Articles | Volume 18, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2347-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2347-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea: a review of models and facts
Britta Munkes
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Ulrike Löptien
GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Institute of Geosciences, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 10, 24118 Kiel, Germany
Heiner Dietze
GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Institute of Geosciences, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 10, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Cited
46 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Calibration of an ecological model of a eutrophic coastal lagoon and assessment of the effect of management strategies on dissolved oxygen C. Lubello et al.
- CHEMTAX-assisted insights into ecological responses of non-dominant phytoplankton to climate and eutrophication in a temperate estuarine bay X. Ding et al.
- Systematic analysis of negative and positive feedback loops for robustness and temperature compensation in circadian rhythms S. Chakravarty et al.
- Assessing causal drivers of model-based cyanobacterial blooms along the South-East coast of India S. Budakoti
- Retracing cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea U. Löptien & H. Dietze
- Allelopathic Potential of the Cyanotoxins Microcystin-LR and Cylindrospermopsin on Green Algae I. Teneva et al.
- Filamentous cyanobacteria growth assessment using fluorinated ethylene propylene microcapillaries D. Silva et al.
- УПРОЩЕННОЕ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЕ ПРОЦЕССА БИООБРАСТАНИЯ ДЛЯ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ ТРАНСПОРТА ГЕОСИНТЕТИЧЕСКИХ ФРАГМЕНТОВ В УСЛОВИЯХ БАЛТИЙСКОГО МОРЯ, "Наука юга России" А. Соколов & Б. Чубаренко
- Systematic Review on CyanoHABs in Central Asia and Post-Soviet Countries (2010–2024) K. Kastuganova et al.
- Baltic Spas in the Face of Climate Change: In Search of Resilience A. Golędzinowska & M. Ganczarek
- Future increase of filamentous cyanobacteria in coastal Baltic Sea predicted by multiple realm models of marine, terrestrial, and climate change scenarios M. Abdelgadir et al.
- DNA metabarcoding highlights cyanobacteria as the main source of primary production in a pelagic food web model A. Novotny et al.
- Fungal parasites infecting N2-fixing cyanobacteria reshape carbon and N2 fixation and trophic transfer A. Feuring et al.
- Ambiguous controls on simulated diazotrophs in the world oceans U. Löptien & H. Dietze
- Dynamics of zoosporic parasites in summer phytoplankton communities of the Baltic Sea S. Van den Wyngaert et al.
- Multiyear analysis uncovers coordinated seasonality in stocks and composition of the planktonic food web in the Baltic Sea proper E. Fridolfsson et al.
- Role of Climate Change in Changing Hepatic Health Maps A. Saad-Hussein et al.
- First Analyses of the TIMELINE AVHRR SST Product: Long-Term Trends of Sea Surface Temperature at 1 km Resolution across European Coastal Zones P. Reiners et al.
- Nitrogen fixation rate and phosphorus enrichment effects on diazotrophic cyanobacteria in the Gulf of Riga I. Liepina-Leimane et al.
- Effect of Volume and Surface Area on Growth and Productivity of Microalgae in Culture System K. Nayana et al.
- Modeling cyanobacteria life cycle dynamics and historical nitrogen fixation in the Baltic Proper J. Hieronymus et al.
- Environmental drivers affecting the status of top commercial fish stocks in the Baltic Sea: review M. Rosciszewski-Dodgson & G. Cirella
- Examining the impact of water quality and meteorological drivers on primary productivity in the Baltic Sea S. Budakoti
- Variability of chlorophyll a concentration in surface waters of the open Baltic Sea M. Stramska & J. Jakacki
- Salinity adaption and toxicity of harmful algal blooms in three bays of Great Salt Lake (USA) W. Wurtsbaugh et al.
- Earth Observation-Based Cyanobacterial Bloom Index Testing for Ecological Status Assessment in the Open, Coastal and Transitional Waters of the Baltic and Black Seas D. Vaičiūtė et al.
- Evolutionary adaptation to steady or changing environments affects competitive outcomes in marine phytoplankton I. Hochfeld & J. Hinners
- Phytoplankton adaptation to steady or changing environments affects marine ecosystem functioning I. Hochfeld & J. Hinners
- What initiates cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea? M. Kahru et al.
- Effects of organic carbon and phosphorus on lake food web dynamics: A modelling study V. Křivan et al.
- Application of Satellite-Derived Summer Bloom Indicators for Estonian Coastal Waters of the Baltic Sea I. Rahn et al.
