
Department of Past Landscape Dynamics, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization (IGiPZ), Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Warszawa, Poland
Michał Słowiński
Department of Past Landscape Dynamics, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization (IGiPZ), Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Warszawa, Poland
Related authors
No articles found.
Agnieszka Halaś and Michał Słowiński
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-756, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2025-756, 2026
Preprint under review for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
Peatlands act as natural time capsules, preserving records of past environments. We compiled and mapped over 650 peat samples from Western Siberia, summarizing decades of research. Our database organizes information about existing studies, showing which periods, regions, and methods have been investigated, and guiding researchers toward gaps where future work can expand our understanding of these ecosystems.
Michał Słowiński, Agnieszka Halaś, Michał A. Niedzielski, Krzysztof Szewczyk, Jerzy Jonczak, Dominika Łuców, Sebastian Tyszkowski, Sandra Słowińska, Agnieszka Gruszczyńska, Bogusława Kruczkowska, Aleksandra Chojnacka, Tomasz Polkowski, Krzysztof Sztabkowski, Dariusz Brykała, Jacek Wolski, Tomasz Samojlik, Adrian Kaszkiel, Barbara Gmińska-Nowak, Mateusz Kramkowski, and Tomasz Związek
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 493–506, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-493-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-493-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Poland’s first national inventory of relict charcoal hearths maps >634,000 features from light detection and ranging (LiDAR) digital terrain models (DTMs) processed in QGIS 3.18. We used relief-shaded bare-earth DTMs and web map tile services (WMTS), classifying features by size, form, slope, and environment into three main types. The open-access ReCHAR database supports research on forest history, early industries, and human–environment interactions.
Eliise Poolma, Katarzyna Marcisz, Leeli Amon, Patryk Fiutek, Piotr Kołaczek, Karolina Leszczyńska, Dmitri Mauquoy, Michał Słowiński, Siim Veski, Friederike Wagner-Cremer, and Mariusz Lamentowicz
Clim. Past, 21, 1933–1959, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1933-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1933-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We studied a peatland in northern Poland to see how climate and natural ecosystem changes shaped it over the past 11,500 years. By analysing preserved plants and microscopic life, we found clear shifts in wetness linked to climate and internal development. This longest complete peat record in the region shows how peatlands help us understand long-term environmental change and their future resilience to climate change.
Luke Oliver Andrews, Katarzyna Marcisz, Piotr Kołaczek, Leeli Amon, Siim Veski, Atko Heinsalu, Normunds Stivrins, Mariusz Bąk, Marco A. Aquino-Lopez, Anna Cwanek, Edyta Łokas, Monika Karpińska-Kołaczek, Sambor Czerwiński, Michał Słowiński, and Mariusz Lamentowicz
Biogeosciences, 22, 5849–5875, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5849-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-5849-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The long-term effects of alkalinisation upon peatland ecosystem functioning remains poorly understood. Using palaeoecological techniques, we show that intensive cement dust pollution altered vegetation cover and reduced carbon storage in an Estonian peatland. Changes also occurred during the 13th century following agricultural intensification. These shifts occurred following substantial as well as small but sustained increases in alkalinity. Limited recovery was evident ~30 years post-pollution.
Tomasz Polkowski, Agnieszka Gruszczyńska, Bartosz Kotrys, Artur Górecki, Anna Hrynowiecka, Marcin Żarski, Mirosław Błaszkiewicz, Jerzy Nitychoruk, Monika Czajkowska, Stefan Lauterbach, and Michał Słowiński
Clim. Past, 21, 1779–1800, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1779-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1779-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
In our study, we investigate changes in environment and climate that occured during post-Holsteinian period in Krępa palaeolake (eastern Poland). To achieve this goal we reconstructed summer temperature at the time using Chironomidae larvae head capsules and pollen data. This is first research from Central Europe with both chironomids and pollen used to trace climate change through post-Holsteinian period. We hope to encourage scientific community to carry out further research in the region.
Agnieszka Halaś, Mariusz Lamentowicz, Milena Obremska, Dominika Łuców, and Michał Słowiński
Biogeosciences, 22, 4797–4822, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4797-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4797-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Western Siberian peatlands regulate global climate, but their response to permafrost thaw remains poorly studied. Our study analyzed peat cores from a peat plateau and a lake edge to track changes over two centuries. We found that permafrost thawing, driven by rising temperatures, altered peatland hydrology, vegetation, and microbial life. These shifts may expand with further warming, affecting carbon storage and climate feedbacks. Our findings highlight early warning signs of ecosystem change.
Tomasz Związek, Piotr Guzowski, Radosław Poniat, Maciej T. Radomski, Monika Kozłowska-Szyc, Tomasz Panecki, Sandra Słowińska, Bogusława Kruczkowska, Michał Targowski, and Dagmara Adamska
Clim. Past, 18, 1541–1561, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1541-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-1541-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We wanted to take an in-depth look at how climate events affected the economy of early modern Poland. We focused on analysing all available sources of a fiscal nature for this period. In addition, we analysed available materials on the export of primary agricultural products. Our results have shown that the economic system in Poland at that time coped effectively with periodic droughts, and it was only the great drought of 1540 that significantly shook the state's economy.
Fabian Welc, Jerzy Nitychoruk, Leszek Marks, Krzysztof Bińka, Anna Rogóż-Matyszczak, Milena Obremska, and Abdelfattah Zalat
Clim. Past, 17, 1181–1198, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1181-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1181-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Młynek Lake, located near the village of Janiki Wielkie (in the Warmia and Masuria region of north-east Poland) has been selected for multi-faceted palaeoenvironmental research based on a precise radiocarbon scale. Bottom sediments of this reservoir also contain unique information about anthropogenic activity and climate changes during last 2400 years.
Cited articles
Adámek, M., Bobek, P., Hadincová, V., Wild, J., and Kopecký, M.: Forest fires within a temperate landscape: A decadal and millennial perspective from a sandstone region in Central Europe, Forest Ecol. Manage., 336, 81–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.10.014, 2015.
Adámek, M., Hadincová, V., and Wild, J.: Long-term effect of wildfires on temperate Pinus sylvestris forests: Vegetation dynamics and ecosystem resilience, Forest Ecol. Manage., 380, 285–295, 2016.
Ågren, J. and Zackrisson, O.: Age and Size Structure of Pinus Sylvestris Populations on Mires in Central and Northern Sweden, J. Ecol., 78, 1049–1062, https://doi.org/10.2307/2260951, 1990.
Ågren, J., Isaksson, L., and Zackrisson, O.: Natural age and size of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies on a mire in the inland part of northern Sweden, Holarctic Ecol., 6, 228–237, 1983.
Alexander, C. E. and Cresser, M. S.: An assessment of the possible impact of expansion of native woodland cover on the chemistry of Scottish freshwaters, Forest Ecol. Manage., 73, 1–27, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(94)03476-D, 1995.
Allen, A. and Chapman, D.: Impacts of afforestation on groundwater resources and quality, Hydrogeol. J., 9, 390–400, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400100148, 2001.
Almagro, D., Martin-Benito, D., Rossi, S., Conde, M., Fernández-de-Uña, L., and Gea-Izquierdo, G.: Long-Term Cambial Phenology Reveals Diverging Growth Responses of Two Tree Species in a Mixed Forest Under Climate Change, Glob. Change Biol., 31, e70503, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.70503, 2025.
Amesbury, M. J., Swindles, G. T., Bobrov, A., Charman, D. J., Holden, J., Lamentowicz, M., Mallon, G., Mazei, Y., Mitchell, E. A. D., Payne, R. J., Roland, T. P., Turner, T. E., and Warner, B. G.: Development of a new pan-European testate amoeba transfer function for reconstructing peatland palaeohydrology, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 152, 132–151, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.09.024, 2016.
Andersen, R., Farrell, C., Graf, M., Muller, F., Calvar, E., Frankard, P., Caporn, S., and Anderson, P.: An overview of the progress and challenges of peatland restoration in Western Europe, Restor. Ecol., 25, 271–282, https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12415, 2017.
Andersson, M. and Niklasson, M.: Rekordgammal tall på Hornslandet i Hälsingland, Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift, 98, 333–338, 2004.
Anonymous: Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats, version EUR 28, https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/references/2435 (last access: 19 April 2024), 2013.
Anonymous: Conservation status 2013–2018: experts web viewer, Article 17 web tool, Habitat assessments at EU biogeographical level, https://nature-art17.eionet.europa.eu/article17/habitat/summary/?period=5&group=Forests&subject=91D0®ion=CON (last access: 19 April 2024), 2013–2018.
Arno, S. F. and Sneck, K. M.: A method for determining fire history in coniferous forests of the mountain West USA, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 28 pp., 1977.
Baisan, C. H. and Swetnam, T. W.: Fire History on a Desert Mountain-Range - Rincon Mountain Wilderness, Arizona, USA, Can. J. Forest Res., 20, 1559–1569, https://doi.org/10.1139/X90-208, 1990.
Bąk, M., Lamentowicz, M., Kołaczek, P., Wochal, D., Matulewski, P., Kopeć, D., Wietecha, M., Jaster, D., and Marcisz, K.: Assessing the impact of forest management and climate on a peatland under Scots pine monoculture using a multidisciplinary approach, Biogeosciences, 21, 5143–5172, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5143-2024, 2024.
Bąk, M., Lamentowicz, M., Kołaczek, P., Wochal, D., Jakubowicz, M., Andrews, L., and Marcisz, K.: Twentieth-century ecological disasters in central European monoculture pine plantations led to critical transitions in peatlands, Biogeosciences, 22, 3843–3866, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3843-2025, 2025.
Bałaga, K.: Post-glacial vegetational changes in the Middle Roztocze (E Poland), Acta Palaeobotanica, 38, 175–192, 1998.
Barbier, D. and Visset, L.: Logné, a peat bog of European ecological interest in the Massif Armorican, Western France: Bog development, vegetation and land-use history, Veg. Hist. Archaeobot., 6, 69–77, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01261955, 1997.
Behre, K.-E.: The interpretation of anthropogenic indicators in pollen diagrams, Pollen et Spores, 23, 225–245, 1981.
Beisner, B., Haydon, D., and Cuddington, K.: Alternative stable states in ecology, Front. Ecol. Environ., 1, 376–382, https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0376:assie]2.0.co;2, 2003.
Bellamy, D. J.: Some observations on the peat bogs of the wilderness of Pisz, Przegląd Geograficzny, 34, 691–716, 1962.
Belyea, L. R. and Baird, A. J.: Beyond “the limits to peat bog growth”: cross-scale feedback in peatland development, Ecol. Monogr., 76, 299–322, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2006)076[0299:BTLTPB]2.0.CO;2, 2006.
Belyea, L. R. and Malmer, N.: Carbon sequestration in peatland: patterns and mechanisms of response to climate change, Glob. Change Biol., 10, 1043–1052, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00783.x, 2004.
Benscoter, B. W. and Vitt, D. H.: Spatial Patterns and Temporal Trajectories of the Bog Ground Layer Along a Post-Fire Chronosequence, Ecosystems, 11, 1054–1064, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-008-9178-4, 2008.
Benscoter, B. W., Kelman Wieder, R., and Vitt, D. H.: Linking microtopography with post-fire succession in bogs, J. Veg. Sci., 16, 453–460, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2005.tb02385.x, 2005.
Benscoter, B. W., Greenacre, D., and Turetsky, M. R.: Wildfire as a key determinant of peatland microtopography, Can. J. Forest Res., 45, 1132–1136, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0028, 2015.
Berglund, B. E. and Ralska-Jasiewiczowa, M.: Pollen analysis and pollen diagrams, Handbook of Holocene Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrology, 455, 484–486, 1986.
Beug, H.-J.: Leitfaden der Pollenbestimmung für Mitteleuropa und angrenzende Gebiete, Verlag Friedrich Pfeil, Munich, ISBN 3-89937-043-0, 2004.
Biały, K.: Dowolność wyróżniania typów siedliskowych lasu i projektowania składów docelowych drzewostanów w obrębie gleb bielicoziemnych, Sylwan, 143, 65–72, 1999.
Birks, H. H.: Plant macrofossils, in: Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments, Volume 3: Terrestrial, Algal, and Siliceous Indicators, edited by: Smol, J. P., Birks, H. J. B., and Last, W. M., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 49–74, https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47668-1, ISBN 978-1-4020-0681-4, 2002.
Birks, H. J. B.: Estimating the amount of compositional change in late-Quaternary pollen-stratigraphical data, Veg. Hist. Archaeobot., 16, 197–202, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-006-0079-1, 2007.
Björklund, J., Seftigen, K., Stoffel, M., Fonti, M. V., Kottlow, S., Frank, D. C., Esper, J., Fonti, P., Goosse, H., Grudd, H., Gunnarson, B. E., Nievergelt, D., Pellizzari, E., Carrer, M., and von Arx, G.: Fennoscandian tree-ring anatomy shows a warmer modern than medieval climate, Nature, 620, 97–103, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06176-4, 2023.
Blanchet, G., Guillet, S., Calliari, B., Corona, C., Edvardsson, J., Stoffel, M., and Bragazza, L.: Impacts of regional climatic fluctuations on radial growth of Siberian and Scots pine at Mukhrino mire (central-western Siberia), Sci. Total Environ., 574, 1209–1216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.225, 2017.
Blanck, Y., Rolstad, J., and Storaunet, K. O.: Low- to moderate-severity historical fires promoted high tree growth in a boreal Scots pine forest of Norway, Scand. J. Forest Res., 28, 126–135, https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2012.706635, 2013.
Blaus, A., Reitalu, T., Amon, L., Vassiljev, J., Alliksaar, T., and Veski, S.: From bog to fen: palaeoecological reconstruction of the development of a calcareous spring fen on Saaremaa, Estonia, Veg. Hist. Archaeobot., 29, 373–391, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-019-00748-z, 2020.
Boggie, R.: Effect of Water-Table Height on Root Development of Pinus Contorta on Deep Peat in Scotland, Oikos, 23, 304–312, https://doi.org/10.2307/3543168, 1972.
Bonk, A., Słowiński, M., Żarczyński, M., Oliński, P., Kupryjanowicz, M., Fiłoc, M., and Tylmann, W.: Tracking fire activity and post-fire limnological responses using the varved sedimentary sequence of Lake Jaczno, Poland, Holocene, 32, 515–528, https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836221080755, 2022.
Booth, R. K., Lamentowicz, M., and Charman, D. J.: Preparation and analysis of testate amoebae in peatland paleoenvironmental studies, Mires Peat, 7 (2010/11), 1–7, 2010.
Broda, J.: Sosna w czasach historycznych, in: Biologia sosny zwyczajnej, edited by: Białobok, S., Boratyński, A., and Bugała, W., Sorus, Poznań – Kórnik, 17–31, ISBN 83-85599-21-5, 1993.
Broda, J.: Historia leśnictwa w Polsce, Wydawnictwo Akademii Rolniczej im. Augusta Cieszkowskiego w Poznaniu, Poznań, ISBN 83-7160-216-2, 2000.
Brown, T. A., Nelson, D. E., Mathewes, R. W., Vogel, J. S., and Southon, J. R.: Radiocarbon Dating of Pollen by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Quaternary Res., 32, 205–212, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(89)90076-8, 1989.
Brūmelis, G., Strazds, M., and Eglava, Ž.: Stand structure and spatial pattern of regeneration of Pinus sylvestris in a natural treed mire in Latvia, Silva Fennica, 43, 767–781, https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.172, 2009.
Bunn, A., Korpela, M., Biondi, F., Campelo, F., Mérian, P., Qeadan, F., Zang, C., Buras, A., Cecile, J., and Mudelsee, M.: Package “dplR”: Dendrochronology Program Library in R (1.7.2), dplR: Dendrochronology Program Library in R (v1.7.2), Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN), 2020.
Bunn, A. G.: A dendrochronology program library in R (dplR), Dendrochronologia, 26, 115–124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2008.01.002, 2008.
Büntgen, U., Tegel, W., Nicolussi, K., McCormick, M., Frank, D., Trouet, V., Kaplan, J. O., Herzig, F., Heussner, K.-U., Wanner, H., Luterbacher, J., and Esper, J.: 2500 Years of European Climate Variability and Human Susceptibility, Science, 331, 578–582, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1197175, 2011.
Büntgen, U., Urban, O., Krusic, P. J., Rybníček, M., Kolář, T., Kyncl, T., Ač, A., Koňasová, E., Čáslavský, J., Esper, J., Wagner, S., Saurer, M., Tegel, W., Dobrovolný, P., Cherubini, P., Reinig, F., and Trnka, M.: Recent European drought extremes beyond Common Era background variability, Nat. Geosci., 14, 190–196, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00698-0, 2021a.
Büntgen, U., Allen, K., Anchukaitis, K. J., Arseneault, D., Boucher, É., Bräuning, A., Chatterjee, S., Cherubini, P., Churakova, O. V., Corona, C., Gennaretti, F., Grießinger, J., Guillet, S., Guiot, J., Gunnarson, B., Helama, S., Hochreuther, P., Hughes, M. K., Huybers, P., Kirdyanov, A. V., Krusic, P. J., Ludescher, J., Meier, W. J. H., Myglan, V. S., Nicolussi, K., Oppenheimer, C., Reinig, F., Salzer, M. W., Seftigen, K., Stine, A. R., Stoffel, M., St. George, S., Tejedor, E., Trevino, A., Trouet, V., Wang, J., Wilson, R., Yang, B., Xu, G., and Esper, J.: The influence of decision-making in tree ring-based climate reconstructions, Nat. Commun., 12, 3411, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23627-6, 2021b.
Buraczyński, J.: Roztocze – Dzieje Osadnictwa, Drukarnia i Wydawnictwo Akademickie Wyższej Szkoły Społeczno-Przyrodniczej im. Wincentego Pola, Lublin, ISBN 978-83-6059-420-9, 2008.
Buras, A.: A comment on the expressed population signal, Dendrochronologia, 44, 130–132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2017.03.005, 2017.
Buras, A. and Wilmking, M.: Correcting the calculation of Gleichläufigkeit, Dendrochronologia, 34, 29–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2015.03.003, 2015.
Burgess-Conforti, J. R., Moore, P. A., Owens, P. R., Miller, D. M., Ashworth, A. J., Hays, P. D., Evans-White, M. A., and Anderson, K. R.: Are soils beneath coniferous tree stands more acidic than soils beneath deciduous tree stands?, Environ. Sci. Pollut. R., 26, 14920–14929, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04883-y, 2019.
Bürgi, M. and Russell, E. W. B.: Integrative methods to study landscape changes, Land Use Pol., 18, 9–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8377(00)00041-7, 2001.
Carvalho, T.: Joseph II et la physiocratie. Enquête sur un malentendu historique, in: Annuaire de la Société autrichienne pour l'étude du dix-huitième siècle (Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Gesellschaft zur Erforschung des 18. Jahrhunderts), 89–107, 2018.
Cedro, A. and Lamentowicz, M.: The last hundred years' dendroecology of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) on a Baltic bog in Northern Poland: Human impact and hydrological changes, Balt. For., 14, 26–33, 2008.
Cedro, A. and Lamentowicz, M.: Contrasting responses to environmental changes by pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing on peat and mineral soil: An example from a Polish Baltic bog, Dendrochronologia, 29, 211–217, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2010.12.004, 2011.
Cedro, A. and Sotek, Z.: Natural and Anthropogenic Transformations of A Baltic Raised Bog (Bagno Kusowo, North West Poland) in the Light of Dendrochronological Analysis of Pinus sylvestris L, Forests, 7, 202, https://doi.org/10.3390/f7090202, 2016.
Chiarucci, A., Araújo, M. B., Decocq, G., Beierkuhnlein, C., and Fernández-Palacios, J. M.: The concept of potential natural vegetation: an epitaph?, J. Veg. Sci., 21, 1172–1178, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2010.01218.x, 2010.
Chmielewski, T. J. and Sowińska, B.: Social expectations concerning landscape quality objectives for the Roztocze – Solska Forest region, Teka Komisji Ochrony I Kształtowania Środowiska Przyrodniczego – OL PAN, 5, 41–49, 2008.
Chmielewski, T. J. and Sowińska, B.: Landscape ecological structure of the Roztocze and Solska Forest regions: a comparative study of models from 1988 and 2011, Teka Komisji Ochrony I Kształtowania Środowiska Przyrodniczego – OL PAN, 8, 13–23, 2011.
Clark, J. S.: Particle motion and the theory of charcoal analysis: Source area, transport, deposition, and sampling, Quaternary Res., 30, 67–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(88)90088-9, 1988.
Clymo, R. S.: The Origin of Acidity in Sphagnum Bogs, Bryologist, 67, 427–431, https://doi.org/10.2307/3240768, 1964.
Clymo, R. S.: Sphagnum-dominated peat bog: a naturally acid ecosystem, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 305, 487–499, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1984.0072, 1984.
Clymo, R. S.: Interactions of Sphagnum with Water and Air, in: Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants on Forests, Wetlands and Agricultural Ecosystems, edited by: Hutchinson, T. C. and Meema, K. M., NATO ASI Series, vol. 16, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 513–529, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70874-9_37, 1987.
Conedera, M., Tinner, W., Neff, C., Meurer, M., Dickens, A. F., and Krebs, P.: Reconstructing past fire regimes: methods, applications, and relevance to fire management and conservation, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 28, 555–576, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.11.005, 2009.
Cook, B. I., Smerdon, J. E., Cook, E. R., Williams, A. P., Anchukaitis, K. J., Mankin, J. S., Allen, K., Andreu-Hayles, L., Ault, T. R., Belmecheri, S., Coats, S., Coulthard, B., Fosu, B., Grierson, P., Griffin, D., Herrera, D. A., Ionita, M., Lehner, F., Leland, C., Marvel, K., Morales, M. S., Mishra, V., Ngoma, J., Nguyen, H. T. T., O'Donnell, A., Palmer, J., Rao, M. P., Rodriguez-Caton, M., Seager, R., Stahle, D. W., Stevenson, S., Thapa, U. K., Varuolo-Clarke, A. M., and Wise, E. K.: Megadroughts in the Common Era and the Anthropocene, Nat. Rev. Earth Environ., 3, 741–757, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00329-1, 2022.
Cook, E. R. and Kairiukstis, L. A. (Eds.): Methods of Dendrochronology, Kluwer, Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, ISBN 0-7923-0586-8, 1990.
Cook, E. R. and Peters, K.: The smoothing spline: a new approach to standardizing forest interior tree-ring width series for dendroclimatic studies, Tree-Ring Bulletin, 41, 45–53, 1981.
Cook, E. R., Seager, R., Kushnir, Y., Briffa, K. R., Büntgen, U., Frank, D., Krusic, P. J., Tegel, W., van der Schrier, G., Andreu-Hayles, L., Baillie, M., Baittinger, C., Bleicher, N., Bonde, N., Brown, D., Carrer, M., Cooper, R., Čufar, K., Dittmar, C., Esper, J., Griggs, C., Gunnarson, B., Günther, B., Gutierrez, E., Haneca, K., Helama, S., Herzig, F., Heussner, K.-U., Hofmann, J., Janda, P., Kontic, R., Köse, N., Kyncl, T., Levanič, T., Linderholm, H., Manning, S., Melvin, T. M., Miles, D., Neuwirth, B., Nicolussi, K., Nola, P., Panayotov, M., Popa, I., Rothe, A., Seftigen, K., Seim, A., Svarva, H., Svoboda, M., Thun, T., Timonen, M., Touchan, R., Trotsiuk, V., Trouet, V., Walder, F., Ważny, T., Wilson, R., and Zang, C.: Old World megadroughts and pluvials during the Common Era, Sci. Adv., 1, e1500561, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500561, 2015.
Cuny, H. E. and Rathgeber, C. B. K.: Xylogenesis: Coniferous Trees of Temperate Forests Are Listening to the Climate Tale during the Growing Season But Only Remember the Last Words!, Plant Physiol., 171, 306–317, https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.16.00037, 2016.
Cywa, K.: Trees and shrubs used in medieval Poland for making everyday objects, Veg. Hist. Archaeobot., 27, 111–136, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-017-0644-9, 2018.
Czerepko, J.: A long-term study of successional dynamics in the forest wetlands, Forest Ecol. Manage., 255, 630–642, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.09.039, 2008.
Czernecki, B. and Miętus, M.: Porównanie stosowanych klasyfikacji termicznych na przykładzie wybranych regionów Polski, Przegląd Geofizyczny, 56, 201–233, 2011.
Czerwiński, S., Guzowski, P., Lamentowicz, M., Gałka, M., Karpińska-Kołaczek, M., Poniat, R., Łokas, E., Diaconu, A.-C., Schwarzer, J., Miecznik, M., and Kołaczek, P.: Environmental implications of past socioeconomic events in Greater Poland during the last 1200 years. Synthesis of paleoecological and historical data, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 259, 106902, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106902, 2021.
Czerwiński, S., Marcisz, K., Wacnik, A., and Lamentowicz, M.: Synthesis of palaeoecological data from the Polish Lowlands suggests heterogeneous patterns of old-growth forest loss after the Migration Period, Sci. Rep., 12, 8559, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-12241-1, 2022.
Dang, Q. L. and Lieffers, V. J.: Climate and annual ring growth of black spruce in some Alberta peatlands, Can. J. Botany, 67, 1885–1889, https://doi.org/10.1139/b89-239, 1989.
Dang, Q. L., Lieffers, V. J., Rothwell, R. L., and Macdonald, S. E.: Diurnal variation and interrelations of ecophysiological parameters in three peatland woody species under different weather and soil moisture conditions, Oecologia, 88, 317–324, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00317573, 1991.
Dauškane, I., Brūmelis, G., and Elferts, D.: Effect of climate on extreme radial growth of Scots pine growing on bogs in Latvia, Estonian Journal of Ecology, 60, 236–248, https://doi.org/10.3176/eco.2011.3.06, 2011.
Davies, G. M., Gray, A., Power, S. C., and Domènech, R.: Resilience of temperate peatland vegetation communities to wildfire depends upon burn severity and pre-fire species composition, Ecol. Evol., 13, e9912, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9912, 2023.
Davies, N.: God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume II: 1795 to the Present, OUP Oxford, ISBN 978-0-19-925340-1, 2005.
Davis, M. B. and Deevey, E. S.: Pollen Accumulation Rates: Estimates from Late-Glacial Sediment of Rogers Lake, Science, 145, 1293–1295, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.145.3638.1293, 1964.
Dearing, J., Acma, B., Bub, S., Chambers, F., Chen, X., Cooper, J., Crook, D., Dong, X., Dotterweich, M., Edwards, M., Foster, T., Gaillard, M.-J., Galop, D., Gell, P., Gil, A., Jeffers, E., Jones, R., Anupama, K., Langdon, P., Marchant, R., Mazier, F., McLean, C., Nunes, L., Sukumar, R., Suryaprakash, I., Umer, M., Yang, X., Wang, R., and Zhang, K.: Social-ecological systems in the Anthropocene: The need for integrating social and biophysical records at regional scales, Anthropocene Review, 2, 220–246, https://doi.org/10.1177/2053019615579128, 2015.
Dearing, J. A., Jones, R. T., Shen, J., Yang, X., Boyle, J. F., Foster, G. C., Crook, D. S., and Elvin, M. J. D.: Using multiple archives to understand past and present climate–human–environment interactions: the lake Erhai catchment, Yunnan Province, China, J. Paleolimnol., 40, 3–31, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-007-9182-2, 2008.
Degirmendžić, J., Kożuchowski, K., and Żmudzka, E.: Changes of air temperature and precipitation in Poland in the period 1951–2000 and their relationship to atmospheric circulation, Int. J. Climatol., 24, 291–310, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1010, 2004.
