In the fall of 2014, the upwelling of water from the deep Canada Basin brought water onto the shallower Mackenzie Shelf in the Beaufort Sea. This increased the concentration of CO₂ in water on the shelf, which alters pH and changes the transfer of CO₂ between the ocean and atmosphere. These findings were a combined result of water sampling for CO₂ parameters and the use of a computer model that simulates water movement in the ocean.