- Diverging temporal trends and environmental drivers of dominant cyanobacteria in the Gulf of Riga, 1976–2024 I. Liepina-Leimane et al.
- Biodegradation of microcystins by microbiota of duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza M. Toporowska et al.
- Picophytoplankton act as the primary consumers of excess phosphorus after the spring bloom in the eutrophic Baltic Sea K. Spilling et al.
- Contemporary Evolution and Water Quality of Lakes Rewetted After 19th Century Drainage in the Olsztyn Lake District (Poland) A. Skwierawski
- Biogenic volatile organic compounds produced by two unicellular and two filamentous cyanobacteria after a high light shock K. Kwidzińska et al.
- Fine-scale phytoplankton community transitions in the oligotrophic ocean: A Mediterranean Sea case study L. Oms et al.
- Spectral features of ocean colour radiometric products in the presence of cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea I. Cazzaniga et al.
- Influences of nutrients on summer algal bloom in the Changjiang plume revealed by high-resolution profiles C. Zeng et al.
- The Baltic Sea under Anthropopressure—The Sea of Paradoxes A. Dobrzycka-Krahel & M. Bogalecka
- Global climate change and the Baltic Sea ecosystem: direct and indirect effects on species, communities and ecosystem functioning M. Viitasalo & E. Bonsdorff
- LC-MS/MS Analysis of Cyanotoxins in Bivalve Mollusks—Method Development, Validation and First Evidence of Occurrence of Nodularin in Mussels (Mytilus edulis) and Oysters (Magallana gigas) from the West Coast of Sweden J. España Amórtegui et al.
- Biogenicity of amorphous organic matter and bacteriomorph acritarchs preserved in wrinkle structures from the Ediacaran Cíjara Formation, Spain J. Álvaro et al.
- Impact of coastal currents and eddies on particle dispersion in the Baltic Sea: a Lagrangian approach to marine ecosystems S. Hariri et al.
- Uptake of excess phosphate at low inorganic N:P ratio in a coastal sea afflicted with eutrophication M. Vanharanta & K. Spilling
- Disaster avoided: current state of the Baltic Sea without human intervention to reduce nutrient loads E. Ehrnsten et al.
46 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Calibration of an ecological model of a eutrophic coastal lagoon and assessment of the effect of management strategies on dissolved oxygen C. Lubello et al.
- CHEMTAX-assisted insights into ecological responses of non-dominant phytoplankton to climate and eutrophication in a temperate estuarine bay X. Ding et al.
- Systematic analysis of negative and positive feedback loops for robustness and temperature compensation in circadian rhythms S. Chakravarty et al.
- Assessing causal drivers of model-based cyanobacterial blooms along the South-East coast of India S. Budakoti
- Retracing cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea U. Löptien & H. Dietze
- Allelopathic Potential of the Cyanotoxins Microcystin-LR and Cylindrospermopsin on Green Algae I. Teneva et al.
- Filamentous cyanobacteria growth assessment using fluorinated ethylene propylene microcapillaries D. Silva et al.
- УПРОЩЕННОЕ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЕ ПРОЦЕССА БИООБРАСТАНИЯ ДЛЯ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ ТРАНСПОРТА ГЕОСИНТЕТИЧЕСКИХ ФРАГМЕНТОВ В УСЛОВИЯХ БАЛТИЙСКОГО МОРЯ, "Наука юга России" А. Соколов & Б. Чубаренко
- Systematic Review on CyanoHABs in Central Asia and Post-Soviet Countries (2010–2024) K. Kastuganova et al.
- Baltic Spas in the Face of Climate Change: In Search of Resilience A. Golędzinowska & M. Ganczarek
- Future increase of filamentous cyanobacteria in coastal Baltic Sea predicted by multiple realm models of marine, terrestrial, and climate change scenarios M. Abdelgadir et al.
- DNA metabarcoding highlights cyanobacteria as the main source of primary production in a pelagic food web model A. Novotny et al.
- Fungal parasites infecting N2-fixing cyanobacteria reshape carbon and N2 fixation and trophic transfer A. Feuring et al.
- Ambiguous controls on simulated diazotrophs in the world oceans U. Löptien & H. Dietze
- Dynamics of zoosporic parasites in summer phytoplankton communities of the Baltic Sea S. Van den Wyngaert et al.
- Multiyear analysis uncovers coordinated seasonality in stocks and composition of the planktonic food web in the Baltic Sea proper E. Fridolfsson et al.
- Role of Climate Change in Changing Hepatic Health Maps A. Saad-Hussein et al.
- First Analyses of the TIMELINE AVHRR SST Product: Long-Term Trends of Sea Surface Temperature at 1 km Resolution across European Coastal Zones P. Reiners et al.
- Nitrogen fixation rate and phosphorus enrichment effects on diazotrophic cyanobacteria in the Gulf of Riga I. Liepina-Leimane et al.
- Effect of Volume and Surface Area on Growth and Productivity of Microalgae in Culture System K. Nayana et al.
- Modeling cyanobacteria life cycle dynamics and historical nitrogen fixation in the Baltic Proper J. Hieronymus et al.
- Environmental drivers affecting the status of top commercial fish stocks in the Baltic Sea: review M. Rosciszewski-Dodgson & G. Cirella
- Examining the impact of water quality and meteorological drivers on primary productivity in the Baltic Sea S. Budakoti
- Variability of chlorophyll a concentration in surface waters of the open Baltic Sea M. Stramska & J. Jakacki
- Salinity adaption and toxicity of harmful algal blooms in three bays of Great Salt Lake (USA) W. Wurtsbaugh et al.
- Earth Observation-Based Cyanobacterial Bloom Index Testing for Ecological Status Assessment in the Open, Coastal and Transitional Waters of the Baltic and Black Seas D. Vaičiūtė et al.
- Evolutionary adaptation to steady or changing environments affects competitive outcomes in marine phytoplankton I. Hochfeld & J. Hinners
- Phytoplankton adaptation to steady or changing environments affects marine ecosystem functioning I. Hochfeld & J. Hinners
- What initiates cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea? M. Kahru et al.
- Effects of organic carbon and phosphorus on lake food web dynamics: A modelling study V. Křivan et al.
- Application of Satellite-Derived Summer Bloom Indicators for Estonian Coastal Waters of the Baltic Sea I. Rahn et al.
- Diverging temporal trends and environmental drivers of dominant cyanobacteria in the Gulf of Riga, 1976–2024 I. Liepina-Leimane et al.
- Biodegradation of microcystins by microbiota of duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza M. Toporowska et al.
- Picophytoplankton act as the primary consumers of excess phosphorus after the spring bloom in the eutrophic Baltic Sea K. Spilling et al.
- Contemporary Evolution and Water Quality of Lakes Rewetted After 19th Century Drainage in the Olsztyn Lake District (Poland) A. Skwierawski
- Biogenic volatile organic compounds produced by two unicellular and two filamentous cyanobacteria after a high light shock K. Kwidzińska et al.
- Fine-scale phytoplankton community transitions in the oligotrophic ocean: A Mediterranean Sea case study L. Oms et al.
- Spectral features of ocean colour radiometric products in the presence of cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea I. Cazzaniga et al.
- Influences of nutrients on summer algal bloom in the Changjiang plume revealed by high-resolution profiles C. Zeng et al.
- The Baltic Sea under Anthropopressure—The Sea of Paradoxes A. Dobrzycka-Krahel & M. Bogalecka
- Global climate change and the Baltic Sea ecosystem: direct and indirect effects on species, communities and ecosystem functioning M. Viitasalo & E. Bonsdorff
- LC-MS/MS Analysis of Cyanotoxins in Bivalve Mollusks—Method Development, Validation and First Evidence of Occurrence of Nodularin in Mussels (Mytilus edulis) and Oysters (Magallana gigas) from the West Coast of Sweden J. España Amórtegui et al.
- Biogenicity of amorphous organic matter and bacteriomorph acritarchs preserved in wrinkle structures from the Ediacaran Cíjara Formation, Spain J. Álvaro et al.
- Impact of coastal currents and eddies on particle dispersion in the Baltic Sea: a Lagrangian approach to marine ecosystems S. Hariri et al.
- Uptake of excess phosphate at low inorganic N:P ratio in a coastal sea afflicted with eutrophication M. Vanharanta & K. Spilling
- Disaster avoided: current state of the Baltic Sea without human intervention to reduce nutrient loads E. Ehrnsten et al.
Saved (final revised paper)
Latest update: 06 May 2026
Short summary
Cyanobacteria blooms can strongly aggravate eutrophication problems of water bodies. Their controls are, however, not comprehensively understood, which impedes effective management and protection plans. Here we review the current understanding of cyanobacteria blooms. Juxtaposition of respective field and laboratory studies with state-of-the-art mathematical models reveals substantial uncertainty associated with nutrient demands, grazing, and death of cyanobacteria.
Cyanobacteria blooms can strongly aggravate eutrophication problems of water bodies. Their...
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