Dietze, E., Brykała, D., Schreuder, L. T., Jażdżewski, K., Blarquez, O., Brauer, A., Dietze, M., Obremska, M., Ott, F., Pieńczewska, A., Schouten, S., Hopmans, E. C., and Słowiński, M.: Human-induced fire regime shifts during 19th century industrialization: A robust fire regime reconstruction using northern Polish lake sediments, Plos One, 14, e0222011, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222011, 2019.
Dinella, A., Giammarchi, F., Tonon, G., and De Micco, V.: Are living peatland trees a reliable natural archive for climate reconstruction?, IAWA J., 40, 366–379, https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-40190228, 2019.
Dinella, A., Giammarchi, F., Prendin, A. L., Carrer, M., and Tonon, G.: Xylem traits of peatland Scots pines reveal a complex climatic signal: A study in the Eastern Italian Alps, Dendrochronologia, 67, 125824, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2021.125824, 2021.
Dobrowolski, R., Ziółek, M., Bałaga, K., Melke, J., and Bogucki, A.: Radiocarbon age and geochemistry of the infillings of small closed depressions from Western Polesie (Poland SE, Ukraine NW), Geochronometria, 36, 39–46, https://doi.org/10.2478/v10003-010-0010-8, 2010.
Dombrovskaya, A., Koreneva, M., and Tyuremnov, S.: Atlas rastitel'nykh ostatkov, vstrechaemykh v torfe, Gosenergoizdat, Moscow, 1959.
Drinan, T. J., Graham, C. T., O'Halloran, J., and Harrison, S. S. C.: The impact of catchment conifer plantation forestry on the hydrochemistry of peatland lakes, Sci. Total Environ., 443, 608–620, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.10.112, 2013.
Durno, S. E. and McVean, D. N.: Forest History of the Beinn Eighe Nature Reserve, New Phytol., 58, 228–236, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1959.tb05353.x, 1959.
Dyderski, M. K., Paź, S., Frelich, L. E., and Jagodziński, A. M.: How much does climate change threaten European forest tree species distributions?, Glob. Change Biol., 24, 1150–1163, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13925, 2018.
Dyderski, M. K., Paź-Dyderska, S., Jagodziński, A. M., and Puchałka, R.: Shifts in native tree species distributions in Europe under climate change, J. Environ. Manage., 373, 123504, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.123504, 2025.
Dyer, J. M.: Land-use legacies in a central Appalachian forest: differential response of trees and herbs to historic agricultural practices, Appl. Veg. Sci., 13, 195–206, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-109X.2009.01061.x, 2010.
Eckstein, D. and Bauch, J.: Beitrag zur Rationalisierung eines dendrochronologischen Verfahrens und zur Analyse seiner Aussagesicherheit, Forstwiss. Centralbl., 88, 230–250, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02741777, 1969.
Eckstein, J., Leuschner, H. H., Bauerochse, A., and Sass-Klaassen, U.: Subfossil bog-pine horizons document climate and ecosystem changes during the Mid-Holocene, Dendrochronologia, 27, 129–146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2009.06.007, 2009.
Edvardsson, J. and Hansson, A.: Multiannual hydrological responses in Scots pine radial growth within raised bogs in southern Sweden, Silva Fenn, 49, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1354, 2015.
Edvardsson, J., Linderson, H., Rundgren, M., and Hammarlund, D.: Holocene peatland development and hydrological variability inferred from bog-pine dendrochronology and peat stratigraphy – a case study from southern Sweden, J. Quaternary Sci., 27, 553–563, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2543, 2012a.
Edvardsson, J., Leuschner, H. H., Linderson, H., Linderholm, H. W., and Hammarlund, D.: South Swedish bog pines as indicators of Mid-Holocene climate variability, Dendrochronologia, 30, 93–103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2011.02.003, 2012b.
Edvardsson, J., Poska, A., Van der Putten, N., Rundgren, M., Linderson, H., and Hammarlund, D.: Late-Holocene expansion of a south Swedish peatland and its impact on marginal ecosystems: Evidence from dendrochronology, peat stratigraphy and palaeobotanical data, Holocene, 24, 466–476, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683613520255, 2014.
Edvardsson, J., Šimanauskienė, R., Taminskas, J., Baužienė, I., and Stoffel, M.: Increased tree establishment in Lithuanian peat bogs – Insights from field and remotely sensed approaches, Sci. Total Environ., 505, 113–120, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.078, 2015a.
Edvardsson, J., Rimkus, E., Corona, C., Šimanauskienė, R., Kažys, J., and Stoffel, M.: Exploring the impact of regional climate and local hydrology on Pinus sylvestris L. growth variability – A comparison between pine populations growing on peat soils and mineral soils in Lithuania, Plant Soil, 392, 345–356, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2466-9, 2015b.
Edvardsson, J., Stančikaitė, M., Miras, Y., Corona, C., Gryguc, G., Gedminienė, L., Mažeika, J., and Stoffel, M.: Late-Holocene vegetation dynamics in response to a changing climate and anthropogenic influences – Insights from stratigraphic records and subfossil trees from southeast Lithuania, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 185, 91–101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.02.006, 2018.
Edvardsson, J., Baužienė, I., Lamentowicz, M., Šimanauskienė, R., Tamkevičiūtė, M., Taminskas, J., Linkevičienė, R., Skuratovič, Ž., Corona, C., and Stoffel, M.: A multi-proxy reconstruction of moisture dynamics in a peatland ecosystem: A case study from Čepkeliai, Lithuania, Ecol. Indic., 106, 105484, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105484, 2019.
Edvardsson, J., Helama, S., Rundgren, M., and Nielsen, A. B.: The Integrated Use of Dendrochronological Data and Paleoecological Records From Northwest European Peatlands and Lakes for Understanding Long-Term Ecological and Climatic Changes – A Review, Frontiers in Ecol. Evol., 10, https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.781882, 2022.
Ellenberg, H., Weber, H. E., Düll, R., Wirth, V., and Werner, W.: Zeigerwerte von Pflanzen in Mitteleuropa. 3., durchgesehene Aufl., Verlag Erich Goltze GmbH & Co, Göttingen, ISBN 978-3-88452-518-0, 2001.
Ellis, E. C. and Ramankutty, N.: Putting people in the map: anthropogenic biomes of the world, Front. Ecol. Environ., 6, 439–447, https://doi.org/10.1890/070062, 2008.
Ellis, E. C., Gauthier, N., Klein Goldewijk, K., Bliege Bird, R., Boivin, N., Díaz, S., Fuller, D. Q., Gill, J. L., Kaplan, J. O., Kingston, N., Locke, H., McMichael, C. N. H., Ranco, D., Rick, T. C., Shaw, M. R., Stephens, L., Svenning, J.-C., and Watson, J. E. M.: People have shaped most of terrestrial nature for at least 12 000 years, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 118, e2023483118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023483118, 2021.
Evans, C. D., Reynolds, B., Hinton, C., Hughes, S., Norris, D., Grant, S., and Williams, B.: Effects of decreasing acid deposition and climate change on acid extremes in an upland stream, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 337–351, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-12-337-2008, 2008.
Fægri, K., Kaland, P. E., and Krzywinski, K.: Textbook of pollen analysis (based on original work by K. Fægri and J. Iversen), 4th edn., revised, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, England/New York, ISBN 0 471 92178 5, 1989.
Faliński, J. B.: Vegetation Dynamics in Temperate Lowland Primeval Forest. Ecological Studies in Białowieża Forest, Dr W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, ISBN 90-6193-534-2, 1986.
Farris, C. A., Baisan, C. H., Falk, D. A., Yool, S. R., and Swetnam, T. W.: Spatial and temporal corroboration of a fire-scar-based fire history in a frequently burned ponderosa pine forest, Ecol. Appl., 20, 1598–1614, https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1535.1, 2010.
Filicetti, A. T. and Nielsen, S. E.: Tree regeneration on industrial linear disturbances in treed peatlands is hastened by wildfire and delayed by loss of microtopography, Can. J. Forest Res., 50, 936–945, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2019-0451, 2020.
Forman, R. T. T. and Russell, E. W. B.: Evaluation of Historical Data in Ecology, Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 64, 5–7, 1983.
Francon, L., Edvardsson, J., Corona, C., and Stoffel, M.: The timing of wood formation in peatland trees as obtained with different approaches, Dendrochronologia, 85, 126210, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2024.126210, 2024.
Freléchoux, F., Buttler, A., Schweingruber, F. H., and Gobat, J.-M.: Stand structure, invasion, and growth dynamics of bog pine (Pinus uncinata var. rotundata) in relation to peat cutting and drainage in the Jura Mountains, Switzerland, Can. J. Forest Res., 30, 1114–1126, https://doi.org/10.1139/x00-039, 2000.
Freléchoux, F., Buttler, A., Gillet, F., Gobat, J.-M., and Schweingruber, F. H.: Succession from bog pine (Pinus uncinata var. rotundata) to Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands in relation to anthropic factors in Les Saignolis bog, Jura Mountains, Switzerland, Ann. For. Sci., 60, 347–356, 2003.
Freléchoux, F., Buttler, A., Schweingruber, F. H., and Gobat, J.-M.: Spatio-temporal pattern of bog pine (Pinus uncinata var. rotundata) at the interface with the Norway spruce (Picea abies) belt on the edge of a raised bog in the Jura Mountains, Switzerland, Ann. For. Sci., 61, 309–318, 2004.
Froyd, C. A. and Willis, K. J.: Emerging issues in biodiversity & conservation management: The need for a palaeoecological perspective, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 27, 1723–1732, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.06.006, 2008.
Gałka, M., Tobolski, K., Górska, A., Milecka, K., Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł, B., and Lamentowicz, M.: Disentangling the drivers for the development of a Baltic bog during the Little Ice Age in northern Poland, Quatern. Int., 328–329, 323–337, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.02.026, 2014.
Gałka, M., Knorr, K.-H., Tobolski, K., Gallego-Sala, A., Kołaczek, P., Lamentowicz, M., Kajukało-Drygalska, K., and Marcisz, K.: How far from a pristine state are the peatlands in the Białowieża Primeval Forest (CE Europe) – Palaeoecological insights on peatland and forest development from multi-proxy studies, Ecol. Indic., 143, 109421, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109421, 2022.
González de Andrés, E., Shestakova, T. A., Scholten, R. C., Delcourt, C. J. F., Gorina, N. V., and Camarero, J. J.: Changes in tree growth synchrony and resilience in Siberian Pinus sylvestris forests are modulated by fire dynamics and ecohydrological conditions, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 312, 108712, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108712, 2022.
Gorham, E., Janssens, J. A., Wheeler, G. A., and Glaser, P. H.: The Natural and Anthropogenic Acidification of Peatlands, in: Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants on Forests, Wetlands and Agricultural Ecosystems, edited by: Hutchinson, T. C. and Meema, K. M., NATO ASI Series, vol 16, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 493–512, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70874-9_36, 1987.
Gorzelak, A.: Zalesianie i zadrzewianie kraju, in: Z dziejów Lasów Państwowych i leśnictwa polskiego, Tom 3(1) Lata powojenne i współczesność, edited by: Bernadzki, E., 97–121, ISBN 83-88478-40-0, 2004.
Graham, E. B., Averill, C., Bond-Lamberty, B., Knelman, J. E., Krause, S., Peralta, A. L., Shade, A., Smith, A. P., Cheng, S. J., Fanin, N., Freund, C., Garcia, P. E., Gibbons, S. M., Van Goethem, M. W., Guebila, M. B., Kemppinen, J., Nowicki, R. J., Pausas, J. G., Reed, S. P., Rocca, J., Sengupta, A., Sihi, D., Simonin, M., Słowiński, M., Spawn, S. A., Sutherland, I., Tonkin, J. D., Wisnoski, N. I., Zipper, S. C., , C. C., Staal, A., Arora, B., Oldfield, C., Dwivedi, D., Larson, E., Santillan, E., Aaron Hogan, J., Atkins, J., Zheng, J., Lembrechts, J., Patel, K., Copes-Gerbitz, K., Winker, K., Mudge, L., Wong, M., Nuñez, M., Luoto, M., and Barnes, R.: Toward a Generalizable Framework of Disturbance Ecology Through Crowdsourced Science, Front. Ecol. Evol., 9, https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.588940, 2021.
Grimm, E. C.: CONISS: a FORTRAN 77 program for stratigraphically constrained cluster analysis by the method of incremental sum of squares, Comput. Geosci., 13, 13–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(87)90022-7, 1987.
Grodziski, S.: Historia ustroju społeczno-politycznego Galicji 1772–1848, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Wrocław, 1971.
Grosse-Brauckmann, G.: Über pflanzliche Makrofossilien mitteleuropäischer Torfe, TELMA – Berichte der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Moor-und Torfkunde, 2, 19–55, 1972.
Grosse-Brauckmann, G.: Über pflanzliche Makrofossilien mitteleuropäischer Torfe, TELMA – Berichte der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Moor-und Torfkunde, 4, 51–117, 1974.
Grosse-Brauckmann, G. and Streitz, B.: Pflanzliche Makrofossilien mitteleuropäischer Torfe. III Früchte, samen und einige gewebe (fotos von fossilen pflanzenresten), TELMA – Berichte der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Moor-und Torfkunde, 22, 53–102, 1992.
Groves, C. R., Jensen, D. B., Valutis, L. L., Redford, K. H., Shaffer, M. L., Scott, J. M., Baumgartner, J. V., Higgins, J. V., Beck, M. W., and Anderson, M. G.: Planning for Biodiversity Conservation: Putting Conservation Science into Practice: A seven-step framework for developing regional plans to conserve biological diversity, based upon principles of conservation biology and ecology, is being used extensively by the nature conservancy to identify priority areas for conservation, Bioscience, 52, 499–512, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0499:Pfbcpc]2.0.Co;2, 2002.
Grzybowski, M. and Glińska-Lewczuk, K.: The principal threats to the peatlands habitats, in the continental bioregion of Central Europe – A case study of peatland conservation in Poland, J. Nat. Conserv., 53, 125778, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2019.125778, 2020.
Gunnarsson, U. and Rydin, H.: Demography and recruitment of Scots pine on raised bogs in eastern Sweden and relationships to microhabitat differentiation, Wetlands, 18, 133–141, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161450, 1998.
Halsall, K., Ellingsen, V., Asplund, J., Bradshaw, R., and Ohlson, M.: Fossil charcoal quantification using manual and image analysis approaches, Holocene, 28, 1345–1353, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683618771488, 2018.
Hammer, Ø., Harper, D. A. T., and Ryan, P. D.: Past: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis, Palaeontol. Electron., 4, 1–9, 2001.
Hänninen, H. and Tanino, K.: Tree seasonality in a warming climate, Trends Plant Sci., 16, 412–416, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2011.05.001, 2011.
Harriman, R., Watt, A. W., Christie, A. E. G., Moore, D. W., McCartney, A. G., and Taylor, E. M.: Quantifying the effects of forestry practices on the recovery of upland streams and lochs from acidification, Sci. Total Environ., 310, 101–111, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00626-5, 2003.
Hartigan, J. A. and Wong, M. A.: A K-Means Clustering Algorithm, J. Roy. Stat. Soc. C-App., 28, 100–108, 1979.
Hartup, J., Ockendon, N., and Pettorelli, N.: Active versus passive restoration: Forests in the southern Carpathian Mountains as a case study, J. Environ. Manage., 322, 116003, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116003, 2022.
Harvey, J. E., Smiljanić, M., Scharnweber, T., Buras, A., Cedro, A., Cruz-García, R., Drobyshev, I., Janecka, K., Jansons, Ā., Kaczka, R., Klisz, M., Läänelaid, A., Matisons, R., Muffler, L., Sohar, K., Spyt, B., Stolz, J., van der Maaten, E., van der Maaten-Theunissen, M., Vitas, A., Weigel, R., Kreyling, J., and Wilmking, M.: Tree growth influenced by warming winter climate and summer moisture availability in northern temperate forests, Glob. Change Biol., 26, 2505–2518, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14966, 2020.
Hawthorne, D., Courtney Mustaphi, C. J., Aleman, J. C., Blarquez, O., Colombaroli, D., Daniau, A.-L., Marlon, J. R., Power, M., Vannière, B., Han, Y., Hantson, S., Kehrwald, N., Magi, B., Yue, X., Carcaillet, C., Marchant, R., Ogunkoya, A., Githumbi, E. N., and Muriuki, R. M.: Global Modern Charcoal Dataset (GMCD): A tool for exploring proxy-fire linkages and spatial patterns of biomass burning, Quatern. Int., 488, 3–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.03.046, 2018.
Hess, M.: Klimat Krakowa, Folia Geographica, Series Geographica-Physica, 8, 45–102, 1974.
Heyerdahl, E. K. and Card, V.: Implications of paleorecords for ecosystem management, Trends Ecol. Evol., 15, 49–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01779-6, 2000.
Heyerdahl, E. K., Loehman, R. A., and Falk, D. A.: Mixed-severity fire in lodgepole pine dominated forests: are historical regimes sustainable on Oregon's Pumice Plateau, USA?, Can. J. Forest Res., 44, 593–603, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2013-0413, 2014.
Higuera, P. E., Sprugel, D. G., and Brubaker, L. B.: Reconstructing fire regimes with charcoal from small-hollow sediments: a calibration with tree-ring records of fire, Holocene, 15, 238–251, https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683605hl789rp, 2005.
Hiiemaa, H., Mustasaar, M., Kohv, M., Hang, T., Jõeleht, A., Lasberg, K., and Kalm, V.: Geological settings of the protected Selisoo mire (northeastern Estonia) threatened by oil shale mining, Est. J. Earth Sci., 63, 97–107, https://doi.org/10.3176/earth.2014.09, 2014.
Hille, M. and den Ouden, J.: Improved recruitment and early growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings after fire and soil scarification, Eur. J. Forest Res., 123, 213–218, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-004-0036-4, 2004.
Holden, J., Chapman, P. J., and Labadz, J. C.: Artificial drainage of peatlands: hydrological and hydrochemical process and wetland restoration, Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, 28, 95–123, https://doi.org/10.1191/0309133304pp403ra, 2004.
Hölzl, R.: Historicizing Sustainability: German Scientific Forestry in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, Sci. Cult., 19, 431–460, https://doi.org/10.1080/09505431.2010.519866, 2010.
Hrachowitz, M., Stockinger, M., Coenders-Gerrits, M., van der Ent, R., Bogena, H., Lücke, A., and Stumpp, C.: Reduction of vegetation-accessible water storage capacity after deforestation affects catchment travel time distributions and increases young water fractions in a headwater catchment, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 4887–4915, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-4887-2021, 2021.
Hua, Q., Turnbull, J. C., Santos, G. M., Rakowski, A. Z., Ancapichún, S., De Pol-Holz, R., Hammer, S., Lehman, S. J., Levin, I., Miller, J. B., Palmer, J. G., and Turney, C. S. M.: Atmospheric radiocarbon for the period 1950–2019, Radiocarbon, 64, 723–745, https://doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2021.95, 2021.
Ignatiev, Y. and Yermokhin, M.: Impact of climatic factors on the tree ring dynamics of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in bog forests of northern Belarus, Botanika (Issledovaniya): sbornik nauchnykh trudov, 51, 77–84, 2022.
IPCC: Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R. K., and Reisinger, A., IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 104 pp., ISBN 92-9169-122-4, 2007.
Izdebski, A., Guzowski, P., Poniat, R., Masci, L., Palli, J., Vignola, C., Bauch, M., Cocozza, C., Fernandes, R., Ljungqvist, F. C., Newfield, T., Seim, A., Abel-Schaad, D., Alba-Sánchez, F., Björkman, L., Brauer, A., Brown, A., Czerwiński, S., Ejarque, A., Fiłoc, M., Florenzano, A., Fredh, E. D., Fyfe, R., Jasiunas, N., Kołaczek, P., Kouli, K., Kozáková, R., Kupryjanowicz, M., Lagerås, P., Lamentowicz, M., Lindbladh, M., López-Sáez, J. A., Luelmo-Lautenschlaeger, R., Marcisz, K., Mazier, F., Mensing, S., Mercuri, A. M., Milecka, K., Miras, Y., Noryśkiewicz, A. M., Novenko, E., Obremska, M., Panajiotidis, S., Papadopoulou, M. L., Pędziszewska, A., Pérez-Díaz, S., Piovesan, G., Pluskowski, A., Pokorny, P., Poska, A., Reitalu, T., Rösch, M., Sadori, L., Sá Ferreira, C., Sebag, D., Słowiński, M., Stančikaitė, M., Stivrins, N., Tunno, I., Veski, S., Wacnik, A., and Masi, A.: Palaeoecological data indicates land-use changes across Europe linked to spatial heterogeneity in mortality during the Black Death pandemic, Nat. Ecol. Evol., 6, 297–306, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-021-01652-4, 2022.
Janecka, K., Treydte, K., Piccinelli, S., Francon, L., Argelich Ninot, M., Edvardsson, J., Corona, C., Lehsten, V., and Stoffel, M.: Peatland trees record strong and temporally stable hydroclimate information in tree-ring δ13C and δ18O, Clim. Past, 21, 1679–1697, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1679-2025, 2025.
Janeczek, A., Dybaś, B., and Walczy, Ł.: Galicja na józefińskiej mapie topograficznej: 1779–1783. T. 8, cz. B, Faksymilia arkuszy 160–162, 180–182, 202–205, 226–229, 251–255, 283–286, Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN, Warszawa, ISBN 978-83-65548-01-6, 2015.
Jaroszewicz, B., Cholewińska, O., Gutowski, J. M., Samojlik, T., Zimny, M., and Latałowa, M.: Białowieża Forest – A Relic of the High Naturalness of European Forests, Forests, 10, 849, https://doi.org/10.3390/f10100849, 2019.
Jassey, V. E. J., Reczuga, M. K., Zielińska, M., Słowińska, S., Robroek, B. J. M., Mariotte, P., Seppey, C. V. W., Lara, E., Barabach, J., Słowiński, M., Bragazza, L., Chojnicki, B. H., Lamentowicz, M., Mitchell, E. A. D., and Buttler, A.: Tipping point in plant–fungal interactions under severe drought causes abrupt rise in peatland ecosystem respiration, Glob. Change Biol., 24, 972–986, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13928, 2018.
Jaszczak, R.: Urządzanie lasu w Polsce do 1939 roku. Część I – początki urządzania lasu na ziemiach polskich, Sylwan, 152, 13–21, https://doi.org/10.26202/sylwan.2006126, 2008a.
Jaszczak, R.: Urządzanie lasu w Polsce do 1939 roku. Część II – urządzanie lasu w Królestwie Polskim, Sylwan, 152, 3–13, https://doi.org/10.26202/sylwan.2006179, 2008b.
Jaszczak, R.: Urządzanie lasu w Polsce do 1939 roku. Część III – urządzanie lasu na ziemiach polskich w zaborze austriackim i pruskim, Sylwan, 152, 3–10, https://doi.org/10.26202/sylwan.2006180, 2008c.
Jędrejek, G.: Regulacje prawne dotyczące Ordynacji Zamojskiej, Roczniki Nauk Prawnych, 22, 7–19, 2012.
Jevšenak, J.: New features in the dendroTools R package: Bootstrapped and partial correlation coefficients for monthly and daily climate data, Dendrochronologia, 63, 125753, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2020.125753, 2020.
Jevšenak, J. and Levanič, T.: dendroTools: R package for studying linear and nonlinear responses between tree-rings and daily environmental data, Dendrochronologia, 48, 32–39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2018.01.005, 2018.
Jewuła, Ł., Kargol, T., and Ślusarek, K.: Dwór, wieś i plebania w przestrzeni społecznej zachodniej Małopolski w latach 1772–1815, Towarzystwo Wydawnicze Historia Iagellonica, Kraków, ISBN 978-83-65080-09-7, 2015.
Jones, P. M.: Agricultural Enlightenment. Knowledge, Technology, and Nature, 1750–1840, Oxford University Press, Oxford, ISBN 978-0-19-871607-5, 2016.
Joosten, H.: Peatlands across the globe, in: Peatland Restoration and Ecosystem Services: Science, Policy and Practice, edited by: Bonn, A., Allott, T., Evans, M., Joosten, H., and Stoneman, R., Ecological Reviews, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 19–43, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139177788.003, 2016.
Joosten, H., Sirin, A., Couwenberg, J., Laine, J., and Smith, P.: The role of peatlands in climate regulation, in: Peatland Restoration and Ecosystem Services: Science, Policy and Practice, edited by: Bonn, A., Allott, T., Evans, M., Joosten, H., and Stoneman, R., Cambridge University Press, 63–76, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139177788.005, 2016.
Juggins, S.: C2 User guide. Software for ecological and palaeoecological data analysis and visualisation, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, 69 pp., 2003.
Jurasinski, G., Ahmad, S., Anadon-Rosell, A., Berendt, J., Beyer, F., Bill, R., Blume-Werry, G., Couwenberg, J., Günther, A., Joosten, H., Koebsch, F., Koehn, D., Koldrack, N., Kreyling, J., Leinweber, P., Lennartz, B., Liu, H., Michaelis, D., Mrotzek, A., and Wrage-Mönnig, N.: From Understanding to Sustainable Use of Peatlands: The WETSCAPES Approach, Soil Systems, 4, https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4010014, 2020.
Jurasinski, G., Barthelmes, A., Byrne, K. A., Chojnicki, B. H., Christiansen, J. R., Decleer, K., Fritz, C., Günther, A. B., Huth, V., Joosten, H., Juszczak, R., Juutinen, S., Kasimir, Å., Klemedtsson, L., Koebsch, F., Kotowski, W., Kull, A., Lamentowicz, M., Lindgren, A., Lindsay, R., Linkevičienė, R., Lohila, A., Mander, Ü., Manton, M., Minkkinen, K., Peters, J., Renou-Wilson, F., Sendžikaitė, J., Šimanauskienė, R., Taminskas, J., Tanneberger, F., Tegetmeyer, C., van Diggelen, R., Vasander, H., Wilson, D., Zableckis, N., Zak, D. H., and Couwenberg, J.: Active afforestation of drained peatlands is not a viable option under the EU Nature Restoration Law, Ambio, 53, 970–983, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-024-02016-5, 2024.
Kaplan, J. O., Krumhardt, K. M., and Zimmermann, N.: The prehistoric and preindustrial deforestation of Europe, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 28, 3016–3034, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.09.028, 2009.
Kazda, M.: Changes in alder fens following a decrease in the ground water table: results of a geographical information system application, J. Appl. Ecol., 32, 100–110, https://doi.org/10.2307/2404419, 1995.
Keeley, J. E.: Ecology and evolution of pine life histories, Ann. Forest Sci., 69, 445–453, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-012-0201-8, 2012.
Kļaviņa, Z., Kļaviņš, I., Lībiete, Z., and Šteinberga, I.: Acidification level variability in hemiboreal production forest drained peatland catchments and after different intensity regeneration fellings using critical loads modelling approach, J. Environ. Manage., 374, 124118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124118, 2025.
Klisz, M., Puchałka, R., Jakubowski, M., Koprowski, M., Netsvetov, M., Prokopuk, Y., and Jevšenak, J.: Local site conditions reduce interspecific differences in climate sensitivity between native and non-native pines, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 341, 109694, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2023.109694, 2023.
Klukowski, Z.: Wydawnictwo materiałów do dziejów Zamojszczyzny w latach wojny 1939–1944. T. 1–4, Drukarnia Powiatowa Rady Narodowej, Zamość, 1945–1947.
Koenig, I., Mulot, M., and Mitchell, E. A. D.: Taxonomic and functional traits responses of Sphagnum peatland testate amoebae to experimentally manipulated water table, Ecol. Indic., 85, 342–351, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.10.017, 2018.
Koks, A. H. W., Käärmelahti, S. A., Temmink, R. J. M., Smolders, A. J. P., van de Riet, B. P., Lamers, L. P. M., Peters, R. C. J. H., Fritz, C., and van Dijk, G.: Acidifying surface water and water level management promote Sphagnum health for peatland restoration and paludiculture, Ecol. Eng., 216, 107579, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107579, 2025.
Korzeń, K., Margielewski, W., and Nalepka, D.: Neoholocene palaeoenvironmental changes in the Southern Roztocze region (SE Poland): The Kobyle Jezioro raised bog case study, Quatern. Int., 386, 191–202, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.06.001, 2015.
Kottek, M., Grieser, J., Beck, C., Rudolf, B., and Rubel, F.: World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated, Meteorol. Z., 15, 259–263, https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130, 2006.
Kozaczka, M.: Gospodarka leśna Ordynacji Zamojskiej (1918–1939), Kwartalnik Historyczny, 109, 61–75, 2002.
Kozaczka, M.: Ordynacja Zamojska: 1919–1945, Wydawnictwo “Norbertinum”, Lublin, ISBN 83-7222-147-2, 2003.
Kożuchowski, K., Trepińska, J., and Wibig, J.: The air temperature in Cracow from 1826 to 1990: Persistence, fluctuations and the urban effect, Int. J. Climatol., 14, 1035–1049, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370140908, 1994.
Kreyling, J.: Winter climate change: a critical factor for temperate vegetation performance, Ecology, 91, 1939–1948, https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1160.1, 2010.
Kruczkowska, B., Jonczak, J., Słowińska, S., Bartczak, A., Kramkowski, M., Uzarowicz, Ł., Tyszkowski, S., and Słowiński, M.: Stages of soil development in the coastal zone of a disappearing lake – a case study from central Poland, J. Soil. Sediment., 21, 1420–1436, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-021-02880-8, 2021.
Kubrak, Z.: Wpływ osadnictwa i przemysłu leśnego na proces wylesienia i przemiany drzewostanu w Puszczy Solskiej (XVI–XVIII w.), in: Wierny swemu dziedzictwu. Księga jubileuszowa dedykowana profesorowi Józefowi Półćwiartkowi, edited by: Nabywaniec, S., Lorens, B., and Zabraniak, S., Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, Rzeszów, 175–189, ISBN 978-83-7338-589-4, 2010.
Kuuluvainen, T.: Conceptual models of forest dynamics in environmental education and management: keep it as simple as possible, but no simpler, Forest Ecosystems, 3, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-016-0075-6, 2016.
Kuuluvainen, T. and Rouvinen, S.: Post-fire understorey regeneration in boreal Pinus sylvestris forest sites with different fire histories, J. Veg. Sci., 11, 801–812, https://doi.org/10.2307/3236550, 2000.
Laiho, R. and Finér, L.: Changes in root biomass after water-level drawdown on pine mires in southern Finland, Scand. J. Forest Res., 11, 251–260, https://doi.org/10.1080/02827589609382934, 1996.
Laine, J., Vasander, H., and Sallantaus, T.: Ecological effects of peatland drainage for forestry, Environ. Rev., 3, 286–303, https://doi.org/10.1139/a95-015, 1995.
Lamentowicz, M., Tobolski, K., and Mitchell, E.: Palaeoecological evidence for anthropogenic acidification of a kettle-hole peatland in northern Poland, Holocene, 17, 1185–1196, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683607085123, 2007.
Lamentowicz, M., Milecka, K., Gałka, M., Cedro, A., Pawlyta, J., Piotrowska, N., Lamentowicz, Ł., and Van der Knaap, W. O.: Climate and human induced hydrological change since AD 800 in an ombrotrophic mire in Pomerania (N Poland) tracked by testate amoebae, macro-fossils, pollen and tree rings of pine, Boreas, 38, 214–229, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2008.00047.x, 2009.
Lamentowicz, M., Gałka, M., Lamentowicz, Ł., Obremska, M., Kühl, N., Lücke, A., and Jassey, V. E. J.: Reconstructing climate change and ombrotrophic bog development during the last 4000years in northern Poland using biotic proxies, stable isotopes and trait-based approach, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 418, 261–277, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.11.015, 2015.
Lamentowicz, M., Marcisz, K., Guzowski, P., Gałka, M., Diaconu, A.-C., and Kołaczek, P.: How Joannites' economy eradicated primeval forest and created anthroecosystems in medieval Central Europe, Sci. Rep., 10, 18775, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75692-4, 2020.
Larssen, T. and Holme, J.: Afforestation, seasalt episodes and acidification – A paired catchment study in western Norway, Environ. Pollut., 139, 440–450, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2005.06.012, 2006.
Larsson, L. A. and Larsson, P. O.: CDendro and CooRecorder (v. 9.3.1), Cybis Elektronik and Data AB, Saltsjöbaden, Sweden, 2018.
Lavoie, M., Paré, D., Fenton, N., Groot, A., and Taylor, K.: Paludification and management of forested peatlands in Canada: a literature review, Environ. Rev., 13, 21–50, https://doi.org/10.1139/a05-006, 2005.
Leifeld, J. and Menichetti, L.: The underappreciated potential of peatlands in global climate change mitigation strategies, Nat. Commun., 9, 1071, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03406-6, 2018.
Leuschner, C. and Ellenberg, H.: Ecology of Central European Forests: Vegetation Ecology of Central Europe, Volume I, Springer International Publishing, Cham, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43042-3, 2017a.
Leuschner, C. and Ellenberg, H.: The Central European Vegetation as the Result of Millennia of Human Activity, in: Ecology of Central European Forests: Vegetation Ecology of Central Europe, Volume I, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 31–116, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43042-3_3, 2017b.
Leuschner, C. and Ellenberg, H.: Forest Plantations and Clearings, in: Ecology of Central European Forests: Vegetation Ecology of Central Europe, Volume I, edited by: Leuschner, C., and Ellenberg, H., Springer International Publishing, Cham, 607–632, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43042-3_8, 2017c.
Lindbladh, M., Niklasson, M., and Nilsson, S. G.: Long-time record of fire and open canopy in a high biodiversity forest in southeast Sweden, Biol. Conserv., 114, 231–243, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00043-0, 2003.
Lindbladh, M., Fraver, S., Edvardsson, J., and Felton, A.: Past forest composition, structures and processes – How paleoecology can contribute to forest conservation, Biol. Conserv., 168, 116–127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.09.021, 2013.
Linderholm, H. W.: Climatic and Anthropogenic Influences on Radial Growth of Scots Pine at Hanvedsmossen, a Raised Peat Bog, in South Central Sweden, Geogr. Ann. A, 81, 75–86, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0435-3676.1999.00050.x, 1999.
Linderholm, H. W. and Leine, M.: An assessment of twentieth century tree-cover changes on a southern Swedish peatland combining dendrochronoloy and aerial photograph analysis, Wetlands, 24, 357–363, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2004)024[0357:AAOTCT]2.0.CO;2, 2004.
Linderholm, H. W., Moberg, A., and Grudd, H.: Peatland pines as climate indicators? A regional comparison of the climatic influence on Scots pine growth in Sweden, Can. J. Forest Res., 32, 1400–1410, https://doi.org/10.1139/x02-071, 2002.
Lowood, H. E.: The Calculating Forester: Quantification, Cameral Science, and the Emergence of Scientific Forestry Management in Germany, in: The Quantifying spirit in the 18th century, edited by: Frängsmyr, T., Heilbron, J. L., and Rider, R. E., University of California Press, Berkeley – Los Angeles – Oxford, 315–342, ISBN 0-520-07022-4, 1990.
Lubliner-Mianowska, K.: Mchy liściaste: klucz do oznaczania pospolitych gatunków niżowych ziem polskich, Państwowe Zakłady Wydawnictw Szkolnych, Warszawa, 1951.
Lubliner-Mianowska, K.: Torfowce: opisy i klucze do oznaczania gatunków krajowych, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warszawa, 1957.
Łuców, D., Küttim, M., Słowiński, M., Kołaczek, P., Karpińska-Kołaczek, M., Küttim, L., Salme, M., and Lamentowicz, M.: Searching for an ecological baseline: Long-term ecology of a post-extraction restored bog in Northern Estonia, Quatern. Int., 607, 65–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2021.08.017, 2022.
Łuców, D., Lamentowicz, M., Kołaczek, P., Łokas, E., Marcisz, K., Obremska, M., Theuerkauf, M., Tyszkowski, S., and Słowiński, M.: Pine Forest Management and Disturbance in Northern Poland: Combining High-Resolution 100-Year-Old Paleoecological and Remote Sensing Data, Front. Ecol. Evol., 9, https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.747976, 2021.
Łuców, D., Lamentowicz, M., Obremska, M., Arkhipova, M., Kittel, P., Łokas, E., Mazurkevich, A., Mróz, T., Tjallingii, R., and Słowiński, M.: Disturbance and resilience of a Sphagnum peatland in western Russia (Western Dvina Lakeland) during the last 300 years: A multiproxy, high-resolution study, Holocene, 30, 1552–1566, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683620941064, 2020.
Lukenbach, M. C., Devito, K. J., Kettridge, N., Petrone, R. M., and Waddington, J. M.: Burn severity alters peatland moss water availability: implications for post-fire recovery, Ecohydrology, 9, 341–353, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1639, 2016.
Lukowski, J. and Zawadzki, H.: A Concise History of Poland, 2, Cambridge Concise Histories, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511813856, 2006.
MacDonald, G. M., Beilman, D. W., Kremenetski, K. V., Sheng, Y., Smith, L. C., and Velichko, A. A.: Rapid Early Development of Circumarctic Peatlands and Atmospheric CH4 and CO2 Variations, Science, 314, 285–288, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1131722, 2006.
Maciejewski, Z. and Szwagrzyk, J.: Long-term changes in stand composition of natural forest associations on the Roztocze Highlands (Eastern Poland), Pol. J. Ecol., 59, 535–549, 2011.
Mamakowa, K.: Roślinność Kotliny Sandomierskiej w późnym glacjale i Holocenie, Acta Palaeobotanica, 3, 1–57, 1962.
Manton, M., Grigaliūnas, V., Jarašius, L., Sendžiėkaitė, J., Tamulaitytė, G., and Grodzka-Łukaszewska, M.: Drained and forgotten peat extraction sites: economic and carbon impacts of peat and water loss in spontaneously forested Lithuanian peatlands, Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences (SREES), 34, 376–397, https://doi.org/10.22630/srees.10809, 2025.
Marcisz, K., Tinner, W., Colombaroli, D., Kołaczek, P., Słowiński, M., Fiałkiewicz-Kozieł, B., Łokas, E., and Lamentowicz, M.: Long-term hydrological dynamics and fire history over the last 2000 years in CE Europe reconstructed from a high-resolution peat archive, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 112, 138–152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.01.019, 2015.
Marcisz, K., Colombaroli, D., Jassey, V. E. J., Tinner, W., Kołaczek, P., Gałka, M., Karpińska-Kołaczek, M., Słowiński, M., and Lamentowicz, M.: A novel testate amoebae trait-based approach to infer environmental disturbance in Sphagnum peatlands, Sci. Rep., 6, 33907, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep33907, 2016.
Marcisz, K., Kołaczek, P., Gałka, M., Diaconu, A.-C., and Lamentowicz, M.: Exceptional hydrological stability of a Sphagnum-dominated peatland over the late Holocene, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 231, 106180, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106180, 2020a.
Marcisz, K., Jassey, V. E. J., Kosakyan, A., Krashevska, V., Lahr, D. J. G., Lara, E., Lamentowicz, Ł., Lamentowicz, M., Macumber, A., Mazei, Y., Mitchell, E. A. D., Nasser, N. A., Patterson, R. T., Roe, H. M., Singer, D., Tsyganov, A. N., and Fournier, B.: Testate Amoeba Functional Traits and Their Use in Paleoecology, Front. Ecol. Evol., 8, https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.575966, 2020b.
Marcisz, K., Buczek, K., Gałka, M., Margielewski, W., Mulot, M., and Kołaczek, P.: Past testate amoeba communities in landslide mountain fens (Polish Carpathians): The relationship between shell types and sediment, Holocene, 31, 954–965, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683621994647, 2021.
Marcisz, K., Czerwiński, S., Lamentowicz, M., Łuców, D., and Słowiński, M.: How paleoecology can support peatland restoration, Past Global Changes Magazine, 30, 12–13, https://doi.org/10.22498/pages.30.1.12, 2022.
Marcisz, K., Bąk, M., Lamentowicz, M., Kołaczek, P., Theurer, T., Matulewski, P., and Mauquoy, D.: Substantial changes in land and forest management led to critical transitions in peatland functioning over the last 700 years, Sci. Rep., 15, 18211, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-02580-0, 2025.
Marek, S.: Biologia i stratygrafia torfowisk olszynowych w Polsce, Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych, 57, 1–264, 1965.
Margielewski, W., Krąpiec, M., Jankowski, L., Urban, J., and Zernitskaya, V.: Impact of aeolian processes on peat accumulation: Late Glacial–Holocene history of the Hamernia peat bog (Roztocze region, south-eastern Poland), Quatern. Int., 386, 212–225, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.07.016, 2015.
Margielewski, W., Krąpiec, M., Buczek, K., Korzeń, K., Szychowska-Krapiec, E., Pociecha, A., Pilch, J., Obidowicz, A., Sala, D., and Klimek, A.: Bog pine and deciduous trees chronologies related to peat sequences stratigraphy of the Podemszczyzna peatland (Sandomierz Basin, southeastern Poland), Radiocarbon, 64, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2022.38, 2022.
Marosz, M., Miętus, M., and Biernacik, D.: Features of Multiannual Air Temperature Variability in Poland (1951–2021), Atmosphere, 14, 282, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020282, 2023.
Maxwell, R. S. and Larsson, L.-A.: Measuring tree-ring widths using the CooRecorder software application, Dendrochronologia, 67, 125841, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2021.125841, 2021.
Mazei, Y. and Tsyganov, A.: Freshwater Testate Amoebae, KMK Scientific press, Moscow, 302 pp., ISBN 978-5-873317-336-2, 2006.
Mažeika, J., Guobytė, R., Kibirkštis, G., Petrošius, R., Skuratovič, Ž., and Taminskas, J.: The use of carbon-14 and tritium for peat and water dynamics characterization: case of Čepkeliai peatland, southeastern Lithuania, Geochronometria, 34, 41–48, https://doi.org/10.2478/v10003-009-0007-3, 2009.
Mazurek, Z.: Walka chłopów Ordynacji Zamojskiej o prawa serwitutowe w końcu XIX wieku, Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio F, Nauki Filozoficzne i Humanistyczne, 12, 197–220, 1957.
McBride, J. R.: Analysis of tree rings and fire scars to establish fire history, Tree-Ring Bulletin, 43, 51–67, 1983.
McClain, W. E., Ruffner, C. M., Ebinger, J. E., and Spyreas, G.: Patterns of Anthropogenic Fire within the Midwestern Tallgrass Prairie 1673–1905: Evidence from Written Accounts, Nat. Area J., 41, 283–300, https://doi.org/10.3375/20-5, 2021.
McGrath, M. J., Luyssaert, S., Meyfroidt, P., Kaplan, J. O., Bürgi, M., Chen, Y., Erb, K., Gimmi, U., McInerney, D., Naudts, K., Otto, J., Pasztor, F., Ryder, J., Schelhaas, M.-J., and Valade, A.: Reconstructing European forest management from 1600 to 2010, Biogeosciences, 12, 4291–4316, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4291-2015, 2015.
McMichael, C. N. H. and Bush, M. B.: Spatiotemporal patterns of pre-Columbian people in Amazonia, Quaternary Res., 92, 53–69, https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2018.152, 2019.
McRae, D. J., Conard, S. G., Ivanova, G. A., Sukhinin, A. I., Baker, S. P., Samsonov, Y. N., Blake, T. W., Ivanov, V. A., Ivanov, A. V., Churkina, T. V., Hao, W. M., Koutzenogij, K. P., and Kovaleva, N.: Variability of fire behavior, fire effects, and emissions in Scotch pine forests of Central Siberia, Mitig. Adapt. Strat. Gl., 11, 45–74, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-006-1008-4, 2006.
McVean, D. N.: Ecology of Alnus Glutinosa (L.) Gaertn: V. Notes on Some British Alder Populations, J. Ecol., 44, 321–330, https://doi.org/10.2307/2256824, 1956.
Michelot, A., Simard, S., Rathgeber, C., Dufrêne, E., and Damesin, C.: Comparing the intra-annual wood formation of three European species (Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea and Pinus sylvestris) as related to leaf phenology and non-structural carbohydrate dynamics, Tree Physiol., 32, 1033–1045, https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tps052, 2012.
Miętus, M., Owczarek, M., and Filipiak, J.: Warunki termiczne na obszarze Wybrzeża i Pomorza w świetle wybranych klasyfikacji, Materiały Badawcze IMGW, Seria: Meteorologia, 36, Instytut Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej, Warszawa, 2002.
Milner, A. M., Baird, A. J., Green, S. M., Swindles, G. T., Young, D. M., Sanderson, N. K., Timmins, M. S. I., and Gałka, M.: A regime shift from erosion to carbon accumulation in a temperate northern peatland, J. Ecol., 109, 125–138, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13453, 2021.
Minkkinen, K., Byrne, K. A., and Trettin, C. C.: Climate Impacts of Peatland Forestry, in: Peatlands and climate change, edited by: Strack, M., International Peat Society, Jyväskylä, 98–122, ISBN 978-952-99401-1-0, 2008.
Misi, D., Puchałka, R., Pearson, C., Robertson, I., and Koprowski, M.: Differences in the Climate-Growth Relationship of Scots Pine: A Case Study from Poland and Hungary, Forests, 10, 243, https://doi.org/10.3390/f10030243, 2019.
Mitchell, E. A. D., Payne, R. J., and Lamentowicz, M.: Potential implications of differential preservation of testate amoeba shells for paleoenvironmental reconstruction in peatlands, J. Paleolimnol., 40, 603–618, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-007-9185-z, 2008.
Moore, P. D., Webb, J. A., and Collinson, M. E.: Pollen Analysis, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, ISBN, 2nd edn. 0-632-02176-4, 1991.
Murdoch, P. S., Baron, J. S., and Miller, T. L.: Potential effects of climate change on surface-water quality in North America, JAWRA J. Am. Water Resour. As., 36, 347–366, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04273.x, 2000.
Naveh, Z.: Interactions of landscapes and cultures, Landscape Urban Plan., 32, 43–54, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-2046(94)00183-4, 1995.
Neal, C., Robinson, M., Reynolds, B., Neal, M., Rowland, P., Grant, S., Norris, D., Williams, B., Sleep, D., and Lawlor, A.: Hydrology and water quality of the headwaters of the River Severn: Stream acidity recovery and interactions with plantation forestry under an improving pollution climate, Sci. Total Environ., 408, 5035–5051, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.047, 2010.
Niklasson, M. and Drakenberg, B.: A 600-year tree-ring fire history from Norra Kvills National Park, southern Sweden: implications for conservation strategies in the hemiboreal zone, Biol. Conserv., 101, 63–71, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00050-7, 2001.
Niklasson, M. and Granström, A.: Numbers and sizes of fires: Long-term spatially explicit fire history in a Swedish boreal landscape, Ecology, 81, 1484–1499, https://doi.org/10.2307/177301, 2000.
Niklasson, M., Lindbladh, M., and Bjorkman, L.: A long-term record of Quercus decline, logging and fires in a southern Swedish Fagus-Picea forest, J. Veg. Sci., 13, 765–774, https://doi.org/10.1658/1100-9233(2002)013[0765:Alroqd]2.0.Co;2, 2002.
Niklasson, M., Zin, E., Zielonka, T., Feijen, M., Korczyk, A. F., Churski, M., Samojlik, T., Jędrzejewska, B., Gutowski, J. M., and Brzeziecki, B.: A 350-year tree-ring fire record from Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland: implications for Central European lowland fire history, J. Ecol., 98, 1319–1329, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01710.x, 2010.
Nisbet, T. and Evans, C. D.: Forestry and surface water acidification, Research note (Great Britain. Forestry Commission), FCRN016, Forestry Commission, [U.K.], ISBN 978-0-85538-900-0, 2014.
Novák, J., Sádlo, J., and Svobodová-Svitavská, H.: Unusual vegetation stability in a lowland pine forest area (Doksy region, Czech Republic), Holocene, 22, 947–955, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683611434219, 2012.
Novenko, E. Y., Tsyganov, A. N., Payne, R. J., Mazei, N. G., Volkova, E. M., Chernyshov, V. A., Kupriyanov, D. A., and Mazei, Y. A.: Vegetation dynamics and fire history at the southern boundary of the forest vegetation zone in European Russia during the middle and late Holocene, Holocene, 28, 308–322, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683617721331, 2018.
Nowacki, G. J. and Abrams, M. D.: The demise of fire and “Mesophication” of forests in the eastern United States, Bioscience, 58, 123–138, https://doi.org/10.1641/b580207, 2008.
Nowacki, G. J. and Abrams, M. D.: Is climate an important driver of post-European vegetation change in the Eastern United States?, Glob. Chang. Biol., 21, 314–334, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12663, 2015.
Ohlson, M.: Differentiation in adaptive traits between neighbouring bog and mineral soil populations of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris, Ecography, 22, 178–182, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1999.tb00466.x, 1999.
Ohlson, M. and Tryterud, E.: Interpretation of the charcoal record in forest soils: forest fires and their production and deposition of macroscopic charcoal, Holocene, 10, 519–525, https://doi.org/10.1191/095968300667442551, 2000.
Ohlson, M., Økland, R. H., Nordbakken, J.-F., and Dahlberg, B.: Fatal interactions between Scots pine and Sphagnum mosses in bog ecosystems, Oikos, 94, 425–432, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.940305.x, 2001.
Oksanen, J., Simpson, G. L., Blanchet, F. G., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P. R., O'hara, R., Solymos, P., Stevens, M. H. H., Szoecs, E., Wagner, H., Barbour, M., Bedward, M., Bolker, B., Borcard, D., Borman, T., Carvalho, G., Chirico, M., De Caceres, M., Durand, S., Evangelista, H., FitzJohn, R., Friendly, M., Furneaux, B., Hannigan, G., Hill, M., Lahti, L., McGlinn, D., Ouellette, M., Ribeiro Cunha, E., Smith, T., Stier, A., Ter Braak, C., and Weedon, J.: Vegan: community ecology package, R package version 2.7-0, CRAN [code], https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.vegan, 2025.
Olsson, F., Gaillard, M.-J., Lemdahl, G., Greisman, A., Lanos, P., Marguerie, D., Marcoux, N., Skoglund, P., and Wäglind, J.: A continuous record of fire covering the last 10 500 calendar years from southern Sweden – The role of climate and human activities, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 291, 128–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.07.013, 2010.
Olszewski, J. L.: Rola ekosystemów leśnych w modyfikacji klimatu lokalnego Puszczy Białowieskiej, Prace Habilitacyjne – Polska Akademia Nauk. Zakład Badania Ssaków, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich – Wydaw. Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Wrocław, ISBN 83-04-02437-3, 1986.
Opała, M.: The 443-Year Tree-Ring Chronology for the Scots Pine from Upper Silesia (Poland) as A Dating Tool and Climate Proxy, Geochronometria, 42, 41–52, https://doi.org/10.1515/geochr-2015-0005, 2015.
Oris, F., Ali, A. A., Asselin, H., Paradis, L., Bergeron, Y., and Finsinger, W.: Charcoal dispersion and deposition in boreal lakes from 3 years of monitoring: Differences between local and regional fires, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 6743–6752, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060984, 2014.
Päivänen, J. and Hånell, B.: Peatland Ecology and Forestry – a Sound Approach, University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Sciences, Helsinki, ISBN 978-952-10-4531-8, 2012.
Pawlaczyk, P.: Bory i lasy bagienne, in: Monitoring siedlisk przyrodniczych. Przewodnik metodyczny. Część I, edited by: Mróz, W., GIOŚ, Warszawa, 216–235, ISBN 978-83-61227-52-6, 2010.
Payne, R. J. and Mitchell, E. A. D.: How many is enough? Determining optimal count totals for ecological and palaeoecological studies of testate amoebae, J. Paleolimnol., 42, 483–495, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-008-9299-y, 2009.
Pearson, M., Saarinen, M., Nummelin, L., Heiskanen, J., Roitto, M., Sarjala, T., and Laine, J.: Tolerance of peat-grown Scots pine seedlings to waterlogging and drought: Morphological, physiological, and metabolic responses to stress, Forest Ecol. Manage., 307, 43–53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.07.007, 2013.
Pędziszewska, A. and Latałowa, M.: Stand-scale reconstruction of late Holocene forest succession on the Gdańsk Upland (N. Poland) based on integrated palynological and macrofossil data from paired sites, Veg. Hist. Archaeobot., 25, 239–254, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-015-0546-7, 2016.
Pepin, S., Plamondon, A., and Britel, A.: Water relations of black spruce trees on a peatland during wet and dry years, Wetlands, 22, 225–233, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0225:WROBST]2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Peters, M. E. and Higuera, P. E.: Quantifying the source area of macroscopic charcoal with a particle dispersal model, Quaternary Res., 67, 304–310, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2006.10.004, 2007.
Piao, S., Friedlingstein, P., Ciais, P., de Noblet-Ducoudré, N., Labat, D., and Zaehle, S.: Changes in climate and land use have a larger direct impact than rising CO2 on global river runoff trends, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 104, 15242–15247, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0707213104, 2007.
Pickett, S. T. A., Cadenasso, M. L., and Meiners, S. J.: Ever since Clements: From Succession to Vegetation Dynamics and Understanding to Intervention, Appl. Veg. Sci., 12, 9–21, 2009.
Piha, A., Kuuluvainen, T., Lindberg, H., and Vanha-Majamaa, I.: Can scar-based fire history reconstructions be biased? An experimental study in boreal Scots pine, Can. J. Forest Res., 43, 669–675, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2012-0471, 2013.
Piller, J. J.: Continuatio edictorum et mandatorum universalium in Regnis Galicae et Lodomeriae a die 1 mensis Januar anno 1776 Emanatorum = Kontynuacya wyrokow y rozkazow powszechnych w Galicyi y Lodomeryi krolestwach od dnia 1. miesiąca stycznia roku 1776 wypadłych, in: Kontynuacya wyrokow y rozkazow powszechnych w Galicyi y Lodomeryi krolestwach od dnia 1. miesiąca stycznia roku 1776 wypadłych., edited by: Piller, J. J., Typis Josephae Piller C.R. Gubern. Typogr., Leopoli – Lwów – Lemberg, 151–173, 1782.
Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., and R Core Team: nlme: Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models, R Package Version 3.1–168, CRAN [code], https://doi.org/10.32614/CRAN.package.nlme, 2025.
Popielski, W.: Detailed Geological Map of Poland 1 : 50 000. Sheet 893 – Tereszpol (M-34-58-B), Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny, 1992.
Poska, A., Saarse, L., and Veski, S.: Reflections of pre- and early-agrarian human impact in the pollen diagrams of Estonia, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 209, 37–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2003.12.024, 2004.
Potapov, A., Toomik, S., Yermokhin, M., Edvardsson, J., Lilleleht, A., Kiviste, A., Kaart, T., Metslaid, S., Järvet, A., and Hordo, M.: Synchronous Growth Releases in Peatland Pine Chronologies as an Indicator for Regional Climate Dynamics – A Multi-Site Study Including Estonia, Belarus and Sweden, Forests, 10, 1097, https://doi.org/10.3390/f10121097, 2019.
Przybylski, P., Związek, T., Kowalczyk, J., and Słowiński, M.: Research perspectives on historical legacy of the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.): Genes as the silent actor in the transformation of the Central European forests in the last 200 years, Elem. Sci. Anth., 13, 00041, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2024.00041, 2025.
Przybylski, T.: Autekologia i synekologia, in: Biologia sosny zwyczajnej, edited by: Białobok, S., Boratyński, A., and Bugała, W., Sorus, Poznań – Kórnik, 255–281, ISBN 83-85599-21-5, 1993.
Purre, A.-H. and Ilomets, M.: Relationships between bryophyte production and substrate properties in restored milled peatlands, Restor. Ecol., 26, 858–864, https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12656, 2018.
Rajca, C.: Gospodarka leśna w Ordynacji Zamojskiej w pierwszej połowie XIX wieku. Uwagi o urządzeniu i organizacji, Roczniki Humanistyczne, 20, 207–217, 1972.
Ramchunder, S. J., Brown, L. E., and Holden, J.: Environmental effects of drainage, drain-blocking and prescribed vegetation burning in UK upland peatlands, Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, 33, 49–79, https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133309105245, 2009.
R Core Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, https://www.R-project.org/ (last access: 3 April 2025), 2021.
Reimer, P. J., Austin, W. E. N., Bard, E., Bayliss, A., Blackwell, P. G., Bronk Ramsey, C., Butzin, M., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Friedrich, M., Grootes, P. M., Guilderson, T. P., Hajdas, I., Heaton, T. J., Hogg, A. G., Hughen, K. A., Kromer, B., Manning, S. W., Muscheler, R., Palmer, J. G., Pearson, C., van der Plicht, J., Reimer, R. W., Richards, D. A., Scott, E. M., Southon, J. R., Turney, C. S. M., Wacker, L., Adolphi, F., Büntgen, U., Capano, M., Fahrni, S. M., Fogtmann-Schulz, A., Friedrich, R., Köhler, P., Kudsk, S., Miyake, F., Olsen, J., Reinig, F., Sakamoto, M., Sookdeo, A., and Talamo, S.: The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55 cal kBP), Radiocarbon, 62, 725–757, https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2020.41, 2020.
Reynolds, B., Ormerod, S. J., and Gee, A. S.: Spatial patterns concentrations in upland Wales in relation to catchment forest cover and forest age, Environ. Pollut., 84, 27–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)90067-1, 1994.
Reynolds, B., Fowler, D., Smith, R. I., and Hall, J. R.: Atmospheric inputs and catchment solute fluxes for major ions in five Welsh upland catchments, J. Hydrol., 194, 305–329, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03226-X, 1997.
Ricotta, C. and Podani, J.: On some properties of the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity and their ecological meaning, Ecol. Complex., 31, 201–205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2017.07.003, 2017.
Róg, D.: Zagadnienia identyfikacji osadnictwa budziarskiego w drugiej połowie XVIII i na początku XIX w. na przykładzie Puszczy Solskiej, Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej, 69, 193–218, https://doi.org/10.23858/KHKM69.2021.2.004, 2021.
Rolstad, J., Blanck, Y.-l., and Storaunet, K. O.: Fire history in a western Fennoscandian boreal forest as influenced by human land use and climate, Ecol. Monogr., 87, 219–245, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1244, 2017.
Rösch, M.: Long-term human impact as registered in an upland pollen profile from the southern Black Forest, south-western Germany, Veg. Hist. Archaeobot., 9, 205–218, https://doi.org/10.1007/Bf01294635, 2000.
Ruffner, C. M. and Abrams, M. D.: Lightning Strikes and Resultant Fires from Archival (1912–1917) and Current (1960–1997) Information in Pennsylvania, J. Torrey Bot. Soc., 125, 249–252, https://doi.org/10.2307/2997223, 1998.
Rydin, H. and Jeglum, J. K.: The Biology of Peatlands, 2nd end., Oxford University Press, Oxford, https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199602995.001.0001, 2013.
Ryzhkova, N., Pinto, G., Kryshen, A., Bergeron, Y., Ols, C., and Drobyshev, I.: Multi-century reconstruction suggests complex interactions of climate and human controls of forest fire activity in a Karelian boreal landscape, North-West Russia, Forest Ecol. Manage., 459, 117770, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117770, 2020.
Samojlik, T., Rotherham, I. D., and Jędrzejewska, B.: Quantifying Historic Human Impacts on Forest Environments: A Case Study in Białowieża Forest, Poland, Environ. Hist., 18, 576–602, https://doi.org/10.1093/envhis/emt039, 2013a.
Samojlik, T., Jędrzejewska, B., Michniewicz, M., Krasnodębski, D., Dulinicz, M., Olczak, H., Karczewski, A., and Rotherham, I. D.: Tree species used for low-intensity production of charcoal and wood-tar in the 18th-century Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland, Phytocoenologia, 43, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1127/0340-269x/2013/0043-0511, 2013b.
Šamonil, P., Moravcová, A., Pokorný, P., Žáčková, P., Kašpar, J., Vašíčková, I., Daněk, P., Novák, J., Hájková, P., Adam, D., and Leuschner, H. H.: The disturbance regime of an Early Holocene swamp forest in the Czech Republic, as revealed by dendroecological, pollen and macrofossil data, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 507, 81–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.07.001, 2018.
Schabel, H. G.: Deer and Dauerwald in Germany: Any Progress?, Wildl. Soc. Bull., 29, 888–898, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3784416, 2001.
Scheffer, M. and van Nes, E. H.: Shallow lakes theory revisited: various alternative regimes driven by climate, nutrients, depth and lake size, Hydrobiologia, 584, 455–466, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-0616-7, 2007.
Scheffer, M., Hosper, S. H., Meijer, M. L., Moss, B., and Jeppesen, E.: Alternative equilibria in shallow lakes, Trends Ecol. Evol., 8, 275–279, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(93)90254-M, 1993.
Seddon, A. W. R., Mackay, A. W., Baker, A. G., Birks, H. J. B., Breman, E., Buck, C. E., Ellis, E. C., Froyd, C. A., Gill, J. L., Gillson, L., Johnson, E. A., Jones, V. J., Juggins, S., Macias-Fauria, M., Mills, K., Morris, J. L., Nogués-Bravo, D., Punyasena, S. W., Roland, T. P., Tanentzap, A. J., Willis, K. J., Aberhan, M., van Asperen, E. N., Austin, W. E. N., Battarbee, R. W., Bhagwat, S., Belanger, C. L., Bennett, K. D., Birks, H. H., Bronk Ramsey, C., Brooks, S. J., de Bruyn, M., Butler, P. G., Chambers, F. M., Clarke, S. J., Davies, A. L., Dearing, J. A., Ezard, T. H. G., Feurdean, A., Flower, R. J., Gell, P., Hausmann, S., Hogan, E. J., Hopkins, M. J., Jeffers, E. S., Korhola, A. A., Marchant, R., Kiefer, T., Lamentowicz, M., Larocque-Tobler, I., López-Merino, L., Liow, L. H., McGowan, S., Miller, J. H., Montoya, E., Morton, O., Nogué, S., Onoufriou, C., Boush, L. P., Rodriguez-Sanchez, F., Rose, N. L., Sayer, C. D., Shaw, H. E., Payne, R., Simpson, G., Sohar, K., Whitehouse, N. J., Williams, J. W., and Witkowski, A.: Looking forward through the past: identification of 50 priority research questions in palaeoecology, J. Ecol., 102, 256–267, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12195, 2014.
Shaver, G. R., Chapin, F., and Gartner, B. L.: Factors Limiting Seasonal Growth and Peak Biomass Accumulation in Eriophorum Vaginatum in Alaskan Tussock Tundra, J. Ecol., 74, 257–278, https://doi.org/10.2307/2260362, 1986.
Siemensma, F. J.: Microworld, world of amoeboid organisms, Kortenhoef, the Netherlands, https://arcella.nl (last access: 10 March 2023), 2019.
Sillasoo, U., Mauquoy, D., Blundell, A., Charman, D., Blaauw, M., Daniell, J. R. G., Toms, P., Newberry, J., Chambers, F. M., and Karofeld, E.: Peat multi-proxy data from Männikjärve bog as indicators of late Holocene climate changes in Estonia, Boreas, 36, 20–37, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2007.tb01177.x, 2007.
Skre, O., Wielgolaski, F. E., and Moe, B.: Biomass and chemical composition of common forest plants in response to fire in western Norway, J. Veg. Sci., 9, 501–510, https://doi.org/10.2307/3237265, 1998.
Słowińska, S., Słowiński, M., Marcisz, K., and Lamentowicz, M.: Long-term microclimate study of a peatland in Central Europe to understand microrefugia, Int. J. Biometeorol., 66, 817–832, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-022-02240-2, 2022.
Słowiński, M., Marcisz, K., Płóciennik, M., Obremska, M., Pawłowski, D., Okupny, D., Słowińska, S., Borówka, R., Kittel, P., Forysiak, J., Michczyńska, D. J., and Lamentowicz, M.: Drought as a stress driver of ecological changes in peatland – A palaeoecological study of peatland development between 3500 BCE and 200 BCE in central Poland, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 461, 272–291, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.08.038, 2016.
Słowiński, M., Lamentowicz, M., Łuców, D., Barabach, J., Brykała, D., Tyszkowski, S., Pieńczewska, A., Śnieszko, Z., Dietze, E., Jażdżewski, K., Obremska, M., Ott, F., Brauer, A., and Marcisz, K.: Paleoecological and historical data as an important tool in ecosystem management, J. Environ. Manage., 236, 755–768, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.02.002, 2019.
Słowiński, M., Brauer, A., Guzowski, P., Związek, T., Obremska, M., Theuerkauf, M., Dietze, E., Schwab, M., Tjallingii, R., Czaja, R., Ott, F., and Błaszkiewicz, M.: The role of Medieval road operation on cultural landscape transformation, Sci. Rep., 11, 20876, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-00090-3, 2021.
Słowiński, M., Związek, T., Swoboda, P., Niedzielski, M. A., Słowińska, S., Konopski, M., Jonczak, J., Kruczkowska, B., Chojnacka, A., Róg, D., Szewczyk, K., and Brykała, D.: Human impacts on environment in the preindustrial forest landscapes in Poland – An overview, Elem. Sci. Anth., 12, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2023.00065, 2024.
Smiljanić, M. and Wilmking, M.: Drivers of stem radial variation and its pattern in peatland Scots pines: A pilot study, Dendrochronologia, 47, 30–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dendro.2017.12.001, 2018.
Smiljanić, M., Seo, J.-W., Läänelaid, A., van der Maaten-Theunissen, M., Stajić, B., and Wilmking, M.: Peatland pines as a proxy for water table fluctuations: Disentangling tree growth, hydrology and possible human influence, Sci. Total Environ., 500–501, 52–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.056, 2014.
Solińska-Górnicka, B.: Alder (Alnus glutinosa) carr in Poland, Tuexenia, 7, 329–346, 1987.
Speer, J. H.: Fundamentals of tree-ring research, The University of Arizona Press, Tucson, ISBN 978-0-8165-2684-0, 2010.
Spînu, A. P., Niklasson, M., and Zin, E.: Mesophication in temperate Europe: A dendrochronological reconstruction of tree succession and fires in a mixed deciduous stand in Białowieża Forest, Ecol. Evol., 10, 1029–1041, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5966, 2020.
Stančikaitė, M., Gedminienė, L., Edvardsson, J., Stoffel, M., Corona, C., Gryguc, G., Uogintas, D., Zinkutė, R., Skuratovič, Ž., and Taraškevičius, R.: Holocene vegetation and hydroclimatic dynamics in SE Lithuania – Implications from a multi-proxy study of the Čepkeliai bog, Quatern. Int., 501, 219–239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.08.039, 2019.
Sterling, S. M., Ducharne, A., and Polcher, J.: The impact of global land-cover change on the terrestrial water cycle, Nat. Clim. Chang., 3, 385–390, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1690, 2013.
Stivrins, N., Kalnina, L., Cerina, A., Reire, E., Kreslina, S., Ozola, I., Soms, J., and Veski, S.: Climate change impact on peatland dynamics during the Holocene in Latvia, Northeastern Europe, Catena, 254, 108965, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2025.108965, 2025.
Stockmarr, J.: Tables with spores used in absolute pollen analysis, Pollen et Spores, 13, 615–621, 1971.
Stokes, M. A. and Smiley, T. L.: An Introduction to Tree-Ring Dating, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1968.
Sugita, S., Gaillard, M.-J., and Broström, A.: Landscape openness and pollen records: a simulation approach, Holocene, 9, 409–421, https://doi.org/10.1191/095968399666429937, 1999.
Sullivan, M. E. and Booth, R. K.: The Potential Influence of Short-term Environmental Variability on the Composition of Testate Amoeba Communities in Sphagnum Peatlands, Microb. Ecol., 62, 80–93, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-011-9875-y, 2011.
Sutheimer, C. M., Meunier, J., Hotchkiss, S. C., Rebitzke, E., and Radeloff, V. C.: Historical fire regimes of North American hemiboreal peatlands, Forest Ecol. Manage., 498, 119561, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119561, 2021.
Svenning, J. C.: A review of natural vegetation openness in north-western Europe, Biol. Conserv., 104, 133–148, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00162-8, 2002.
Swindles, G. T., Morris, P. J., Mullan, D. J., Payne, R. J., Roland, T. P., Amesbury, M. J., Lamentowicz, M., Turner, T. E., Gallego-Sala, A., Sim, T., Barr, I. D., Blaauw, M., Blundell, A., Chambers, F. M., Charman, D. J., Feurdean, A., Galloway, J. M., Gałka, M., Green, S. M., Kajukało, K., Karofeld, E., Korhola, A., Lamentowicz, Ł., Langdon, P., Marcisz, K., Mauquoy, D., Mazei, Y. A., McKeown, M. M., Mitchell, E. A. D., Novenko, E., Plunkett, G., Roe, H. M., Schoning, K., Sillasoo, Ü., Tsyganov, A. N., van der Linden, M., Väliranta, M., and Warner, B.: Widespread drying of European peatlands in recent centuries, Nat. Geosci., 12, 922–928, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0462-z, 2019.
Szabó, P.: Driving forces of stability and change in woodland structure: A case-study from the Czech lowlands, Forest Ecol. Manage., 259, 650–656, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.11.026, 2010.
Szafran, B.: Bryophyta I. Musci – Mchy, Flora Słodkowodna Polski, 16, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warszawa, 1963.
Szczygieł, R.: W Dawnej Rzeczypospolitej (1578–1795), in: Dzieje Biłgoraja, edited by: Markiewicz, J., Szczygieł, R., and Śladkowski, W., Wydawnictwo Lubelskie, Lublin, 11–72, ISBN 83-222-0307-1, 1985.
Taminskas, J., Edvardsson, J., Linkevičienė, R., Stoffel, M., Corona, C., and Tamkevičiūtė, M.: Combining multiple proxies to investigate water table fluctuations in wetlands: A case study from the Rėkyva wetland complex, Lithuania, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 514, 453–463, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.11.004, 2019.
Tanneberger, F., Moen, A., Barthelmes, A., Lewis, E., Miles, L., Sirin, A., Tegetmeyer, C., and Joosten, H.: Mires in Europe – Regional Diversity, Condition and Protection, Diversity, 13, 381, https://doi.org/10.3390/d13080381, 2021.
Temmink, R. J. M., Cruijsen, P. M. J. M., Smolders, A. J. P., Bouma, T. J., Fivash, G. S., Lengkeek, W., Didderen, K., Lamers, L. P. M., and van der Heide, T.: Overcoming establishment thresholds for peat mosses in human-made bog pools, Ecol. Appl., 31, e02359, https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2359, 2021.
Timbal, J., Bonneau, M., Landmann, G., Trouvilliez, J., and Bouhot-Delduc, L.: European non-boreal conifer forests, in: Ecosystems of the World. Coniferous Forests, edited by: Andersson, F., Ecosystems of the World, Coniferous Forests, Elsevier, Amsterdam – San Diego – Oxford – London, 131–162, ISBN 978-0-444-81627-6, 2005.
Tinner, W., Hofstetter, S., Zeugin, F., Conedera, M., Wohlgemuth, T., Zimmermann, L., and Zweifel, R.: Long-distance transport of macroscopic charcoal by an intensive crown fire in the Swiss Alps – implications for fire history reconstruction, Holocene, 16, 287–292, https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683606hl925rr, 2006.
Tipton, J., Marcisz, K., Łuców, D., Obremska, M., and Lamentowicz, M.: Testate amoebae as indicators of critical transitions in historical forest management: A case study of Scots pine monoculture, Holocene, 09596836261422219, https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836261422219, 2026.
Tobolski, K.: Przewodnik do oznaczania torfów i osadów jeziornych, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa, ISBN 83-01-13215-9, 2000.
Todorov, M. and Bankov, N.: An Atlas of Sphagnum-Dwelling Testate Amoebae in Bulgaria, Advanced Books, 1, e38685, https://doi.org/10.3897/ab.e38685, 2019.
Toet, S., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Aerts, R., van Logtestijn, R. S. P., de Beus, M., and Stoevelaar, R.: Moss Responses to Elevated CO2 and Variation in Hydrology in a Temperate Lowland Peatland, Plant Ecol., 182, 27–40, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-005-9029-8, 2006.
Trepińska, J.: Anomalie, cykle, trendy termiczne w klimatologii na przykładzie fluktuacji termicznych w Europie Środkowej w XIX i XX wieku, Acta Universitatis Nicolai Copernici, Geografia, 31, 307–326, 2000.
Trepińska, J., Ustrnul, Z., and Kowanetz, L.: Variability of the Air Temperature in Central Europe in the Years 1792–1995, Geographia Polonica, 70, 43–52, 1997.
Turetsky, M. R., Benscoter, B., Page, S., Rein, G., van der Werf, G. R., and Watts, A.: Global vulnerability of peatlands to fire and carbon loss, Nat. Geosci., 8, 11–14, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2325, 2015.
Ustrnul, Z., Wypych, A., and Czekierda, D.: Air Temperature Change, in: Climate Change in Poland: Past, Present, Future, edited by: Falarz, M., Springer International Publishing, Cham, 275–330, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70328-8_11, 2021.
Vachula, R. S. and Rehn, E.: Modeled dispersal patterns for wood and grass charcoal are different: Implications for paleofire reconstruction, Holocene, 33, 159–166, https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836221131708, 2023.
Väliranta, M., Korhola, A., Seppä, H., Tuittila, E.-S., Sarmaja-Korjonen, K., Laine, J., and Alm, J.: High-resolution reconstruction of wetness dynamics in a southern boreal raised bog, Finland, during the late Holocene: a quantitative approach, Holocene, 17, 1093–1107, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683607082550, 2007.
Väliranta, M., Salojärvi, N., Vuorsalo, A., Juutinen, S., Korhola, A., Luoto, M., and Tuittila, E.-S.: Holocene fen–bog transitions, current status in Finland and future perspectives, Holocene, 27, 752–764, https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683616670471, 2017.
van der Knaap, W. O., Lamentowicz, M., van Leeuwen, J. F. N., Hangartner, S., Leuenberger, M., Mauquoy, D., Goslar, T., Mitchell, E. A. D., Lamentowicz, Ł., and Kamenik, C.: A multi-proxy, high-resolution record of peatland development and its drivers during the last millennium from the subalpine Swiss Alps, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 30, 3467–3480, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.06.017, 2011.
Van Geel, B., Bohncke, S. J. P., and Dee, H.: A palaeoecological study of an upper late glacial and holocene sequence from “de borchert”, the Netherlands, Rev.Palaeobot. Palyno., 31, 367–448, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(80)90035-4, 1980.
Van Horne, M. L. and Fulé, P. Z.: Comparing methods of reconstructing fire history using fire scars in a southwestern United States ponderosa pine forest, Can. J. Forest Res., 36, 855–867, https://doi.org/10.1139/X05-289, 2006.
Vannière, B., Colombaroli, D., Chapron, E., Leroux, A., Tinner, W., and Magny, M.: Climate versus human-driven fire regimes in Mediterranean landscapes: the Holocene record of Lago dell'Accesa (Tuscany, Italy), Quaternary Sci. Rev., 27, 1181–1196, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.02.011, 2008.
Verheyen, K., Bossuyt, B., Hermy, M., and Tack, G.: The land use history (1278–1990) of a mixed hardwood forest in western Belgium and its relationship with chemical soil characteristics, J. Biogeogr., 26, 1115–1128, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00340.x, 1999.
Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Beguería, S., and López-Moreno, J. I.: A Multiscalar Drought Index Sensitive to Global Warming: The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index, J. Climate, 23, 1696–1718, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2909.1, 2010.
Vitas, A. and Erlickytė, R.: Influence of droughts to the radial growth of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) at different site conditions, Balt. For., 13, 10–16, 2007.
von Carlowitz, H. C.: Sylvicultura Oeconomica, Oder Haußwirtschaftliche Nachricht und Naturgemäßige Anweisung Zur Wilden Baum-Zucht, J. Fr. Braun, Leipzig, 1713.
Waddington, J. M., Morris, P. J., Kettridge, N., Granath, G., Thompson, D. K., and Moore, P. A.: Hydrological feedbacks in northern peatlands, Ecohydrology, 8, 113–127, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1493, 2015.
Wallenius, T.: Major Decline in Fires in Coniferous Forests – Reconstructing the Phenomenon and Seeking for the Cause, Silva Fenn, 45, 139–155, https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.36, 2011.
Warner, B. G., Kubiw, H. J., and Hanf, K. I.: An anthropogenic cause for quaking mire formation in southwestern Ontario, Nature, 340, 380–384, https://doi.org/10.1038/340380a0, 1989.
Waszak, N., Robertson, I., Puchałka, R., Przybylak, R., Pospieszyńska, A., and Koprowski, M.: Investigating the Climate-Growth Response of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Northern Poland, Atmosphere, 12, 1690, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121690, 2021.
Wheeler, A. J.: Vegetational succession, acidification and allogenic events as recorded in Flandrian peat deposits from an isolated Fenland embayment, New Phytol., 122, 745–756, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1992.tb00103.x, 1992.
Wheeler, B. D. and Proctor, M. C. F.: Ecological gradients, subdivisions and terminology of north-west European mires, J. Ecol., 88, 187–203, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00455.x, 2000.
Whitehead, P. G., Wilby, R. L., Battarbee, R. W., Kernan, M., and Wade, A. J.: A review of the potential impacts of climate change on surface water quality, Hydrol. Sci. J., 54, 101–123, https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.54.1.101, 2009.
Wickham, H.: ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis, 2nd edn., Springer-Verlag, New York, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24277-4, 2016.
Wigley, T. M. L., Briffa, K. R., and Jones, P. D.: On the Average Value of Correlated Time Series, with Applications in Dendroclimatology and Hydrometeorology, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 23, 201–213, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1984)023<0201:OTAVOC>2.0.CO;2, 1984.
Wilczyński, S. B. and Kulej, M.: The influence of climate on the radial increment of larches of different provenances on the basis of the experiment in the Carpathian Mountains in Southern Poland, Eur. J. Forest Res., 132, 919–929, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-013-0731-0, 2013.
Williams, B. A., Venter, O., Allan, J. R., Atkinson, S. C., Rehbein, J. A., Ward, M., Di Marco, M., Grantham, H. S., Ervin, J., and Goetz, S. J.: Change in terrestrial human footprint drives continued loss of intact ecosystems, One Earth, 3, 371–382, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.08.009, 2020.
Willis, K. J. and Birks, H. J. B.: What Is Natural? The Need for a Long-Term Perspective in Biodiversity Conservation, Science, 314, 1261–1265, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1122667, 2006.
Wilmking, M., van der Maaten-Theunissen, M., van der Maaten, E., Scharnweber, T., Buras, A., Biermann, C., Gurskaya, M., Hallinger, M., Lange, J., Shetti, R., Smiljanic, M., and Trouillier, M.: Global assessment of relationships between climate and tree growth, Glob. Change Biol., 26, 3212–3220, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15057, 2020.
Wochal, D., Marcisz, K., Barabach, J., Bąk, M., and Lamentowicz, M.: The Fen that vanished: The untold story of drainage and peat extraction in Bagno Chlebowo peatland with implications for nature conservation, Global Ecology and Conservation, 61, e03647, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03647, 2025.
Yamaguchi, D. K.: A Simple Method for Cross-Dating Increment Cores from Living Trees, Can. J. Forest Res., 21, 414–416, https://doi.org/10.1139/X91-053, 1991.
Yermokhin, M., Barsukova, T., Uhlianets, S., Lukin, V., Knysh, N., Dudkina, L., Mychko, V., and Bernackijj, D.: Dynamics and condition of bog and boggy pine forests in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, Botanika (Issledovaniya): sbornik nauchnykh trudov, 50, 171–194, 2021.
Zajączkowski, G., Jabłoński, M., Jabłoński, T., Szmidla, H., Kowalska, A., Małachowska, J., Piwnicki, J., and Kaliszewski, A.: Raport o stanie lasów w Polsce 2022, Centrum Informacyjne Lasów Państwowych, Warszawa, https://www.bdl.lasy.gov.pl/portal/Media/Default/Publikacje/raport_o_stanie_lasow_2022.pdf (last access: 24 April 2026), 2023.
Zarzycki, K., Trzcińska-Tacik, H., Różański, W., Szeląg, Z., Wołek, J., and Korzeniak, U.: Ecological indicator values of vascular plants of Poland, Biodiversity of Poland, 2, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, ISBN 83-85444-95-5, 2002.
Zhang, H., Amesbury, M. J., Piilo, S. R., Garneau, M., Gallego-Sala, A., and Väliranta, M. M.: Recent Changes in Peatland Testate Amoeba Functional Traits and Hydrology Within a Replicated Site Network in Northwestern Québec, Canada, Front. Ecol. Evol., 8, https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.00228, 2020.
Zimny, M., Latałowa, M., and Pędziszewska, A.: The Late-Holocene history of forests in the Strict Reserve of Białowieża National Park, in: The Forests of the Strict Reserve of Białowieża National Park, edited by: Keczyński, A., Białowieski Park Narodowy, Białowieża, 29–59, ISBN 978-83-64513-15-2, 2017.
Zin, E., Drobyshev, I., Bernacki, D., and Niklasson, M.: Dendrochronological reconstruction reveals a mixed-intensity fire regime in Pinus sylvestris-dominated stands of Białowieża Forest, Belarus and Poland, J. Veg. Sci., 26, 934–945, https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12290, 2015.
Zin, E., Kuberski, Ł., Drobyshev, I., and Niklasson, M.: First Spatial Reconstruction of Past Fires in Temperate Europe Suggests Large Variability of Fire Sizes and an Important Role of Human-Related Ignitions, Front. Ecol. Evol., 10, https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.768464, 2022.
Zin, E., Związek, T., Klisz, M., Słowińska, S., Róg, D., Obremska, M., Łuców, D., Pietruczuk, J., Popek, J., Piotrowicz, K., Pilch, K., Szewczyk, K., Halaś, A., and Słowiński, M.: Dataset for “From Alnus to Pinus: temperate peatland ecosystem transformation triggered by human-driven landscape change”, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19330702, 2026.
Związek, T., Łuców, D., Popek, J., Klisz, M., Obremska, M., Sobechowicz, Ł., Solon, J., Słowiński, M., Przybylski, P., Tyburski, Ł., Zin, E., Jastrzębowski, S., Płaczkowska, E., Pilch, K., Szewczyk, K., Konczal, A. A., Rutkowski, P., Główka, D., and Swoboda, P.: Addressing multiple perspectives in studying environmental changes in forest landscapes during the modernization period (18th–19th centuries), Anthropocene Review, 11, 302–328, https://doi.org/10.1177/20530196231205485, 2024.
Short summary
We used a multi-proxy approach combining peat, tree ring, climate, and historical records to reconstruct > 2300 years of peatland dynamics in a Central European region. Results show a human-induced shift from alder to pine forest due to land use change and acidification, stressing the importance of long-term records for peatland conservation.
We used a multi-proxy approach combining peat, tree ring, climate, and historical records to...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint