Articles | Volume 18, issue 7
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2347-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2347-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Reviews and syntheses
| 
13 Apr 2021
Reviews and syntheses |
| 13 Apr 2021
| 13 Apr 2021
Cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea: a review of models and facts
Britta Munkes
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Ulrike Löptien
GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Institute of Geosciences, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 10, 24118 Kiel, Germany
Heiner Dietze
GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
Institute of Geosciences, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Ludewig-Meyn-Str. 10, 24118 Kiel, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Heiner Dietze and Ulrike Löptien
Biogeosciences, 22, 1215–1236, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1215-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1215-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce argon saturation as a prognostic variable in a suite of coupled general ocean circulation biogeochemical models off Mauritania. Our results indicate that the effect of increasing the spatial horizontal model resolutions from 12 km to 1.5 km leads to changes comparable to other infamous spurious effects of state-of-the-art numerical advection numerics.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Henrike Schmidt, Julia Getzlaff, Ulrike Löptien, and Andreas Oschlies
Ocean Sci., 17, 1303–1320, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1303-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-17-1303-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Oxygen-poor regions in the open ocean restrict marine habitats. Global climate simulations show large uncertainties regarding the prediction of these areas. We analyse the representation of the simulated oxygen minimum zones in the Arabian Sea using 10 climate models. We give an overview of the main deficiencies that cause the model–data misfit in oxygen concentrations. This detailed process analysis shall foster future model improvements regarding the oxygen minimum zone in the Arabian Sea.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Heiner Dietze and Ulrike Löptien
Biogeosciences, 18, 4243–4264, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4243-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4243-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In recent years fish-kill events caused by oxygen deficit have been reported in Eckernförde Bight (Baltic Sea). This study sets out to understand the processes causing respective oxygen deficits by combining high-resolution coupled ocean circulation biogeochemical modeling, monitoring data, and artificial intelligence.
This article is included in the Encyclopedia of Geosciences
Cited articles
Adam, B., Klawonn, I., Sveden, J. B., Bergkvist, J., Nahar, N., Walve, J., Littmann, S., Whitehouse, M. J., Lavik, G., Kuypers, M. M., and Ploug, H.: N2-fixation, ammonium release and N-transfer to the microbial and classical food web within a plankton community, ISME J., 10, 450–459, https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2015.126, 2016. a
Agrawal, S. C.: Factors affecting spore germination in algae – review,
Folia Microbiol., 54, 273–302, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-009-0047-0, 2009. a, b
Ahrens, R.: Untersuchungen zur Verbreitung von Phagern der Gattung Agrobacterium in der Ostsee, Institut für Meereskunde, Universität Kiel, Germany, 102–112, 1971. a
Almroth-Rosell, E., Eilola, K., Hordoir, R., Meier, H. E. M., and Hall, P. O. J.: Transport of fresh and resuspended particulate organic material in the Baltic Sea? A model study, J. Marine Syst., 87, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.02.005, 2011. a
Ameisen, J. C.: The Origin of Programmed Cell Death, Science, 272, 1278–1279, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.272.5266.1278, 1996. a
Andersson, A., Höglander, H., Karlsson, C., and Huseby, S.: Key role of phosphorus and nitrogen in regulating cyanobacterial community composition in the northern Baltic Sea, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 164, 161–171, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2015.07.013, 2015a. a
Andersson, A., Meier, H. E. M., Ripszam, M., Rowe, O., Wikner, J., Haglund, P., Eilola, K., Legrand, C., Figueroa, D., Paczkowska, J., Lindehoff, E., Tysklind, M., and Elmgren, R.: Projected future climate change and Baltic Sea ecosystem management, AMBIO, 44, 345–356, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-015-0654-8, 2015b. a
Baker, S. M., Levinton, J. S., Kurdziel, J. P., and Shumway, S. E.: Selective feeding and biodeposition by Zebra mussels and their relation to changes in phytoplankton composition and seston load, J. Shellfish Res., 17, 1207–1213, 1998. a
Berman-Frank, I., Bidle, K. D., Haramaty, L., and Falkowski, P. G.: The demise of the marine cyanobacterium, Trichodesmium spp., via an autocatalyzed cell death pathway, Limnol. Oceanogr., 49, 997–1005, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2004.49.4.0997, 2004. a, b
Bleiwas, A. H. and Stokes, P. M.: Collection of large and small food particles by Bosmina, Limnol. Oceanogr., 30, 1090–1092, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1985.30.5.1090, 1985. a
Bouvy, M., Pagano, M., and Trousellier, M.: Effects of a cyanobacterial bloom (Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii) on bacteria and zooplankton communities in Ingazeira reservoir (northeast Brazil), Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 25, 215–227, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame025215, 2001. a, b
Boyer, J., Rollwagen-Bollens, G., and Bollens, S. M.: Microzooplankton grazing before, during and after a cyanobacterial bloom in Vancouver Lake, Washington, USA, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 64, 163–174, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame01514, 2011. a
Bracher, A., Vountas, M., Dinter, T., Burrows, J. P., Röttgers, R., and Peeken, I.: Quantitative observation of cyanobacteria and diatoms from space using PhytoDOAS on SCIAMACHY data, Biogeosciences, 6, 751–764, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-751-2009, 2009. a
Bratbak, G., Egge, J. K., and Heldal, M.: Viral mortality of the marine algae Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyceae) and termination of algal blooms, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 93, 39–48, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps093039, 1993. a
Bratbak, G., Thingstad, F., and Heldal, M.: Viruses and the microbial
loop, Microbial Ecol., 28, 209–221, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00166811, 1994. a, b, c
Breitbart, M.: Marine viruses: truth or dare, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 4, 425–448, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142805, 2012. a, b
Breitbart, M., Thompson, L. R., Suttle, C. A., and Sullivan, M. B.: Exploring the Vast Diversity of Marine Viruses, Oceanography, 20, 135–139, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2007.58, 2007. a
Breitburg, D., Levin, L. A., Oschlies, A., Gregoire, M., Chavez, F. P., Conley, D. J., Garcon, V., Gilbert, D., Gutierrez, D., Isensee, K., Jacinto, G. S., Limburg, K. E., Montes, I., Naqvi, S. W. A., Pitcher, G. C., Rabalais, N. N., Roman, M. R., Rose, K. A., Seibel, B. A., Telszewski, M., Yasuhara, M., and Zhang, J.: Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters, Science, 359, eaam7240, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam7240, 2018. a, b
Brookes, J. D. and Ganf, G. G.: Variations in the boyancy response of Microcystis aeruginosa to nitrogen, phosphorus and light, J. Plankton Res., 23, 1399–1411, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/23.12.1399, 2001. a
Brookes, J. D., Ganf, G. G., and Oliver, R. L.: Heterogeneity of cyanobacterial gas-vesicle volume and metabolic activity,
J. Plankton Res., 22, 1579–1589, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/22.8.1579, 2000. a
Brutemark, A., Vandelannoote, A., Engström-Öst, J., and Suikkanen, S.: A Less Saline Baltic Sea Promotes Cyanobacterial Growth, Hampers Intracellular Microcystin Production, and Leads to Strain-Specific Differences in Allelopathy, PLoS One, 10, e0128904, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128904, 2015. a, b, c
Bugajev, A. O. and Koreiviene, J.: Determining optimal growth conditions for the highest biomass microalgae species in Lithuaninan Part of the Curonian Lagoon for further cultivation, Int. J. Environ. Res., 9, 233–246, 2015. a
Burchard, H., Craig, P. D., Gemmrich, J. R., van Haren, H., Mathieu, P. P., Meier, H. M., Nimmo Smith, W. A. M., Prandke, H., Rippeth, T. P., Skyllingstad, E. D., Smyth, W. D., Welsh, D. J. K., and Wijesekera, W.: Observational and numerical modeling methods for quantifying coastal ocean turbulence and mixing, Prog. Oceanogr., 76, 399–442, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2007.09.005, 2008. a
Canter, H. M., Heaney, S. I., and Lund, J. W. G.: The ecological significance of grazing on planktonic populations of cyanobacteria by the ciliate Nassula, New Phytol., 114, 247–263, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1990.tb00397.x, 1990. a
Carpenter, S. R.: Temporal variance in lake communities: blue-green algae and the trophic cascade, Landscape Ecol., 3, 175–184, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00131536, 1989. a
Chan, F., Pace, M. L., Howarth, R. W., and Marino, R. M.: Bloom formation in heterocystic nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria: The dependence on colony size and zooplankton grazing, Limnol. Oceanogr., 49, 2171–2178, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2004.49.6.2171, 2004. a
Chan, F., Marino, R. M., Howarth, R. W., and Pace, M. L.: Ecological constraints on planktonic nitrogen fixation in saline estuaries, II. Grazing controls on cyanobacterial population dynamics, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 309, 41–53, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps309041, 2006. a
Cirés, S. and Ballot, A.: A review of the phylogeny, ecology and toxin production of bloom-forming Aphanizomenon spp. and related species within the Nostocales (cyanobacteria), Harmful Algae, 54, 21–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2015.09.007, 2016. a, b
Cirés, S., Wörmer, L., Agha, R., and Quesada, A.: Overwintering populations of Anabaena, Aphanizomenon and Microcystis as potential inocula for summer blooms, J. Plankton Res., 35, 1254–1266, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbt081, 2013. a, b
Claessen, D., Rozen, D. E., Kuipers, O. P., Søgaard-Andersen, L., and van Wezel, G. P.: Bacterial solutions to multicellularity: a tale of biofilms, filaments and fruiting bodies, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 12, 115–124, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3178, 2014. a
Clark, L. L., Ingall, E. D., and Benner, R.: Marine phosphorus is selectively remineralized, Nature, 393, 426, https://doi.org/10.1038/30881, 1998. a
Conley, D. J., Humborg, C., Rahm, L., Svchuk, O. P., and Wulff, F.: Hypoxia in the Baltic Sea and basin-scale changes in phosphorus
biogeochemistry, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 5315–5320, 2002. a
Cook, W. L., Ahearn, D. G., Reinhardt, D. J., and Reiber, R. J.: Blooms of an algophorous amoeba associated with anabaena in a fresh water lake, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 3, 71–80, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00282728, 1974. a
Cottingham, K. L., Ewing, H. A., Greer, M. L., Carey, C. C., and Weathers, K. C.: Cyanobacteria as biological drivers of lake nitrogen and phosphorus cycling, Ecosphere, 6, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1890/ES14-00174.1, 2015. a, b
Daewel, U. and Schrum, C.: Simulating long-term dynamics of the coupled North Sea and Baltic Sea ecosystem with ECOSMO II: Model description and validation, J. Marine Syst., 119–120, 30–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2013.03.008, 2013. a, b, c
Daewel, U. and Schrum, C.: Low-frequency variability in North Sea and Baltic Sea identified through simulations with the 3-D coupled physical–biogeochemical model ECOSMO, Earth Syst. Dynam., 8, 801–815, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-801-2017, 2017. a
Davis, T. W., Koch, F., Marcoval, M. A., Wilhelm, S. W., and Gobler, C. J.: Mesozooplankton and microzooplankton grazing during cyanobacterial blooms in the western basin of Lake Erie, Harmful Algae, 15, 26–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2011.11.002, 2012. a, b
DeMott, W. R. and Moxter, F.: Foraging on cyanobacteria by copepods: responses to chemical defences and resource abundance, Ecology, 72, 1820–1834, https://doi.org/10.2307/1940981, 1991. a, b
DeNobel, W. T., Matthijs, H. C. P., Von Elert, E., and Mur, L. R.: Comparison of the light-limited growth of the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria Anabaena and Aphanizomenon, New Phytol., 138, 579–587, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00155.x, 1998. a
Deutsch, C., Sarmiento, J. L., Sigman, D. M., Gruber, N., and Dunne, J. P.: Spatial coupling of nitrogen inputs and losses in the ocean, Nature, 445, 163–167, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05392, 2007. a
Diaz, R. J. and Rosenberg, R.: Marine benthic hypoxia: a review of its ecological effects and the behavioural responses of benthic
macrofauna, Oceanogr. Mar. Biol., 33, 245–303, 1995. a
Diaz, R. J. and Rosenberg, R.: Spreading Dead Zones and Consequences for Marine Ecosystems, Science, 321, 926–929, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1156401, 2008. a
Dietze, H. and Löptien, U.: Effects of surface current–wind interaction in an eddy-rich general ocean circulation simulation of the Baltic Sea, Ocean Sci., 12, 977–986, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-977-2016, 2016. a
Dolman, A. M., Rucker, J., Pick, F. R., Fastner, J., Rohrlack, T., Mischke, U., and Wiedner, C.: Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins: the influence of nitrogen versus phosphorus, PLoS One, 7, e38757, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038757, 2012. a
Dryden, R. C. and Wright, S. J. L.: Predation of cyanobacteria by protozoa, Can. J. Microbiol., 33, 471–482, https://doi.org/10.1139/m87-080, 1987. a
Dyhrman, S. T. and Ruttenberg, K. C.: Presence and regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity in eukaryotic phytoplankton from the coastal ocean: Implications for dissolved organic phosphorus remineralization, Limnol. Oceanogr., 51, 1381–1390, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.3.1381, 2006. a, b, c
Dzierzbicka-Głowacka, L., Janecki, M., Nowicki, A., and Jakacki, J.: Activation of the operational ecohydrodynamic model (3D CEMBS) – the ecosystem module, Oceanologia, 55, 543–572, https://doi.org/10.5697/oc.55-3.543, 2013. a, b
Eglite, E., Graeve, M., Dutz, J., Wodarg, D., Liskow, I., Schulz-Bull, D., and Loick-Wilde, N.: Metabolism and foraging strategies of mid-latitude mesozooplankton during cyanobacterial blooms as revealed by fatty acids, amino acids, and their stable carbon isotopes, Ecol. Evol., 9, 9916–9934, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5533, 2019. a, b
Eigemann, F., Schwartke, M., and Schuly-Vogt, H.: Niche separation of Baltic Sea cyanobacteria during bloom events by species interactions and autecological preferences, Harmful Algae, 72, 65–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2018.01.001, 2018. a, b, c, d
Eilola, K., Meier, H. E. M., and Almroth, E.: On the dynamics of oxygen, phosphorus and cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea; A model study,
J. Marine Syst., 75, 163–184, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.08.009, 2009. a, b
Eilola, K., Gustafsson, B. G., Kuznetsov, I., Meier, H. E. M., Neumann, T., and Savchuk, O. P.: Evaluation of biogeochemical cycles in an ensemble of three state-of-the-art numerical models of the Baltic Sea, J. Marine Syst., 88, 267–284, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.05.004, 2011. a, b
Elmgren, R.: Understanding Human Impact on the Baltic Ecosystem: Changing Views in Recent Decades, AMBIO, 30, 222–231, https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-30.4.222, 2001. a
Elmgren, R. and Larsson, U.: Nitrogen and the Baltic Sea: managing nitrogen in relation to phosphorus, Sci. World J., 1, 371–377, https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.291, 2001. a
Engström, J., Koski, M., Viitasalo, M., Reinikainen, M. R., Repka, S., and Sivonen, K.: Feeding interactions of the copepods Eurytemora affinis and Acartia bifilosa with the cyanobacteria Nodularia sp., J. Plankton Res., 22, 1403–1409, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/22.7.1403, 2000. a
Eppley, R. W.: The growth and culture of diatoms, in: The biology of diatoms, edited by: Werner, D., Botanical Monographs, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, London, Edinburgh, Melbourne, 24–64, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1979.24.1.0200, 1977. a, b, c
Foy, R. H.: The influence of surface to volume ratio on the growth rates of planktonic blue-green algae, Brit. Phycol. J., 15, 279–289, https://doi.org/10.1080/00071618000650281, 1980. a, b, c, d
Foy, R. H., Gibson, C. E., and Smith, R. V.: The influence of daylength, light intensity and temperature on the growth rates of planktonic blue-green algae, Brit. Phycol. J., 11, 151–163, https://doi.org/10.1080/00071617600650181, 1976. a, b, c
Franklin, D. J.: Explaining the causes of cell death in cyanobacteria: what role for asymmetric division?, J. Plankton Res., 36, 11–17, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbt114, 2013. a, b, c, d
Fuhrman, J. A.: Marine viruses and their biogeochemical and ecological effects, Nature, 399, 541–548, https://doi.org/10.1038/21119, 1999. a
Fuhs, G. W., Demnmerle, S. D., Canelli, E., and Chen, M.: Characterization of phosphorus-limited plankton algae, in: Nutrients and eutrophication, Amer. Soc. Limnol. Oceanogr. Spec. Symp. 1., edited by: Hutchinson, G. E. and Likens, G. E., Limnol. Oceanogr., 17, 113–133, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1972.17.6.0965, 1972. a, b, c, d, e
Ganf, G. G. and Oliver, R. L.: Vertical separation of light and available nutrients as a factor causing replacement of green algae by blue-green algae in the plankton of a stratified lake, J. Ecol., 70, 829–844, https://doi.org/10.2307/2260107, 1982. a
Ger, K. A., Naus-Wiezer, S., De Meester, L., and Lürling, M.: Zooplankton grazing selectivity regulates herbivory and dominance of toxic phytoplankton over multiple prey generations, Limnol. Oceanogr., 64, 1214–1227, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11108, 2019. a, b, c
Gerphagnon, M., Macarthur, D. J., Latour, D., Gachon, C. M. M., Van Ogtrop, F., Gleason, F. H., and Sime-Ngando, T.: Microbial players involved in the decline of filamentous and colonial cyanobacterial blooms with a focus on fungal parasitism, Environ. Microbiol., 17, 2573–2587, https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.12860, 2015. a, b, c
Gilbert, J. J., and Bogdan, K. G.: Rotifer Grazing: In situ studies on selectivity and rates, in: Trophic Interactions Within Aquatic Ecosystems edited by: Meyers, D. G., CRC Press, New York, 97–134, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429269608, 2017. a
Gobler, C. J., Burkholder, J. M., Davis, T. W., Harke, M. J., Johengen, T., Stow, C. A., and Van de Waal, D. B.: The dual role of nitrogen supply in controlling the growth and toxicity of cyanobacterial blooms, Harmful Algae, 54, 87–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2016.01.010, 2016. a, b
Gulati, R. D., Dionisio Pires, L. M., and Van Donk, E.: Lake restoration studies: Failures, bottlenecks and prospects of new ecotechnological measures, Limnologica, 38, 233–247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.limno.2008.05.008, 2008. a
Gustafsson, E.: Modeled long-term development of hypoxic area and nutrient pools in the Baltic Proper, J. Marine Syst., 94, 120–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.11.012, 2012. a
Gustafsson, E., Savchuk, O. P., Gustafsson, B. G., and Müller-Karulis, B.: Key processes in the coupled carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling of the Baltic Sea, Biogeochemistry, 134, 301–317, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-017-0361-6, 2017. a, b, c
Gustafsson, S., Rengefors, K., and Hansson, L.-A.: Increased consumer fitness following transfer of toxin tolerance to offspring via maternal effects, Ecology, 86, 2561–2567, https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1710, 2005. a
Håkanson, L.: A general process-based mass-balance model for phosphorus/eutrophication as a tool to estimate historical reference values for key bioindicators, as exemplified using data for the Gulf of
Riga, Ecol. Model., 220, 226–244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.09.012, 2009. a
Hannerz, F. and Destouni, G.: Spatial Characterization of the Baltic Sea Drainage Basin and Its Unmonitored Catchments, AMBIO, 35, 214–219, https://doi.org/10.1579/05-a-022r.1, 2006. a
Hansson, M. and Hakansson, B.: The Baltic Algae Watch System – a remote sensing application for monitoring cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic
Sea, J. Appl. Remote Sens., 1, 011507, https://doi.org/10.1117/1.2834769, 2007. a
Head, R. M., Jones, R. I., and Bailey-Watts A. E.: An assessment of the influence of recruitment from the sediment on the development of planktonic populations of cyanobacteria in a temperate mesotrophic lake, Freshwater Biol., 41, 759–769, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1999.00421.x,1999. a
Healey, F. P: Characteristics of phosphorus deficiency in Anabaena, J. Phycol., 9, 383–394, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.1973.tb04111.x, 1973. a, b
Heiskanen, A.-S. and Olli, K.: Sedimentation and buoyancy of Aphanizomenon cf. flosaquae (Nostocales, Cyanophyta) in a nutrient-replete and nutrient-depleted coastal area of the Baltic Sea, Phycologia, 35, 94–101, https://doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-35-6S-94.1, 1996. a
HELCOM: Baltic Sea Action Plan – Eutrophication segment of the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan, HELCOM Ministerial Meeting, Krakow, Poland, 1—41, 15 November 2007. a
HELCOM: Eutrophication status of the Baltic Sea 2007–2011 – A concise thematic assessment, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings, 1–41, 143, 2014. a
HELCOM: State of the Baltic Sea – Second HELCOM holistic assessment 2011–2016, Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings, 1–155, 2018. a
Hellweger, F. L., Fredrick, N. D., McCarthy, M. J., Gardner, W. S., Wilhelm, S. W., and Paerl, H. W.: Dynamic, mechanistic, molecular-level modeling of cyanobacteria: Anabaena and nitrogen interaction, Environ. Microbiol., 18, 2721–2731, https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13299, 2016. a
Hense, I.: Regulative feedback mechanisms in cyanobacteria-driven systems: a model study, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 339, 41–47, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps339041, 2007. a, b
Hense, I. and Beckmann, A.: The representation of cyanobacteria life cycle processes in aquatic ecosystem models, Ecol. Model., 221, 2330–2338, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.06.014, 2010. a, b
Hense, I., Meier, H. E. M., and Sonntag, S.: Projected climate change impact on Baltic Sea cyanobacteria, Climatic Change, 119, 391–406, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0702-y, 2013. a, b, c
Hewson, I., Govil, S. R., Capone, D. G., Carpenter, E. J., and Fuhrman, J. A.: Evidence of Trichodesmium viral lysis and potential significance for biogeochemical cyling in the oligotrophic ocean, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 36, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame036001, 2004. a
Hofmeister, R., Beckers, J. M., and Burchard, H.: Realistic modeling of the exceptional inflows into the central Baltic Sea in 2003 using terrain-following coordinates, Ocean Model., 39, 233–247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2011.04.007, 2011. a
Holm, N. P. and Armstrong, D. E.: Role of nutrient limitation and competition in controlling the populations of Asterionella formosa and Microcystis aeruginosa in semicontinuous culture, Limnol. Oceanogr., 26, 622–634, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1981.26.4.0622, 1981. a, b, c, d
Holmfeldt, K., Titelman, J., and Riemann, L.: Virus production and lysate recycling in different sub-basins of the northern Baltic Sea, Microbial Ecol., 60, 572–580, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-010-9668-8, 2010. a
Hong, Y., Burford, M. A., Ralph, P. J., Udy, J. W., and Doblin, M. A.: The cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is facilitated by copepod selective grazing, Harmful Algae, 29, 14–21, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2013.07.003, 2013. a
Huber, A. L.: Factors affecting the germination of akinetes of Nodularia spumigena (Cyanobacteriaceae), Appl. Environ. Microb., 49, 73–78, https://doi.org/0099-2240/85/010073-06,1985. a
Ibelings, B. W.: Changes in photosynthesis in response to combined irradiance and temperature stress in cyanobacterial surface
waterblooms, J. Appl. Phycol., 32, 549–557, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1996.00549.x, 1996. a
Ibelings, B., Mur, L., Kinsman, R., and Walsby, A.: Microcystis changes its buoyancy in response to the average irradiance in the surface mixed
layer, Arch. Hydrobiol., 120, 385–401, 1991. a
Ismail, A. H., Mills, S., and Recknagel, F.: Feeding evaluation of microcrustacea (Cladocera): responses to variations in cell volume of green and blue-green algae, Appl. Ecol. Env. Res., 17, 7715–7725, https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1704_77157725, 2019. a
Janssen, F., Neumann, T., and Schmidt, M.: Inter-annual variability in cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea controlled by wintertime hydrographic conditions, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 275, 59–68, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps275059, 2004. a, b
Jodlowska, S. and Latala, A.: Photoacclimation strategies in the toxic cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria), Phycologia, 49, 203–211, https://doi.org/10.2216/PH08-14.1, 2019. a, b, c, d
Jones, G. J., Blackburn, S. I., and Parker, N. S.: A toxic bloom of Nodularia spumigena Mertens in Orielton Lagoon, Tasmania,
Aust. J. Mar. Fresh. Res., 45, 787–800, 1994. a
Jones, R. I.: Notes on the growth and sporulation of a natural population of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Hydrobiologia, 62, 55–58, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00012562, 1979. a
Kahru, M., Elmgren, R., Kaiser, J., Wasmund, N., and Savchuk, O.: Cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea: Correlations with environmental factors, Harmful Algae, 92, 101739, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2019.101739, 2020. a
Kaiser, J., Wasmund, N., Kahru, M., Wittenborn, A. K., Hansen, R., Häusler, K., Moros, M., Schulz-Bull, D., and Arz, H. W.: Reconstructing N2-fixing cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea beyond observations using 6- and 7-methylheptadecane in sediments as specific biomarkers, Biogeosciences, 17, 2579–2591, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2579-2020, 2020. a
Kaitala, S., Kettunen, J., and Seppälä, J.: Introduction to Special Issue: 5th ferrybox workshop – Celebrating 20 years of the Algaline, J. Marine Syst., 140, 1–3, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2014.10.001, 2014. a
Kanoshina, I., Lips, U., and Leppänen, J.-M.: The influence of weather conditions (temperature and wind) on cyanobacterial bloom development in the Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea), Harmful Algae, 2, 29–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1568-9883(02)00085-9, 2003. a
Kaplan-Levy, R. N., Hadas, O., Summers, M. L., Rücker, J., and Sukenik, A.: Akinetes: Dormant Cells of Cyanobacteria, in: Dormancy and Resistance in Harsh Environments, Topics in Current Genetics, edited by: Lubzens, E., Cerda, J., and Clark, M., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, 5–27, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12422-8, 2010. a, b, c, d, e
Karlberg, M. and Wulff, A.: Impact of temperature and species interaction on filamentous cyanobacteria may be more important than salinity and increased pCO2 levels, Mar. Biol., 160, 2063–2072, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-012-2078-3, 2013. a
Karlsson, K. M., Kankaanpää, H., Huttunen, M., and Meriluoto, J.: First observation of microcystin-LR in pelagic cyanobacterial blooms in the northern Baltic Sea, Harmful Algae, 4, 163–166, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2004.02.002, 2005. a
Karlsson-Elfgren, I., Rengefors, K., and Gustafsson, S.: Factors regulating recruitment from the sediment to the water column in the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Gloeotrichia echinulata, Freshwater Biol., 49, 265–273, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01182.x, 2004. a
Kerfoot, W. C. and Kirk, K. L.: Degree of taste discrimination among suspension-feeding cladocerans and copepods: Implications for detritivory and herbivory, Limnol. Oceanogr., 36, 1107–1123, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1991.36.6.1107, 1991. a
Klemer, A. R., Feuillade, J., and Feuillade, M.: Cyanobacterial blooms: carbon and nitrogen limitation have opposite effects on the buoyancy of Oscillatoria, Science, 215, 1629–1631, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.215.4540.1629, 1982. a
Kononen, K. and Leppänen, J.-M.: Patchiness, scales and controlling mechanisms of cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea: application of a multiscale research strategy, in: Monitoring algal blooms: new techniques for detecting large-scale environmental change, edited by: Kahru, M. and Brown, C. W., Landes Bioscience, Austin, Texas, USA, 63–84, 1997. a
Kononen, K., Kuparinen, J., and Mäkelä, K.: Initiation of cyanobacterial blooms in a frontal region at the entrance to the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea, Limnol. Oceanogr., 41, 98–112, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1996.41.1.0098, 1996. a
Konopka, A., Kromkamp, J., and Mur, L. R.: Regulation of gas vesicle content and buoyancy in light-or phosphate-limited cultures of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Cyanophyta), J. Phycol., 23, 70–78, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1987.00070.x, 1987. a, b, c
Kozik, C., Young, E. B., Sandgren, C. D., and Berges, J. A.: Cell death in individual freshwater phytoplankton species: relationships with population dynamics and environmental factors, Eur. J. Phycol., 54, 369–379, https://doi.org/10.1080/09670262.2018.1563216, 2019. a
Kremp, C., Seifert, T., Mohrholz, V., and Fennel, W.: The oxygen dynamics during Baltic inflow events in 2001 to 2003 and the effect of different meteorological forcing? A model study, J. Marine Syst., 67, 13–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.08.002, 2007. a
Kromkamp, J., Konopka, A., and Mur, L. R.: Buoyancy regulation in a strain of Aphanizomenon-flos-aquae (Cyanophyceae) – The importance of carbohydrate accumulation and gas vesicle collapse, Journal of general microbiology, 132, 2113–2121, 1986. a
Kruk, C., Huszar, V. L. M., Peeters, E. T. H. M., Bonilla, S., Costa, L., Lürling, M., Reynolds, C. S., and Scheffer, M.: A morphological classification capturing functional variation in phytoplankton, Freshwater Biol., 55, 614–627, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02298.x, 2010. a
Kuznetsov, I. and Neumann, T.: Simulation of carbon dynamics in the Baltic Sea with a 3D model, J. Marine Syst., 111–112, 167–174, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2012.10.011, 2013. a
Kuznetsov, I., Neumann, T., and Burchard, H.: Model study on the ecosystem impact of a variable
Laamanen, M. J., Forsstrom, L., and Sivonen, K.: Diversity of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Cyanobacterium) Populations along a Baltic Sea Salinity Gradient, Appl. Environ. Microb., 68, 5296–5303, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.11.5296-5303.2002, 2002. a, b, c
Laanemets, J., Lilover, M. J., Raudsepp, U., Autio, R., Vahtera, E., Lips, I., and Lips, U.: A Fuzzy Logic Model to Describe the Cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena Blooms in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea, Hydrobiologia, 554, 31–45, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-005-1004-x, 2006. a
Landolfi, A., Kähler, P., Koeve, W., and Oschlies, A.: Global Marine N2 Fixation Estimates: from Observations to
Models, Front. Microbiol., 9, 2112, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02112, 2018. a
LaRoche, J. and Breitbarth, E.: Importance of the diazotrophs as a source of new nitrogen in the ocean, J. Sea Res., 53, 67–91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2004.05.005, 2005. a
Larsson, U., Hajdu, S., Walve, J., and Elmgren, R.: Baltic Sea nitrogen fixation estimated from the summer increase in upper mixed layer total nitrogen, Limnol. Oceanogr., 46, 811–820, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2001.46.4.0811, 2001. a, b, c
Lee, D.-Y. and Rhee, G.-Y.: Kinetics of cell death in the cyanobacterium Anabaena flosaquae and the production of dissolved organic
carbon, J. Phycol., 33, 991–998, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1997.00991.x, 1997. a, b
Lee, D.-Y. and Rhee, G.-Y.: Kinetics of growth and death in Anabaena flosaquae (Cyanobacteria) and light limitation and supersaturation, J. Phycol., 35, 700–709, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3540700.x, 1999. a, b, c, d
Levy, B. and Jami, E.: Exploring the Prokaryotic Community Associated with the Rumen Ciliate Protozoa Population, Front. Microbiol., 9, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02526, 2018. a
Lewis, W. M.: Surface/Volume Ratio: Implications for Phytoplankton Morphology, Science, 192, 885–887, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.192.4242.885, 1976. a
Lilover, M. J. and Laanemets, J.: A simple tool for the early prediction of the cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena bloom biomass in the Gulf of Finland, Oceanologia, 48, 213–229, 2006. a
Lin, S., Litaker, R. W., and Sunda, W. G.: Phosphorus physiological ecology and molecular mechanisms in marine phytoplankton, J. Phycol., 52, 10–36, https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12365, 2016. a
Lin, X., Zhang, H., Cui, Y., and Lin, S.: High sequence variability, diverse subcellular localizations, and ecological implications of alkaline phosphatase in dinoflagellates and other eukaryotic
phytoplankton, Front. Microbiol., 3, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00235, 2012. a
Lips, I. and Lips, U.: Abiotic factors influencing cyanobacterial bloom development in the Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea), Hydrobiologia, 614, 133–140, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-008-9449-2, 2008. a, b
Lips, I. and Lips, U.: The importance of Mesodinium rubrum at post-spring bloom nutrient and phytoplankton dynamics in the vertically stratified Baltic Sea, Front. Mar. Sci., 4, 407–416, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00407, 2017. a
Liu, L., Yang, J., Lv, H., and Yu, Z.: Synchronous dynamics and correlations between bacteria and phytoplankton in a subtropical drinking water reservoir, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 90, 126–138, https://doi.org/10.1111/1574-6941.12378, 2014. a
Löptien, U.: Steady states and sensitivities of commonly used pelagic ecosystem model components, Ecol. Model., 222, 1376–1386, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.02.005, 2011. a
Löptien, U. and Dietze, H.: Constraining parameters in marine pelagic ecosystem models – is it actually feasible with typical observations of standing stocks?, Ocean Sci., 11, 573–590, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-573-2015, 2015. a
Löptien, U. and Dietze, H.: Reciprocal bias compensation and ensuing uncertainties in model-based climate projections: pelagic biogeochemistry versus ocean mixing, Biogeosciences, 16, 1865–1881, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1865-2019, 2019. a
Löptien, U. and Dietze, H.: Contrasting juxtaposition of two paradigms for diazotrophy in an Earth System Model of intermediate complexity, Biogeosciences Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-96, 2020. a, b
Lund, J. W. G.: Studies on Asterionella: I. The Origin and Nature of the Cells Producing Seasonal Maxima, J. Ecol., 37, 389–419, https://doi.org/10.2307/2256614, 1949. a, b
Łysiak-Pastuszak, E., Bartoszewicz, M., Bradtke, K., Darecki, M., Drgas, N., Kowalczuk, P., Kraśniewski, W., Krężel, A., Krzymiński, W., Lewandowski, Ł., Mazur-Marzec, H., Piliczewski, B., Sagan, S., Sutryk, K., and Witek, B.: A study of episodic events in the Baltic Sea – combined in situ and satellite observations, Oceanologia, 54, 121–141, https://doi.org/10.5697/oc.54-2.121, 2012. a
Maranger, R. and Bird, D. F.: Viral abundance in aquatic systems: a comparison between marine and fresh waters, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 16161599, https://doi.org/10.3354, 1995. a
Mazur-Marzec, H., Żeglińska, L., and Pliński, M.: The effect of salinity on the growth, toxin production, and morphology of Nodularia spumigena isolated from the Gulf of Gdańsk, southern Baltic Sea, J. Appl. Phycol., 17, 171–179, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-005-5767-1, 2005. a
Mazur-Marzec, H., Sutryk, K., Kobos, J., Hebel, A., Hohlfeld, N., Błaszczyk, A., Toruńska, A., Kaczkowska, M. J., Łysiak-Pastuszak, E., Kraśniewski, W., and Jasser, I.: Occurrence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxin in the Southern Baltic Proper. Filamentous cyanobacteria versus single-celled picocyanobacteria, Hydrobiologia, 701, 235–252, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1278-7, 2013. a, b
Meier, H. E. M. and Kauker, F.: Modeling decadal variability of the Baltic Sea: 2. Role of freshwater inflow and large-scale atmospheric circulation for salinity, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 108, 3368, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001799, 2003. a
Meier, H. E. M., Andersson, H. C., Eilola, K., Gustafsson, B. G., Kuznetsov, I., Müller-Karulis, B., Neumann, T., and Savchuk, O. P.: Hypoxia in future climates: A model ensemble study for the Baltic
Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gl049929, 2011a. a
Meier, H. E. M., Eilola, K., and Almroth-Rosell, E.: Climate-related changes in marine ecosystems simulated with a three-dimensional coupled physical-biogeochemical model of the Baltic Sea, Clim. Res., 48, 31–55, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00968, 2011b. a
Meier, H. E. M., Höglund, A., Döscher, R., Andersson, H., Löptien, U., and Kjellström, E.: Quality assessment of atmospheric surface fields over the Baltic Sea from an ensemble of regional climate model simulations with respect to ocean dynamics, Oceanologia, 53, 193–227, https://doi.org/10.5697/oc.53-1-TI.193, 2011c. a
Meier, H. E. M., Müller-Karulis, B., Andersson, H. C., Dieterich, C., Eilola, K., Gustafsson, B. G., Hoglund, A., Hordoir, R., Kuznetsov, I., Neumann, T., Ranjbar, Z., Savchuk, O. P., and Schimanke, S.: Impact of climate change on ecological quality indicators and biogeochemical fluxes in the Baltic sea: a multi-model ensemble study, AMBIO, 41, 558–573, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0320-3, 2012. a, b, c, d
Meier, H. E. M., Andersson, H. C., Arheimer, B., Donnelly, C., Eilola, K., Gustafsson, B. G., Kotwicki, L., Neset, T. S., Niiranen, S., Piwowarczyk, J., Savchuk, O. P., Schenk, F., Weslawski, J. M., and Zorita, E.: Ensemble modeling of the Baltic Sea ecosystem to provide scenarios for management, AMBIO, 43, 37–48, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-013-0475-6, 2014. a
Meier, H. E. M., Dieterich, C., Eilola, K., Gröger, M., Höglund, A., Radtke, H., Saraiva, S., and Wählström, I.: Future projections of record-breaking sea surface temperature and cyanobacteria bloom events in the Baltic Sea, AMBIO, 48, 1362–1376, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01235-5, 2019. a, b
Mironova, E. I., Telesh, I. V., and Skarlato, S. O.: “Biodiversity of microzooplankton (ciliates and rotifers) in the Baltic Sea”, in: IEEE/OES US/EU-Baltic International Symposium, Tallinn, Estonia, 27–29 May 2008, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1109/BALTIC.2008.4625505, 2008. a, b, c
Mohamed, Z. A., Hashem, M., and Alamri, S. A.: Growth inhibition of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa and degradation of its microcystin toxins by the fungus Trichoderma citrinoviride, Toxicon, 86, 51–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.05.008, 2014. a
Moisander, P. H., McClinton, E., and Paerl, H. W.: Salinity effects on growth, photosynthetic parameters, and nitrogenase activity in estuarine planktonic cyanobacteria, Microb. Ecol., 43, 432–442, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-001-1044-2, 2002. a, b, c
Moisander, P. H., Paerl, H. W., Dyble, J., and Sivonen, K.: Phosphorus limitation and diel control of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 345, 41–50, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps06964, 2007. a, b
Molot, L. A., Watson, S. B., Creed, I. F., Trick, C. G., McCabe, S. K., Verschoor, M. J., Sorichetti, R. J., Powe, C., Venkiteswaran, J. J., and Schiff, S. L.: A novel model for cyanobacteria bloom formation: the critical role of anoxia and ferrous iron, Freshwater Biol., 59, 1323–1340, https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12334, 2014. a
Munn, C.: Ecology & Applications, in: Marine Microbiology, 2 edn., Garland Science, New York, 1–364, https://doi.org/10.1201/9781136667527, 2011. a
Nalewajko, C. and Murphy, T. P.: Effects of temperature, and availability of nitrogen and phosphorus on the abundance of Anabaena and Microcystis in Lake Biwa, Japan: an experimental approach, Limnology, 2, 45–48, https://doi.org/10.1007/s102010170015, 2001. a, b, c
Nausch, M., Nausch, G., Wasmund, N., and Nagel, K.: Phosphorus pool variations and their relation to cyanobacteria development in the Baltic Sea: A three-year study, J. Marine Syst., 71, 99–111, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.06.004, 2008. a
Nausch, M., Nausch, G., Lass, H. U., Mohrholz, V., Nagel, K., Siegel, H., and Wasmund, N.: Phosphorus input by upwelling in the eastern Gotland Basin (Baltic Sea in summer and its effects on filamentous cyanobacteria,
Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 83, 434–442, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2009.04.031, 2009. a, b
Nehring, D. and Matthäus, W.: Current Trends in Hydrographic and Chemical Parameters and Eutrophication in the Baltic Sea, Int. Rev. Hydrobiol., 76, 297–316, https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19910760303, 1991. a
Neumann, T.: Climate-change effects on the Baltic Sea ecosystem: A model study, J. Marine Syst., 81, 213–224, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2009.12.001, 2010. a, b, c
Neumann, T. and Schernewski, G.: An ecological model evaluation of two nutrient abatement strategies for the Baltic Sea, J. Marine Syst., 56, 195–206, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2004.10.002, 2005. a
Neumann, T. and Schernewski, G.: Eutrophication in the Baltic Sea and shifts in nitrogen fixation analysed with a 3D ecosystem model, J. Marine Syst., 74, 592–602, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.05.003, 2008. a
Neumann, T., Fennel, W., and Kremp, C.: Experimental simulations with an ecosystem model of the Baltic Sea: A nutrient load reduction experiment, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gb001450, 2002. a, b, c
Neumann, T., Eilola, K., Gustafsson, B., Müller-Karulis, B., Kuznetsov, I., Meier, H. E. M., and Savchuk, O. P.: Extremes of Temperature, Oxygen and Blooms in the Baltic Sea in a Changing Climate, AMBIO, 41, 574–585, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0321-2, 2012. a
Ning, S.-B., Guo, H.-L., Wang, L., and Song, Y.-C.: Salt stress induces programmed cell death in prokaryotic organism
Anabaena, J. Appl. Microbiol., 93, 15–28, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01651.x, 2002. a
Nowicki, A., Dzierzbicka-Głowacka, L., Janecki, M., and Kałas, M.: Assimilation of the satellite SST data in the 3D CEMBS model, Oceanologia, 57, 17–24, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2014.07.001, 2015. a
Nowicki, A., Rak, D., Janecki, M., and Dzierzbicka-Głowacka, L.: Accuracy assessment of temperature and salinity computed by the 3D Coupled Ecosystem Model of the Baltic Sea (3D CEMBS) in the Southern
Baltic, J. Oper. Oceanogr., 9, 67–73, https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876x.2016.1209368, 2016. a
Nyholm, N.: Kinetics of phosphate limited algal
growth, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 19, 467–492, https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190404, 1977. a
O'Neil, J. M., Davis, T. W., Burford, M. A., and Gobler, C. J.: The rise of harmful cyanobacteria blooms: The potential roles of eutrophication and climate change, Harmful Algae, 14, 313–334, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.027, 2012. a, b
Oh, H.-M., Maeng, J., and Rhee, G.-Y.: Nitrogen and carbon fixation by Anabaena sp. isolated from a rice paddy and grown under P and light limitations, J. Appl. Phycol., 3, 335–343, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00026096, 1991. a, b
Ojaveer, H., Jaanus, A., Mackenzie, B. R., Martin, G., Olenin, S., Radziejewska, T., Telesh, I., Zettler, M. L., and Zaiko, A.: Status of biodiversity in the Baltic Sea, PloS One, 5, e12467, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012467, 2010. a
Oliver, R. L.: Floating and Sinking in Gas-Vacuolate Cyanobacteria1, J. Phycol., 30, 161–173, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1994.00161.x, 1994. a
Olli, K., Kangro, K., and Kabel, M.: Akinete Production of Anabaena Lemmermannii and A. Cylindrica (Cyanophyceae) in Natural Populations of N- and P-Limited Coastal Mesocosms, J. Phycol., 41, 1094–1098, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00153.x, 2005. a
Olofsson, M., Egardt, J., Singh, A., and Ploug, H.: Inorganic phosphorus enrichments in Baltic Sea water have large effects on growth, carbon fixation, and N2 fixation by Nodularia spumigena, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 77, 111–123, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame01795, 2016. a
Orchard, E. D., Ammerman, J. W., Lomas, M. W., and Dyhrman, S. T.: Dissolved inorganic and organic phosphorus uptake in Trichodesmium and the microbial community: The importance of phosphorus ester in the Sargasso Sea, Limnol. Oceanogr., 55, 1390–1399, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2010.55.3.1390, 2010. a
Orcutt, K. M., Gundersen, K., and Ammerman, J. W.: Intense ectoenzyme activities associated with Trichodesmium colonies in the Sargasso Sea, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 478, 101–113, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps10153, 2013. a
Paerl, H. W.: Nuisance Phytoplankton Blooms in Coastal, Estuarine and Inland Waters, Limnol. Oceanogr., 33, 823–847, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1988.33.4part2.0823, 1988. a
Paerl, H. W. and Huisman, J.: Climate change: a catalyst for global expansion of harmful cyanobacterial blooms, Env. Microbiol. Rep., 1, 27–37, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-2229.2008.00004.x, 2009. a, b
Paerl, H. W. and Otten, T. G.: Duelling CyanoHABS: unravelling the environmental drivers controlling dominance and succession among diazotrophic and non-N2-fixing harmful cyanobacteria, Environ. Microbiol., 18, 316–424, https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.13035, 2016. a
Paerl, H. W., Valdes, L. M., Peierls, B. L., Adolf, J. E., Harding, J., and Lawrence, W.: Anthropogenic and climatic influences on the eutrophication of large estuarine ecosystems, Limnol. Oceanogr., 51, 448–462, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.1_part_2.0448, 2006. a
Paerl, H. W., Hall, N. S., and Calandrino, E. S.: Controlling harmful cyanobacterial blooms in a world experiencing anthropogenic and climatic-induced change, Sci. Total Environ., 409, 1739–1745, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.02.001, 2011. a
Pechar, L.: Photosynthesis of Natural Populations of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae: Some Ecological Implications,
Int. Rev. Ges. Hydrobio., 72, 599–606, https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19870720506, 1987. a
Petersen, W., Colijn, F., Gorringe, P., Kaitala, S., Karlson, B., King, A., Lips, U., Ntoumas, M., Seppälä, J., Sørensen, K., Petihakis, G., de la Villéon, L. P., and Wehde, H.: Ferryboxes within Europe: state-of-the-art and integration in the european ocean observation system (EOOS), in: Operational oceanography serving sustainable marine development, EuroGOOS, Bergen, Norway, 63–70, 2018. a
Ploug, H., Adam, B., Musat, N., Kalvelage, T., Lavik, G., Wolf-Gladrow, D., and Kuypers, M. M.: Carbon, nitrogen and O2 fluxes associated with the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena in the Baltic Sea, ISME J., 5, 1549–1558, https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2011.20, 2011. a
Preuss, R. and von Toussaint, U.: Uncertainty quantification in ion-solid interaction simulations, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 393, 26–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2016.10.033, 2017. a
Prussin, A. J., Garcia, E. B., and Marr, L. C.: Total Concentrations of Virus and Bacteria in Indoor and Outdoor
Air, Environ. Sci. Tech. Let., 2, 84–88, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5b00050, 2015. a
Raateoja, M., Kuosa, H., and Hällfors, S.: Fate of excess phosphorus in the Baltic Sea: A real driving force for cyanobacterial blooms?, J. Sea Res., 65, 315–321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2011.01.004, 2011. a
Redfield, A. C.: The biological control of chemical factors in the environment, Am. Sci., 46 pp., 230A-221, 1958. a
Reinart, A. and Kutser, T.: Comparison of different satellite sensors in detecting cyanobacterial bloom events in the Baltic
Sea, Remote Sens. Environ., 102, 74–85, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2006.02.013, 2006. a
Reissmann, J. H., Burchard, H., Feistel, R., Hagen, E., Lass, H. U., Mohrholz, V., Nusch, G., Umlauf, L., and Wieczorek, G.: Vertical mixing in the Baltic Sea and consequences for eutrophication – A review,
Prog. Oceanogr., 82, 47–80, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2007.10.004, 2009. a
Rengefors, K., Gustafsson, S., and Stȧhl-Delbanco, A.: Factors regulating the recruitment of cyanobacterial and eukaryotic phytoplankton from littoral and profundal sediments, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 36, 213–226, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame036213, 2004. a
Reynolds, C. S. and Walsby, A. E.: Water-blooms, Biol. Rev., 50, 437–481, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1975.tb01060.x, 1975. a
Reynolds, C. S. and Rodgers, M. W.: Cell- and colony-division in Eudorina (Chlorophyta: Volvocales) and some ecological implications, Brit. Phycol. J., 18, 111–119, https://doi.org/10.1080/00071618300650151, 1983. a
Rhee, G.-Y. and Lederman, T. C.: Effects of nitrogen sources on P-limited growth of Anabaena flosaquae, J. Phycol., 19, 179–185, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1983.00179.x, 1983. a, b, c
Riemann, L., Holmfeldt, K., and Titelman, J.: Importance of viral lysis and dissolved DNA for bacterioplankton activity in a P-limited estuary, Northern Baltic Sea, Microbial Ecol., 57, 286–294, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-008-9429-0, 2009. a
Rivkin, R. B. and Swift, E.: Phosphate uptake by the oceanic dinoflagellate Pyrocystis noctiluca, J. Phycol., 18, 113–120, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.1982.tb03164.x, 1982. a
Robarts, R. D. and Zohary, T.: Temperature effects on photosynthetic capacity, respiration, and growth rates of bloom-forming cyanobacteria,
New Zeal. J. Mar. Fresh., 21, 391–399, https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.1987.9516235, 1987. a, b, c, d
Rohwer, F. and Youle, M.: Coral Reefs in the Microbial Seas, Plaid Press, 204 pp., ISBN 0982701209, 2010. a
Roleda, M. Y., Mohlin, M., Pattanaik, B., and Wulff, A.: Photosynthetic response of Nodularia spumigenato UV and photosynthetically active radiation depends on nutrient (N and P) availability, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 66, 230–242, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00572.x, 2008. a, b
Rother, J. A. and Fay, P.: Sporulation and the development of planktonic blue-green algae in two Salopian meres, P. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Bio., 196, 317–332, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1977.0043, 1977. a, b, c
Rücker, J., Tingwey, E. I., Wiedner, C., Anu, C. M., and Nixdorf, B.: Impact of the inoculum size on the population of Nostocales cyanobacteria in a temperate lake, J. Plankton Res., 31, 1151–1159, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbp067, 2009. a
Saraiva, S., Meier, H. E. M., Andersson, H., Höglund, A., Dieterich, C., Gröger, M., Hordoir, R., and Eilola, K.: Uncertainties in Projections of the Baltic Sea Ecosystem Driven by an Ensemble of Global Climate Models, Front. Earth Sci., 6, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00244, 2019. a, b
Sarnelle, O.: Initial conditions mediate the interaction between Daphnia and bloom-forming cyanobacteria, Limnol. Oceanogr., 52, 2120–2127, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2007.52.5.2120, 2007. a
Savchuk, O. P.: Nutrient biogeochemical cycles in the Gulf of Riga: scaling up field studies with a mathematical model, J. Marine Syst., 32, 253–280, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00039-8, 2002. a, b
Savchuk, O. P.: Large-Scale Nutrient Dynamics in the Baltic Sea, 1970–2016, Front. Mar. Sci., 5, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2018.00095, 2018. a
Savchuk, O. P., Gustafsson, B. G., and Müller-Karulis, B. BALTSEM: A marine model for decision support within the Baltic Sea Region,
Baltic Nest Institute Technical Report, 7, 1–55, 2012. a
Schartau, M., Wallhead, P., Hemmings, J., Löptien, U., Kriest, I., Krishna, S., Ward, B. A., Slawig, T., and Oschlies, A.: Reviews and syntheses: parameter identification in marine planktonic ecosystem modelling, Biogeosciences, 14, 1647–1701, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1647-2017, 2017. a
Schernewski, G. and Neumann, T.: The trophic state of the Baltic Sea a century ago: a model simulation study, J. Marine Syst., 53, 109–124, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2004.03.007, 2005. a
Schoffelen, N. J., Mohr, W., Ferdelman, T. G., Littmann, S., Duerschlag, J., Zubkov, M. V., Ploug, H., and Kuypers, M. M. M.: Single-cell imaging of phosphorus uptake shows that key harmful algae rely on different phosphorus sources for growth, Sci. Rep.-UK, 8, 17182, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35310-w, 2018. a, b
Schrum, C. and Backhaus, J. O.: Sensitivity of atmosphere – ocean heat exchange and heat content in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, Tellus A, 51, 526–549, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0870.1992.00006.x, 1999. a
Sellner, K. G.: Physiology, ecology, and toxic properties of marine cyanobacteria blooms, Limnol. Oceanogr., 42, 1089–1104, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1997.42.5_part_2.1089, 1997. a, b, c, d
Sellner, K. G. and Olli, K.: Copepod interactions with toxic and non-toxic cyanobacteria from the Gulf of Finland, Phycologia, 35, 177–182, https://doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-35-6S-177.1, 1996. a
Sellner, K. G., Olson, M. M., and Kononen, K.: Copepod grazing in a summer cyanobacteria bloom in the Gulf of Finland, Hydrobiologia, 292–293, 249–254, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1347-4_33, 1994. a
Shimoda, Y. and Arhonditsis, G. B.: Phytoplankton functional type modeling: Running before we can walk? A critical evaluation of the current state of knowledge, Ecol. Model., 320, 29–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.08.029, 2015. a
Short, F. T. and Wyllie-Echeverria, S.: Natural and human-induced disturbances of seagrasses, Environ. Conserv., 23, 17–27, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892900038212, 1996. a
Sigee, D. C., Selwyn, A., Gallois, P., and Dean, A. P.: Patterns of cell death in freshwater colonial cyanobacteria during the late summer bloom, Phycologia, 46, 284–292, https://doi.org/10.2216/06-69.1, 2007. a, b, c
Silveira, C. B. and Rohwer, F. L.: Piggyback-the-Winner in host-associated microbial communities, NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes, 2, 16010, https://doi.org/10.1038/npjbiofilms.2016.10, 2016. a
Simis, S. G. H., Tijdens, M., Hoogveld, H. L., and Gons, H. J.: Optical changes associated with cyanobacterial bloom termination by viral lysis, J. Plankton Res., 27, 937–949, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbi068, 2005. a
Sipiä, V. O., Kankaanpäa, H., T., Flinkman, J., Lahti, K., and Meriluoto, J. A. O.: Time-Dependent Accumulation of Cyanobacterial Hepatotoxins in Flunders (Platichthys flesus) and Mussels (Mytilus edulis) from the Northern Baltic Sea, Environ. Toxicol., 16, 330–336, https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.1040, 2001. a
Śliwińska-Wilczewska, S., Cieszyńska, A., Konik, M., Maculewicz, J., and Latala, A.: Environmental drivers of bloom-forming cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea: Effects of salinity, temperature, and irradiance,
Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 219, 139–150, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2019.01.016, 2019. a, b, c
Smirnov, N. N.: Chapter 4 – Nutrition, in: Physiology of the Cladocera, 2 edn., Academic Press, 39–88, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805194-8.00004-0, 2017. a
Snoeijs-Leijonmalm, P., Schubert, H., and Radziejewska, T.: Biological Oceanography of the Baltic Sea, Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 714 pp., ISBN-109402413170, 2017. a
Sobol, I. M.: Global sensitivity indices for nonlinear mathematical models and their Monte Carlo estimates, Math. Comput. Simulat., 55, 271–280, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4754(00)00270-6, 2001. a, b
Sohm, J. A. and Capone, D. G.: Phosphorus dynamics of the tropical and subtropical north Atlantic: Trichodesmium spp. versus bulk plankton, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 317, 21–28, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps317021, 2006. a
Sohm, J. A., Mahaffey, C., and Capone, D. G.: Assessment of relative phosphorus limitation of Trichodesmium spp. in the North Pacific, North Atlantic, and the north coast of Australia, Limnol. Oceanogr., 53, 2495–2502, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2008.53.6.2495, 2008. a
Sohm, J. A., Webb, E. A., and Capone, D. G.: Emerging patterns of marine nitrogen fixation, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 9, 499–508, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2594, 2011. a
Solis, M., Pawlik-Skowrońska, B., Adamczuk, M., and Kalinowska, R.: Dynamics of small-sized Cladocera and their algal diet in lake with toxic cyanobacterial water blooms, Ann. Limnol.-Int. J. Lim., 54, 6, https://doi.org/10.1051/limn/2018001, 2018. a
Sommer, U.: The role of r- and K-selection in the succession of phytoplankton in Lake Constance, Acta Oecol., 2, 327–342, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00027228, 1981. a, b, c, d
Sousa, W., Attayde, J. L., Rocha, E. D. S., and Eskinazi-Sant'Anna, E. M.: The response of zooplankton assemblages to variations in the water quality of four man-made lakes in semi-arid north-eastern Brazil, J. Plankton Res., 30, 699–708, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbn032, 2008. a
Stal, L. J., Albertano, P., Bergman, B., Bröckel, K. V., Gallon, J. R., Hayes, P. K., Sivonen, K., and Walsby, A. E.: BASIC: Baltic Sea cyanobacteria, an investigation of the structure and dynamics of water blooms of cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea – responses to a changing
environment, Cont. Shelf Res., 23, 1695–1714, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2003.06.001, 2003. a, b
Stigebrandt, A., Rahm, L., Viktorsson, L., Ödalen, M., Hall, P. O. J., and Liljebladh, B.: A New Phosphorus Paradigm for the Baltic Proper, AMBIO, 43, 634–643, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-013-0441-3, 2014. a
Suikkanen, S., Kaartokallio, H., Hällfors, S., Huttunen, M., and Laamanen, M.: Life cycle strategies of bloom-forming, filamentous cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea,
Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 57, 199–209, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.09.014, 2010. a, b, c, d, e
S̆ulc̆ius, S. and Holmfeldt, K.: Viruses of microorganisms in the Baltic Sea: current state of research and
perspectives, Mar. Biol. Res., 12, 115–124, https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2015.1118514, 2016. a, b, c
S̆ulc̆ius, S., Simoliunas, E., Staniulis, J., Koreiviene, J., Baltrusis, P., Meskys, R., and Paskauskas, R.: Characterization of a lytic cyanophage that infects the bloom – forming cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 91, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiu012, 2015. a
S̆ulc̆ius, S., Slavuckytė, K., Janus̆kaitė, M., and Pas̆kauskas, R.: Establishment of axenic cultures from cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae akinetes by micromanipulation and chemical treatment, Algal Res., 23, 43–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2017.01.006, 2017a. a
S̆ulc̆ius, S., Slavuckytė, K., and Pas̆kauskas, R.: The predation paradox: Synergistic and antagonistic interactions between grazing by crustacean predator and infection by cyanophages promotes bloom formation in filamentous cyanobacteria, Limnol. Oceanogr., 62, 2189–2199, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10559, 2017b. a
Suttle, C. A.: Viruses in the sea, Nature, 437, 356–361, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04160, 2005. a, b
Tang, E. P. Y., Tremblay, R., and Vincent, W. F.: Cyanobacterial dominance of polar freshwater ecosystems: are high-latitude mat-formers adapted to low temperature?, J. Phycol., 33, 171–181, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1997.00171.x, 1997. a, b, c, d
Tang, H., Vanderploeg, H. A., Johengen, T. H., and Liebig, J. R.: Quagga musel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) selective feeding of phytoplankton in Saginaw Bay, J. Great Lakes Res., 40, 83–94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2013.11.011, 2014. a
Taranu, Z. E., Zurawell, R. W., Pick, F., and Gregory-Eaves, I.: Predicting cyanobacterial dynamics in the face of global change: the importance of scale and environmental context, Global Change Biol., 18, 3477–3490, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12015, 2012. a
Thomas, R. H. and Walsby, A. E.: The Effect of Temperature on Recovery of Buoyancy by Microcystis, J. Gen. Microbiol., 132, 1665–1672, https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-132-6-1665, 1986. a
Tucker, S. and Pollard, P.: Identification of cyanophage Ma-LBP and infection of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa from an Australian subtropical lake by the virus, Appl. Environ. Microb., 71, 629–635, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.2.629-635.2005, 2005. a, b
Unger, J., Endres, S., Wannicke, N., Engel, A., Voss, M., Nausch, G., and Nausch, M.: Response of Nodularia spumigena to pCO2 – Part 3: Turnover of phosphorus compounds, Biogeosciences, 10, 1483–1499, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1483-2013, 2013. a, b
Urrutia-Cordero, P., Ekvall, M. K., and Hansson, L.-A.: Controlling Harmful Cyanobacteria: Taxa-Specific Responses of Cyanobacteria to Grazing by Large-Bodied Daphnia in a Biomanipulation Scenario, PloS One, 11, e0153032, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153032, 2016. a
Üveges, V., Tapolczai, K., Krienitz, L., and Padisák, J.: Photosynthetic characteristics and physiological plasticity of an Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Cyanobacteria, Nostocaceae) winter bloom in a deep oligo-mesotrophic lake (Lake Stechlin, Germany), Hydrobiologia, 698, 263–272, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-012-1103-3, 2012. a, b, c
Vahtera, E., Laanemets, J., Pavelson, J., Huttunen, M., and Kononen, K.: Effect of upwelling on the pelagic environment and bloom-forming cyanobacteria in the western Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea, J. Marine Syst., 58, 67–82, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.07.001, 2005. a, b
Vahtera, E., Conley, D. J., Gustafsson, B. G., Kuosa, H., Pitkänen, H., Savchuk, O. P., Tamminen, T., Viitasalo, M., Voss, M., Wasmund, N., and Wulff, F.: Internal Ecosystem Feedbacks Enhance Nitrogen-fixing Cyanobacteria Blooms and Complicate Management in the Baltic Sea, AMBIO, 36, 186–194, https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[186:IEFENC]2.0.CO;2, 2007a. a
Vahtera, E., Laamanen, M., and Rintala, J.-M.: Use of different phosphorus sources by the bloom-forming cyanobacteria Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Nodularia spumigena, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 46, 225–237, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame046225, 2007b. a, b, c
Visser, P. M., Ibelings, B. W., and Mur, L. R.: Autumnal sedimentation of Microcystis spp. as result of an increase in carbohydrate ballast at reduced temperature, J. Plankton Res., 17, 919–933, https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/17.5.919, 1995. a
Walsby, A. E. and Booker, M. J.: Changes in buoyancy of a planktonic blue-green alga in response to light intensity, Brit. Phycol. J., 15, 311–319, https://doi.org/10.1080/00071618000650321, 1980. a, b, c
Walsby, A. E., Hayes, P. K., Boje, R., and Stal, L. J.: The selective advantage of buoyancy provided by gas vesicles for planktonic cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea, New Phytol., 136, 407–417, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00754.x, 1997. a
Walve, J. and Larsson, U.: Blooms of Baltic Sea Aphanizomenon sp. (Cyanobacteria) collapse after internal phosphorus depletion, Aquat. Microb. Ecol., 49, 57–69, https://doi.org/10.3354/ame01130, 2007. a, b
Walve, J. and Larsson, U.: Seasonal changes in Baltic Sea seston stoichiometry: the influence of diazotrophic cyanobacteria, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 407, 13–25, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08551, 2010. a
Wang, Z.-H., Liang, Y., and Kang, W.: Utilization of dissolved organic phosphorus by different groups of phytoplankton taxa, Harmful Algae, 12, 113–118, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2011.09.005, 2011. a
Ward, E. J. and Shumway, S. S.: Separating the grain from the chaff: particle selection in suspension- and deposit-feeding
bivalves, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 300, 83–130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2004.03.002, 2004. a, b
Wasmund, N.: Occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea in relation to environmental conditions, Int. Rev. Ges. Hydrobio., 82, 169–184, https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19970820205, 1997. a
Wasmund, N., Nausch, G., Schneider, B., Nagel, K., and Voss, M.: Comparison of nitrogen fixation rates determined with different methods: a study in the Baltic Proper, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 297, 23–31, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps297023, 2005. a, b
Wasmund, N., Dutz, J., Kremp, A., and Zettler, M. L.: Biological Assessment of the Baltic Sea 2018, Meereswissenschaftliche Berichte, Warnemuende, 112, 1–100, https://doi.org/10.12754/msr-2019-0112, 2019.
a
Weinbauer, M. G. and Rassoulzadegan, F.: Are viruses driving microbial diversification and diversity?, Environ. Microbiol., 6, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00539.x, 2003. a
Weinbauer, M. G., Brettar, I., and Höfle, M. G.: Lysogeny and virus-induced mortality of bacterioplankton in surface, deep, and anoxic marine waters, Limnol. Oceanogr., 48, 1457–1465, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2003.48.4.1457, 2003. a
Werner, M., Michalek, M., and Solvita, S.: Abundance and distribution of the Zebra mussel (Dreissena Polymorpha), available at: https://helcom.fi/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/BSEFS-Abundance-and-distribution-of-the-Zebra-mussel.pdf (last access: 22 March 2021), 2012. a
White, J. D. and Sarnelle, O.: Size-structured vulnerability of the colonial cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa,to grazing by zebra mussels (Dreissena Polymorpha), Freshwater Biol., 59, 514–525, https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12282, 2014. a
Whitton, B. A., Grainger, S. L. J., Hawley, G. R. W., and Simon, J. W.: Cell-bound and extracellular phosphatase activities of cyanobacterial isolates, Microb. Ecol., 21, 85–98, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02539146, 1991. a
Wommack, K. E., and Colwell, R. R.: Virioplankton: Viruses in aquatic Ecosystems, Mircobiology and Molecular Biology Review, 64, 69–114, https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.64.1.69-114.2000, 2000. a
Worden, A. Z., Follows, M. J., Giovannoni, S. J., Wilken, S., Zimmerman, A. E., and Keeling, P. J.: Environmental science. Rethinking the marine carbon cycle: factoring in the multifarious lifestyles of microbes, Science, 347, 1257594, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1257594, 2015. a
Yamamoto, T., Suzuki, M., Kim, K., and Asaoka, S.: Growth and uptake kinetics of phosphate by benthic microalga Nitzschia sp. isolated from Hiroshima Bay, Japan, Phycol. Res., 60, 223–228, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1835.2012.00653.x, 2012. a, b, c, d
Yamamoto, Y., Kouchiwa, T., Hodoki, Y., Hotta, K., Uchida, H., and Harada, K.-I.: Distribution and identification of actinomycetes lysing cyanobacteria in a eutrophic lake, J. Appl. Phycol., 10, 391–397, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008077414808, 1998. a
Zeigler Allen, L., McCrow, J. P., Ininbergs, K., Dupont, C. L., Badger, J. H., Hoffman, J. M., Ekman, M., Allen, A. E., Bergman, B., and Venter, J. C.: The Baltic Sea Virome: Diversity and Transcriptional Activity of DNA and RNA Viruses, mSystems, 2, e00125-16, https://doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00125-16, 2017. a
Short summary
Cyanobacteria blooms can strongly aggravate eutrophication problems of water bodies. Their controls are, however, not comprehensively understood, which impedes effective management and protection plans. Here we review the current understanding of cyanobacteria blooms. Juxtaposition of respective field and laboratory studies with state-of-the-art mathematical models reveals substantial uncertainty associated with nutrient demands, grazing, and death of cyanobacteria.
Cyanobacteria blooms can strongly aggravate eutrophication problems of water bodies. Their...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint