Articles | Volume 18, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-961-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-961-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Methane efflux from an American bison herd
Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison,
Madison, WI, USA
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of
Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin–Madison,
Madison, WI, USA
Adam A. Cook
Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State
University, Bozeman, MT, USA
John E. Dore
Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State
University, Bozeman, MT, USA
Montana Institute on Ecosystems, Montana State University, Bozeman,
MT, USA
Natascha Kljun
Centre for Environmental and Climate Science, Lund University, Lund,
Sweden
William Kleindl
Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State
University, Bozeman, MT, USA
E. N. Jack Brookshire
Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State
University, Bozeman, MT, USA
Tobias Gerken
Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, PA, USA
School of Integrated Sciences, James Madison University, Harrisonburg,
VA, USA
Related authors
Anam M. Khan, Paul C. Stoy, James T. Douglas, Martha Anderson, George Diak, Jason A. Otkin, Christopher Hain, Elizabeth M. Rehbein, and Joel McCorkel
Biogeosciences, 18, 4117–4141, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4117-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4117-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Remote sensing has played an important role in the study of land surface processes. Geostationary satellites, such as the GOES-R series, can observe the Earth every 5–15 min, providing us with more observations than widely used polar-orbiting satellites. Here, we outline current efforts utilizing geostationary observations in environmental science and look towards the future of GOES observations in the carbon cycle, ecosystem disturbance, and other areas of application in environmental science.
Paul C. Stoy, Tarek S. El-Madany, Joshua B. Fisher, Pierre Gentine, Tobias Gerken, Stephen P. Good, Anne Klosterhalfen, Shuguang Liu, Diego G. Miralles, Oscar Perez-Priego, Angela J. Rigden, Todd H. Skaggs, Georg Wohlfahrt, Ray G. Anderson, A. Miriam J. Coenders-Gerrits, Martin Jung, Wouter H. Maes, Ivan Mammarella, Matthias Mauder, Mirco Migliavacca, Jacob A. Nelson, Rafael Poyatos, Markus Reichstein, Russell L. Scott, and Sebastian Wolf
Biogeosciences, 16, 3747–3775, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3747-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3747-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Key findings are the nearly optimal response of T to atmospheric water vapor pressure deficits across methods and scales. Additionally, the notion that T / ET intermittently approaches 1, which is a basis for many partitioning methods, does not hold for certain methods and ecosystems. To better constrain estimates of E and T from combined ET measurements, we propose a combination of independent measurement techniques to better constrain E and T at the ecosystem scale.
Johannes Winckler, Christian H. Reick, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Alessandro Cescatti, Paul C. Stoy, Quentin Lejeune, Thomas Raddatz, Andreas Chlond, Marvin Heidkamp, and Julia Pongratz
Earth Syst. Dynam., 10, 473–484, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-473-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-473-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
For local living conditions, it matters whether deforestation influences the surface temperature, temperature at 2 m, or the temperature higher up in the atmosphere. Here, simulations with a climate model show that at a location of deforestation, surface temperature generally changes more strongly than atmospheric temperature. Comparison across climate models shows that both for summer and winter the surface temperature response exceeds the air temperature response locally by a factor of 2.
Susanne Wiesner, Christina L. Staudhammer, Paul C. Stoy, Lindsay R. Boring, and Gregory Starr
Biogeosciences, 16, 1845–1863, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1845-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1845-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We studied entropy production in longleaf savanna sites with variations in land use legacy, plant diversity, and soil water availability which experienced drought. Sites with greater land use legacy had lower metabolic energy use efficiency, which delayed recovery from drought. Sites with more hardwood captured less solar radiation but more efficiently used absorbed energy. Future management applications could use these methods to quantify energy use efficiency across global ecosystems.
Tobias Gerken, Gabriel T. Bromley, Benjamin L. Ruddell, Skylar Williams, and Paul C. Stoy
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 4155–4163, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4155-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4155-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
An unprecedented flash drought took place across parts of the US Northern Great Plains and Canadian Prairie Provinces during the summer of 2017 that in some areas was the worst in recorded history. We show that this drought was preceded by a breakdown of land–atmosphere coupling, reducing the likelihood of convective precipitation. It may be useful to monitor land–atmosphere coupling to track and potentially forecast drought development.
Jingfeng Xiao, Shuguang Liu, and Paul C. Stoy
Biogeosciences, 13, 3665–3675, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3665-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3665-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This special issue showcases recent advancements on the impacts of disturbances and extreme events on the carbon (C) cycle. Notable advancements include quantifying harvest impacts on forest structure, recovery, and carbon stocks; observed dissolved organic C and methane increases in thermokarst lakes following summer warming; disentangling the roles of herbivores and fire on forest carbon dioxide flux; and improved atmospheric inversion of regional C flux by incorporating disturbances.
P. C. Stoy, M. C. Dietze, A. D. Richardson, R. Vargas, A. G. Barr, R. S. Anderson, M. A. Arain, I. T. Baker, T. A. Black, J. M. Chen, R. B. Cook, C. M. Gough, R. F. Grant, D. Y. Hollinger, R. C. Izaurralde, C. J. Kucharik, P. Lafleur, B. E. Law, S. Liu, E. Lokupitiya, Y. Luo, J. W. Munger, C. Peng, B. Poulter, D. T. Price, D. M. Ricciuto, W. J. Riley, A. K. Sahoo, K. Schaefer, C. R. Schwalm, H. Tian, H. Verbeeck, and E. Weng
Biogeosciences, 10, 6893–6909, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6893-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6893-2013, 2013
Ross Petersen, Thomas Holst, Meelis Mölder, Natascha Kljun, and Janne Rinne
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 23, 7839–7858, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7839-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-7839-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate variability in the vertical distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in boreal forest, determined through multiyear measurements at several heights in a boreal forest in Sweden. VOC source/sink seasonality in canopy was explored using these vertical profiles and with measurements from a collection of sonic anemometers on the station flux tower. Our results show seasonality in the source/sink distribution for several VOCs, such as monoterpenes and water-soluble compounds.
Janne Rinne, Patryk Łakomiec, Patrik Vestin, Joel D. White, Per Weslien, Julia Kelly, Natascha Kljun, Lena Ström, and Leif Klemedtsson
Biogeosciences, 19, 4331–4349, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4331-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4331-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The study uses the stable isotope 13C of carbon in methane to investigate the origins of spatial and temporal variation in methane emitted by a temperate wetland ecosystem. The results indicate that methane production is more important for spatial variation than methane consumption by micro-organisms. Temporal variation on a seasonal timescale is most likely affected by more than one driver simultaneously.
László Haszpra, Zoltán Barcza, Zita Ferenczi, Roland Hollós, Anikó Kern, and Natascha Kljun
Atmos. Meas. Tech., 15, 5019–5031, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5019-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-5019-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A novel approach is used for the determination of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of small rural settlements, which may significantly differ from those of urban regions and have hardly been studied yet. Among other results, it turned out that wintertime nitrous oxide emission is significantly underestimated in the official emission inventories. Given the large number of such settlements, the underestimation may also distort the national total emission values reported to international databases.
Patryk Łakomiec, Jutta Holst, Thomas Friborg, Patrick Crill, Niklas Rakos, Natascha Kljun, Per-Ola Olsson, Lars Eklundh, Andreas Persson, and Janne Rinne
Biogeosciences, 18, 5811–5830, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5811-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5811-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Methane emission from the subarctic mire with heterogeneous permafrost status was measured for the years 2014–2016. Lower methane emission was measured from the palsa mire sector while the thawing wet sector emitted more. Both sectors have a similar annual pattern with a gentle rise during spring and a decrease during autumn. The highest emission was observed in the late summer. Winter emissions were positive during the measurement period and have a significant impact on the annual budgets.
Anam M. Khan, Paul C. Stoy, James T. Douglas, Martha Anderson, George Diak, Jason A. Otkin, Christopher Hain, Elizabeth M. Rehbein, and Joel McCorkel
Biogeosciences, 18, 4117–4141, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4117-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4117-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Remote sensing has played an important role in the study of land surface processes. Geostationary satellites, such as the GOES-R series, can observe the Earth every 5–15 min, providing us with more observations than widely used polar-orbiting satellites. Here, we outline current efforts utilizing geostationary observations in environmental science and look towards the future of GOES observations in the carbon cycle, ecosystem disturbance, and other areas of application in environmental science.
Paul C. Stoy, Tarek S. El-Madany, Joshua B. Fisher, Pierre Gentine, Tobias Gerken, Stephen P. Good, Anne Klosterhalfen, Shuguang Liu, Diego G. Miralles, Oscar Perez-Priego, Angela J. Rigden, Todd H. Skaggs, Georg Wohlfahrt, Ray G. Anderson, A. Miriam J. Coenders-Gerrits, Martin Jung, Wouter H. Maes, Ivan Mammarella, Matthias Mauder, Mirco Migliavacca, Jacob A. Nelson, Rafael Poyatos, Markus Reichstein, Russell L. Scott, and Sebastian Wolf
Biogeosciences, 16, 3747–3775, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3747-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3747-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Key findings are the nearly optimal response of T to atmospheric water vapor pressure deficits across methods and scales. Additionally, the notion that T / ET intermittently approaches 1, which is a basis for many partitioning methods, does not hold for certain methods and ecosystems. To better constrain estimates of E and T from combined ET measurements, we propose a combination of independent measurement techniques to better constrain E and T at the ecosystem scale.
Johannes Winckler, Christian H. Reick, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Alessandro Cescatti, Paul C. Stoy, Quentin Lejeune, Thomas Raddatz, Andreas Chlond, Marvin Heidkamp, and Julia Pongratz
Earth Syst. Dynam., 10, 473–484, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-473-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-10-473-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
For local living conditions, it matters whether deforestation influences the surface temperature, temperature at 2 m, or the temperature higher up in the atmosphere. Here, simulations with a climate model show that at a location of deforestation, surface temperature generally changes more strongly than atmospheric temperature. Comparison across climate models shows that both for summer and winter the surface temperature response exceeds the air temperature response locally by a factor of 2.
Susanne Wiesner, Christina L. Staudhammer, Paul C. Stoy, Lindsay R. Boring, and Gregory Starr
Biogeosciences, 16, 1845–1863, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1845-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-1845-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We studied entropy production in longleaf savanna sites with variations in land use legacy, plant diversity, and soil water availability which experienced drought. Sites with greater land use legacy had lower metabolic energy use efficiency, which delayed recovery from drought. Sites with more hardwood captured less solar radiation but more efficiently used absorbed energy. Future management applications could use these methods to quantify energy use efficiency across global ecosystems.
Tobias Gerken, Gabriel T. Bromley, Benjamin L. Ruddell, Skylar Williams, and Paul C. Stoy
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 4155–4163, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4155-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4155-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
An unprecedented flash drought took place across parts of the US Northern Great Plains and Canadian Prairie Provinces during the summer of 2017 that in some areas was the worst in recorded history. We show that this drought was preceded by a breakdown of land–atmosphere coupling, reducing the likelihood of convective precipitation. It may be useful to monitor land–atmosphere coupling to track and potentially forecast drought development.
Kendra E. Kaiser, Brian L. McGlynn, and John E. Dore
Biogeosciences, 15, 3143–3167, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3143-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3143-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Soil methane (CH4) fluxes are highly variable across natural landscapes, yet research on the variability of fluxes in unsaturated soils has not been as prevalent as in saturated portions of the landscape. In this study we measured CH4 fluxes and environmental variables across a small mountainous watershed in central Montana. We found that CH4 consumption in upland soils increased as the watershed became more dry and that a combination of terrain metrics can represent 47 % of the variability.
Jason Beringer, Ian McHugh, Lindsay B. Hutley, Peter Isaac, and Natascha Kljun
Biogeosciences, 14, 1457–1460, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1457-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1457-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Standardised, quality-controlled and robust data from flux networks underpin the understanding of ecosystem processes and tools to manage our natural resources. The Dynamic INtegrated Gap-filling and partitioning for OzFlux (DINGO) system enables gap-filling and partitioning of fluxes and subsequently provides diagnostics and results. Quality data from robust systems like DINGO ensure the utility and uptake of flux data and facilitates synergies between flux, remote sensing and modelling.
Eva van Gorsel, Sebastian Wolf, James Cleverly, Peter Isaac, Vanessa Haverd, Cäcilia Ewenz, Stefan Arndt, Jason Beringer, Víctor Resco de Dios, Bradley J. Evans, Anne Griebel, Lindsay B. Hutley, Trevor Keenan, Natascha Kljun, Craig Macfarlane, Wayne S. Meyer, Ian McHugh, Elise Pendall, Suzanne M. Prober, and Richard Silberstein
Biogeosciences, 13, 5947–5964, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5947-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5947-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Temperature extremes are expected to become more prevalent in the future and understanding ecosystem response is crucial. We synthesised measurements and model results to investigate the effect of a summer heat wave on carbon and water exchange across three biogeographic regions in southern Australia. Forests proved relatively resilient to short-term heat extremes but the response of woodlands indicates that the carbon sinks of large areas of Australia may not be sustainable in a future climate.
Jingfeng Xiao, Shuguang Liu, and Paul C. Stoy
Biogeosciences, 13, 3665–3675, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3665-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-3665-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This special issue showcases recent advancements on the impacts of disturbances and extreme events on the carbon (C) cycle. Notable advancements include quantifying harvest impacts on forest structure, recovery, and carbon stocks; observed dissolved organic C and methane increases in thermokarst lakes following summer warming; disentangling the roles of herbivores and fire on forest carbon dioxide flux; and improved atmospheric inversion of regional C flux by incorporating disturbances.
N. Kljun, P. Calanca, M. W. Rotach, and H. P. Schmid
Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 3695–3713, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3695-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3695-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Flux footprint models describe the surface area of influence of a flux measurement. They are used for designing flux tower sites, and for interpretation of flux measurements. The two-dimensional footprint parameterisation (FFP) presented here is suitable for processing large data sets, and, unlike other fast footprint models, FFP is applicable to daytime or night-time measurements, fluxes from short masts over grassland to tall towers over mature forests, and even to airborne flux measurements.
W. Babel, T. Biermann, H. Coners, E. Falge, E. Seeber, J. Ingrisch, P.-M. Schleuß, T. Gerken, J. Leonbacher, T. Leipold, S. Willinghöfer, K. Schützenmeister, O. Shibistova, L. Becker, S. Hafner, S. Spielvogel, X. Li, X. Xu, Y. Sun, L. Zhang, Y. Yang, Y. Ma, K. Wesche, H.-F. Graf, C. Leuschner, G. Guggenberger, Y. Kuzyakov, G. Miehe, and T. Foken
Biogeosciences, 11, 6633–6656, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6633-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-6633-2014, 2014
P. C. Stoy, M. C. Dietze, A. D. Richardson, R. Vargas, A. G. Barr, R. S. Anderson, M. A. Arain, I. T. Baker, T. A. Black, J. M. Chen, R. B. Cook, C. M. Gough, R. F. Grant, D. Y. Hollinger, R. C. Izaurralde, C. J. Kucharik, P. Lafleur, B. E. Law, S. Liu, E. Lokupitiya, Y. Luo, J. W. Munger, C. Peng, B. Poulter, D. T. Price, D. M. Ricciuto, W. J. Riley, A. K. Sahoo, K. Schaefer, C. R. Schwalm, H. Tian, H. Verbeeck, and E. Weng
Biogeosciences, 10, 6893–6909, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6893-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6893-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Biogeochemistry: Air - Land Exchange
Lichen species across Alaska produce highly active and stable ice nucleators
A differentiable, physics-informed ecosystem modeling and learning framework for large-scale inverse problems: demonstration with photosynthesis simulations
Snow–vegetation–atmosphere interactions in alpine tundra
Rethinking the deployment of static chambers for CO2 flux measurement in dry desert soils
Synergy between TROPOMI sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and MODIS spectral reflectance for understanding the dynamics of gross primary productivity at Integrated Carbon Observatory System (ICOS) ecosystem flux sites
Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen to a deciduous forest in the southern Appalachian Mountains
Tropical cyclones facilitate recovery of forest leaf area from dry spells in East Asia
Minor contributions of daytime monoterpenes are major contributors to atmospheric reactivity
Using atmospheric observations to quantify annual biogenic carbon dioxide fluxes on the Alaska North Slope
Forest–atmosphere exchange of reactive nitrogen in a remote region – Part II: Modeling annual budgets
Growth and actual leaf temperature modulate CO2 responsiveness of monoterpene emissions from holm oak in opposite ways
Multi-year observations reveal a larger than expected autumn respiration signal across northeast Eurasia
Reviews and syntheses: VOC emissions from soil cover in boreal and temperate natural ecosystems of the Northern Hemisphere
Internal tree cycling and atmospheric archiving of mercury: examination with concentration and stable isotope analyses
Contrasting drought legacy effects on gross primary productivity in a mixed versus pure beech forest
CO2 and CH4 exchanges between moist moss tundra and atmosphere on Kapp Linné, Svalbard
Recent extreme drought events in the Amazon rainforest: assessment of different precipitation and evapotranspiration datasets and drought indicators
Variability and uncertainty in flux-site-scale net ecosystem exchange simulations based on machine learning and remote sensing: a systematic evaluation
Update of a biogeochemical model with process-based algorithms to predict ammonia volatilization from fertilized cultivated uplands and rice paddy fields
Massive warming-induced carbon loss from subalpine grassland soils in an altitudinal transplantation experiment
Climatic variation drives loss and restructuring of carbon and nitrogen in boreal forest wildfire
Gaps in network infrastructure limit our understanding of biogenic methane emissions for the United States
Changes of the aerodynamic characteristics of a flux site after an extensive windthrow
Carbon sequestration potential of street tree plantings in Helsinki
Technical note: Incorporating expert domain knowledge into causal structure discovery workflows
Sensitivity of biomass burning emissions estimates to land surface information
A convolutional neural network for spatial downscaling of satellite-based solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIFnet)
Influence of plant ecophysiology on ozone dry deposition: comparing between multiplicative and photosynthesis-based dry deposition schemes and their responses to rising CO2 level
Modeling the interinfluence of fertilizer-induced NH3 emission, nitrogen deposition, and aerosol radiative effects using modified CESM2
Physiological and climate controls on foliar mercury uptake by European tree species
Radiation, soil water content, and temperature effects on carbon cycling in an alpine swamp meadow of the northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau
Representativeness assessment of the pan-Arctic eddy covariance site network and optimized future enhancements
Forest–atmosphere exchange of reactive nitrogen in a remote region – Part I: Measuring temporal dynamics
Ideas and perspectives: Emerging contours of a dynamic exogenous kerogen cycle
Versatile soil gas concentration and isotope monitoring: optimization and integration of novel soil gas probes with online trace gas detection
On the impact of canopy model complexity on simulated carbon, water, and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence fluxes
Mercury accumulation in leaves of different plant types – the significance of tissue age and specific leaf area
Isolation of subpollen particles (SPPs) of birch: SPPs are potential carriers of ice nucleating macromolecules
Choosing an optimal β factor for relaxed eddy accumulation applications across vegetated and non-vegetated surfaces
Bioaerosols in the Amazon rain forest: temporal variations and vertical profiles of Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea
Ice nucleation by viruses and their potential for cloud glaciation
Carbon dioxide fluxes and carbon balance of an agricultural grassland in southern Finland
Sun-induced fluorescence and near-infrared reflectance of vegetation track the seasonal dynamics of gross primary production over Africa
Measurement and modelling of the dynamics of NH3 surface–atmosphere exchange over the Amazonian rainforest
Isoprene and monoterpene emissions from alder, aspen and spruce short-rotation forest plantations in the United Kingdom
Winter atmospheric nutrient and pollutant deposition on Western Sayan Mountain lakes (Siberia)
Technical note: Inexpensive modification of Exetainers for the reliable storage of trace-level hydrogen and carbon monoxide gas samples
A climate-dependent global model of ammonia emissions from chicken farming
Calculating canopy stomatal conductance from eddy covariance measurements, in light of the energy budget closure problem
Decoupling of a Douglas fir canopy: a look into the subcanopy with continuous vertical temperature profiles
Rosemary J. Eufemio, Ingrid de Almeida Ribeiro, Todd L. Sformo, Gary A. Laursen, Valeria Molinero, Janine Fröhlich-Nowoisky, Mischa Bonn, and Konrad Meister
Biogeosciences, 20, 2805–2812, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2805-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2805-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Lichens, the dominant vegetation in the Arctic, contain ice nucleators (INs) that enable freezing close to 0°C. Yet the abundance, diversity, and function of lichen INs is unknown. Our screening of lichens across Alaska reveal that most species have potent INs. We find that lichens contain two IN populations which retain activity under environmentally relevant conditions. The ubiquity and stability of lichen INs suggest that they may have considerable impacts on local atmospheric patterns.
Doaa Aboelyazeed, Chonggang Xu, Forrest M. Hoffman, Jiangtao Liu, Alex W. Jones, Chris Rackauckas, Kathryn Lawson, and Chaopeng Shen
Biogeosciences, 20, 2671–2692, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2671-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2671-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Photosynthesis is critical for life and has been affected by the changing climate. Many parameters come into play while modeling, but traditional calibration approaches face many issues. Our framework trains coupled neural networks to provide parameters to a photosynthesis model. Using big data, we independently found parameter values that were correlated with those in the literature while giving higher correlation and reduced biases in photosynthesis rates.
Norbert Pirk, Kristoffer Aalstad, Yeliz A. Yilmaz, Astrid Vatne, Andrea L. Popp, Peter Horvath, Anders Bryn, Ane Victoria Vollsnes, Sebastian Westermann, Terje Koren Berntsen, Frode Stordal, and Lena Merete Tallaksen
Biogeosciences, 20, 2031–2047, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2031-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-2031-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We measured the land–atmosphere exchange of CO2 and water vapor in alpine Norway over 3 years. The extremely snow-rich conditions in 2020 reduced the total annual evapotranspiration to 50 % and reduced the growing-season carbon assimilation to turn the ecosystem from a moderate annual carbon sink to an even stronger source. Our analysis suggests that snow cover anomalies are driving the most consequential short-term responses in this ecosystem’s functioning.
Nadav Bekin and Nurit Agam
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-714, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-714, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The mechanisms of soil CO2 flux in dry desert soils are not fully understood. Yet studies conducted in desert ecosystems rarely discuss potential errors related to using the commonly used flux chambers in dry and bare soils. The conventional deployment practice of the chambers underestimated the instantaneous CO2 flux by up to 50 % and the total daily CO2 uptake by 35 %. This suggests that desert soils are a larger carbon sink than previously reported.
Hamadou Balde, Gabriel Hmimina, Yves Goulas, Gwendal Latouche, and Kamel Soudani
Biogeosciences, 20, 1473–1490, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1473-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1473-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study focuses on the relationship between sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) and ecosystem gross primary productivity (GPP) across the ICOS European flux tower network. It shows that SIF, coupled with reflectance observations, explains over 80 % of the GPP variability across diverse ecosystems but fails to bring new information compared to reflectance alone at coarse spatial scales (~5 km). These findings have applications in agriculture and ecophysiological studies.
John T. Walker, Xi Chen, Zhiyong Wu, Donna Schwede, Ryan Daly, Aleksandra Djurkovic, A. Christopher Oishi, Eric Edgerton, Jesse Bash, Jennifer Knoepp, Melissa Puchalski, John Iiames, and Chelcy F. Miniat
Biogeosciences, 20, 971–995, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-971-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-971-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Better estimates of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition are needed to accurately assess ecosystem risk and impacts from deposition of nutrients and acidity. Using measurements and modeling, we estimate total N deposition of 6.7 kg N ha−1 yr−1 at a forest site in the southern Appalachian Mountains, a region sensitive to atmospheric deposition. Reductions in deposition of reduced forms of N (ammonia and ammonium) will be needed to meet the lowest estimates of N critical loads for the region.
Yi-Ying Chen and Sebastiaan Luyssaert
Biogeosciences, 20, 349–363, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-349-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-349-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tropical cyclones are typically assumed to be associated with ecosystem damage. This study challenges this assumption and suggests that instead of reducing leaf area, cyclones in East Asia may increase leaf area by alleviating water stress.
Deborah F. McGlynn, Graham Frazier, Laura E. R. Barry, Manuel T. Lerdau, Sally E. Pusede, and Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz
Biogeosciences, 20, 45–55, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-45-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-45-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Using a custom-made gas chromatography flame ionization detector, 2 years of speciated hourly biogenic volatile organic compound data were collected in a forest in central Virginia. We identify diurnal and seasonal variability in the data, which is shown to impact atmospheric oxidant budgets. A comparison with emission models identified discrepancies with implications for model outcomes. We suggest increased monitoring of speciated biogenic volatile organic compounds to improve modeled results.
Luke D. Schiferl, Jennifer D. Watts, Erik J. L. Larson, Kyle A. Arndt, Sébastien C. Biraud, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Jordan P. Goodrich, John M. Henderson, Aram Kalhori, Kathryn McKain, Marikate E. Mountain, J. William Munger, Walter C. Oechel, Colm Sweeney, Yonghong Yi, Donatella Zona, and Róisín Commane
Biogeosciences, 19, 5953–5972, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5953-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5953-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
As the Arctic rapidly warms, vast stores of thawing permafrost could release carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. We combined observations of atmospheric CO2 concentrations from aircraft and a tower with observed CO2 fluxes from tundra ecosystems and found that the Alaskan North Slope in not a consistent source nor sink of CO2. Our study shows the importance of using both site-level and atmospheric measurements to constrain regional net CO2 fluxes and improve biogenic processes in models.
Pascal Wintjen, Frederik Schrader, Martijn Schaap, Burkhard Beudert, Richard Kranenburg, and Christian Brümmer
Biogeosciences, 19, 5287–5311, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5287-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-5287-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
For the first time, we compared four methods for estimating the annual dry deposition of total reactive nitrogen into a low-polluted forest ecosystem. In our analysis, we used 2.5 years of flux measurements, an in situ modeling approach, a large-scale chemical transport model (CTM), and canopy budget models. Annual nitrogen dry deposition budgets ranged between 4.3 and 6.7 kg N ha−1 a−1, depending on the applied method.
Michael Staudt, Juliane Daussy, Joseph Ingabire, and Nafissa Dehimeche
Biogeosciences, 19, 4945–4963, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4945-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4945-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We studied the short- and long-term effects of CO2 as a function of temperature on monoterpene emissions from holm oak. Similarly to isoprene, emissions decreased non-linearly with increasing CO2, with no differences among compounds and chemotypes. The CO2 response was modulated by actual leaf and growth temperature but not by growth CO2. Estimates of annual monoterpene release under double CO2 suggest that CO2 inhibition does not offset the increase in emissions due to expected warming.
Brendan Byrne, Junjie Liu, Yonghong Yi, Abhishek Chatterjee, Sourish Basu, Rui Cheng, Russell Doughty, Frédéric Chevallier, Kevin W. Bowman, Nicholas C. Parazoo, David Crisp, Xing Li, Jingfeng Xiao, Stephen Sitch, Bertrand Guenet, Feng Deng, Matthew S. Johnson, Sajeev Philip, Patrick C. McGuire, and Charles E. Miller
Biogeosciences, 19, 4779–4799, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4779-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4779-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Plants draw CO2 from the atmosphere during the growing season, while respiration releases CO2 to the atmosphere throughout the year, driving seasonal variations in atmospheric CO2 that can be observed by satellites, such as the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2). Using OCO-2 XCO2 data and space-based constraints on plant growth, we show that permafrost-rich northeast Eurasia has a strong seasonal release of CO2 during the autumn, hinting at an unexpectedly large respiration signal from soils.
Valery A. Isidorov and Andrej A. Zaitsev
Biogeosciences, 19, 4715–4746, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4715-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4715-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a critical role in earth-system processes: they are
main playersin the formation of tropospheric O3 and secondary aerosols, which have a significant impact on climate, human health and crops. A complex mixture of VOCs, formed as a result of physicochemical and biological processes, is released into the atmosphere from the forest floor. This review presents data on the composition of VOCs and contribution of various processes to their emissions.
David S. McLagan, Harald Biester, Tomas Navrátil, Stephan M. Kraemer, and Lorenz Schwab
Biogeosciences, 19, 4415–4429, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4415-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4415-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Spruce and larch trees are effective archiving species for historical atmospheric mercury using growth rings of bole wood. Mercury stable isotope analysis proved an effective tool to characterise industrial mercury signals and assess mercury uptake pathways (leaf uptake for both wood and bark) and mercury cycling within the trees. These data detail important information for understanding the mercury biogeochemical cycle particularly in forest systems.
Xin Yu, René Orth, Markus Reichstein, Michael Bahn, Anne Klosterhalfen, Alexander Knohl, Franziska Koebsch, Mirco Migliavacca, Martina Mund, Jacob A. Nelson, Benjamin D. Stocker, Sophia Walther, and Ana Bastos
Biogeosciences, 19, 4315–4329, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4315-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-4315-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Identifying drought legacy effects is challenging because they are superimposed on variability driven by climate conditions in the recovery period. We develop a residual-based approach to quantify legacies on gross primary productivity (GPP) from eddy covariance data. The GPP reduction due to legacy effects is comparable to the concurrent effects at two sites in Germany, which reveals the importance of legacy effects. Our novel methodology can be used to quantify drought legacies elsewhere.
Anders Lindroth, Norbert Pirk, Ingibjörg S. Jónsdóttir, Christian Stiegler, Leif Klemedtsson, and Mats B. Nilsson
Biogeosciences, 19, 3921–3934, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3921-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3921-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We measured the fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane between a moist moss tundra and the atmosphere on Svalbard in order to better understand how such ecosystems are affecting the climate and vice versa. We found that the system was a small sink of carbon dioxide and a small source of methane. These fluxes are small in comparison with other tundra ecosystems in the high Arctic. Analysis of temperature sensitivity showed that respiration was more sensitive than photosynthesis above about 6 ℃.
Phillip Papastefanou, Christian S. Zang, Zlatan Angelov, Aline Anderson de Castro, Juan Carlos Jimenez, Luiz Felipe Campos De Rezende, Romina C. Ruscica, Boris Sakschewski, Anna A. Sörensson, Kirsten Thonicke, Carolina Vera, Nicolas Viovy, Celso Von Randow, and Anja Rammig
Biogeosciences, 19, 3843–3861, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3843-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3843-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Amazon rainforest has been hit by multiple severe drought events. In this study, we assess the severity and spatial extent of the extreme drought years 2005, 2010 and 2015/16 in the Amazon. Using nine different precipitation datasets and three drought indicators we find large differences in drought stress across the Amazon region. We conclude that future studies should use multiple rainfall datasets and drought indicators when estimating the impact of drought stress in the Amazon region.
Haiyang Shi, Geping Luo, Olaf Hellwich, Mingjuan Xie, Chen Zhang, Yu Zhang, Yuangang Wang, Xiuliang Yuan, Xiaofei Ma, Wenqiang Zhang, Alishir Kurban, Philippe De Maeyer, and Tim Van de Voorde
Biogeosciences, 19, 3739–3756, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3739-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3739-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A number of studies have been conducted by using machine learning approaches to simulate carbon fluxes. We performed a meta-analysis of these net ecosystem exchange (NEE) simulations. Random forests and support vector machines performed better than other algorithms. Models with larger timescales had a lower accuracy. For different plant functional types (PFTs), there were significant differences in the predictors used and their effects on model accuracy.
Siqi Li, Wei Zhang, Xunhua Zheng, Yong Li, Shenghui Han, Rui Wang, Kai Wang, Zhisheng Yao, Chunyan Liu, and Chong Zhang
Biogeosciences, 19, 3001–3019, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3001-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3001-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The CNMM–DNDC model was modified to simulate ammonia volatilization (AV) from croplands. AV from cultivated uplands followed the first-order kinetics, which was jointly regulated by the factors of soil properties and meteorological conditions. AV simulation from rice paddy fields was improved by incorporating Jayaweera–Mikkelsen mechanisms. The modified model performed well in simulating the observed cumulative AV measured from 63 fertilization events in China.
Matthias Volk, Matthias Suter, Anne-Lena Wahl, and Seraina Bassin
Biogeosciences, 19, 2921–2937, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2921-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2921-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Because soils are an important sink for greenhouse gasses, we subjected sub-alpine grassland to a six-level climate change treatment.
Two independent methods showed that at warming > 1.5 °C the grassland ecosystem lost ca. 14 % or ca. 1 kg C m−2 in 5 years.
This shrinking of the terrestrial C sink implies a substantial positive feedback to the atmospheric greenhouse effect.
It is likely that this dramatic C loss is a transient effect before a new, climate-adjusted steady state is reached.
Johan A. Eckdahl, Jeppe A. Kristensen, and Daniel B. Metcalfe
Biogeosciences, 19, 2487–2506, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2487-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2487-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study found climate to be a driving force for increasing per area emissions of greenhouse gases and removal of important nutrients from high-latitude forests due to wildfire. It used detailed direct measurements over a large area to uncover patterns and mechanisms of restructuring of forest carbon and nitrogen pools that are extrapolatable to larger regions. It also takes a step forward in filling gaps in global knowledge of northern forest response to climate-change-strengthened wildfires.
Sparkle L. Malone, Youmi Oh, Kyle A. Arndt, George Burba, Roisin Commane, Alexandra R. Contosta, Jordan P. Goodrich, Henry W. Loescher, Gregory Starr, and Ruth K. Varner
Biogeosciences, 19, 2507–2522, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2507-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2507-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To understand the CH4 flux potential of natural ecosystems and agricultural lands in the United States of America, a multi-scale CH4 observation network focused on CH4 flux rates, processes, and scaling methods is required. This can be achieved with a network of ground-based observations that are distributed based on climatic regions and land cover.
Bruna R. F. Oliveira, Jan J. Keizer, and Thomas Foken
Biogeosciences, 19, 2235–2243, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2235-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2235-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzes the impacts of this windthrow on the aerodynamic characteristics of zero-plane displacement and roughness length and, ultimately, their implications for the turbulent fluxes. The turbulent fluxes were only affected to a minor degree by the windthrow, but the footprint area of the flux tower changed markedly so that the target area of the measurements had to be redetermined.
Minttu Havu, Liisa Kulmala, Pasi Kolari, Timo Vesala, Anu Riikonen, and Leena Järvi
Biogeosciences, 19, 2121–2143, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2121-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2121-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The carbon sequestration potential of two street tree species and the soil beneath them was quantified with the urban land surface model SUEWS and the soil carbon model Yasso. The street tree plantings turned into a modest sink of carbon from the atmosphere after 14 years. Overall, the results indicate the importance of soil in urban carbon sequestration estimations, as soil respiration exceeded the carbon uptake in the early phase, due to the high initial carbon loss from the soil.
Jarmo Mäkelä, Laila Melkas, Ivan Mammarella, Tuomo Nieminen, Suyog Chandramouli, Rafael Savvides, and Kai Puolamäki
Biogeosciences, 19, 2095–2099, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2095-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2095-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Causal structure discovery algorithms have been making headway into Earth system sciences, and they can be used to increase our understanding on biosphere–atmosphere interactions. In this paper we present a procedure on how to utilize prior knowledge of the domain experts together with these algorithms in order to find more robust causal structure models. We also demonstrate how to avoid pitfalls such as over-fitting and concept drift during this process.
Makoto Saito, Tomohiro Shiraishi, Ryuichi Hirata, Yosuke Niwa, Kazuyuki Saito, Martin Steinbacher, Doug Worthy, and Tsuneo Matsunaga
Biogeosciences, 19, 2059–2078, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2059-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2059-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study tested combinations of two sources of AGB data and two sources of LCC data and used the same burned area satellite data to estimate BB CO emissions. Our analysis showed large discrepancies in annual mean CO emissions and explicit differences in the simulated CO concentrations among the BB emissions estimates. This study has confirmed that BB emissions estimates are sensitive to the land surface information on which they are based.
Johannes Gensheimer, Alexander J. Turner, Philipp Köhler, Christian Frankenberg, and Jia Chen
Biogeosciences, 19, 1777–1793, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1777-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1777-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We develop a convolutional neural network, named SIFnet, that increases the spatial resolution of SIF from TROPOMI by a factor of 10 to a spatial resolution of 0.005°. SIFnet utilizes coarse SIF observations, together with a broad range of high-resolution auxiliary data. The insights gained from interpretable machine learning techniques allow us to make quantitative claims about the relationships between SIF and other common parameters related to photosynthesis.
Shihan Sun, Amos P. K. Tai, David H. Y. Yung, Anthony Y. H. Wong, Jason A. Ducker, and Christopher D. Holmes
Biogeosciences, 19, 1753–1776, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1753-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1753-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We developed and used a terrestrial biosphere model to compare and evaluate widely used empirical dry deposition schemes with different stomatal approaches and found that using photosynthesis-based stomatal approaches can reduce biases in modeled dry deposition velocities in current chemical transport models. Our study shows systematic errors in current dry deposition schemes and the importance of representing plant ecophysiological processes in models under a changing climate.
Ka Ming Fung, Maria Val Martin, and Amos P. K. Tai
Biogeosciences, 19, 1635–1655, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1635-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1635-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fertilizer-induced ammonia detrimentally affects the environment by not only directly damaging ecosystems but also indirectly altering climate and soil fertility. To quantify these secondary impacts, we enabled CESM to simulate ammonia emission, chemical evolution, and deposition as a continuous cycle. If synthetic fertilizer use is to soar by 30 % from today's level, we showed that the counteracting impacts will increase the global ammonia emission by 3.3 Tg N per year.
Lena Wohlgemuth, Pasi Rautio, Bernd Ahrends, Alexander Russ, Lars Vesterdal, Peter Waldner, Volkmar Timmermann, Nadine Eickenscheidt, Alfred Fürst, Martin Greve, Peter Roskams, Anne Thimonier, Manuel Nicolas, Anna Kowalska, Morten Ingerslev, Päivi Merilä, Sue Benham, Carmen Iacoban, Günter Hoch, Christine Alewell, and Martin Jiskra
Biogeosciences, 19, 1335–1353, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1335-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-1335-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Gaseous mercury is present in the atmosphere all over the globe. During the growing season, plants take up mercury from the air in a similar way as CO2. We investigated which factors impact this vegetational mercury uptake by analyzing a large dataset of leaf mercury uptake rates of trees in Europe. As a result, we conclude that mercury uptake is foremost controlled by tree-intrinsic traits like physiological activity but also by climatic factors like dry conditions in the air and in soils.
Junqi Wei, Xiaoyan Li, Lei Liu, Torben Røjle Christensen, Zhiyun Jiang, Yujun Ma, Xiuchen Wu, Hongyun Yao, and Efrén López-Blanco
Biogeosciences, 19, 861–875, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-861-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-861-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Although water availability has been linked to the response of ecosystem carbon (C) sink–source to climate warming, the mechanisms by which C uptake responds to soil moisture remain unclear. We explored how soil water and other environmental drivers modulate net C uptake in an alpine swamp meadow. Results reveal that nearly saturated soil conditions during warm seasons can help to maintain lower ecosystem respiration and therefore enhance the C sequestration capacity in this alpine swamp meadow.
Martijn M. T. A. Pallandt, Jitendra Kumar, Marguerite Mauritz, Edward A. G. Schuur, Anna-Maria Virkkala, Gerardo Celis, Forrest M. Hoffman, and Mathias Göckede
Biogeosciences, 19, 559–583, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-559-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-559-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Thawing of Arctic permafrost soils could trigger the release of vast amounts of carbon to the atmosphere, thus enhancing climate change. Our study investigated how well the current network of eddy covariance sites to monitor greenhouse gas exchange at local scales captures pan-Arctic flux patterns. We identified large coverage gaps, e.g., in Siberia, but also demonstrated that a targeted addition of relatively few sites can significantly improve network performance.
Pascal Wintjen, Frederik Schrader, Martijn Schaap, Burkhard Beudert, and Christian Brümmer
Biogeosciences, 19, 389–413, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-389-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-389-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Fluxes of total reactive nitrogen (∑Nr) over a low polluted forest were analyzed with regard to their temporal dynamics. Mostly deposition was observed with median fluxes ranging from −15 to −5 ng N m−2 s−1, corresponding to a range of deposition velocities from 0.2 to 0.5 cm s−1. While seasonally changing contributions of NH3 and NOx to the ∑Nr signal were found, we estimate an annual total N deposition (dry+wet) of 12.2 and 10.9 kg N ha−1 a−1 in the 2 years of observation.
Thomas M. Blattmann
Biogeosciences, 19, 359–373, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-359-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-359-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This work enunciates the possibility of kerogen oxidation contributing to atmospheric CO2 increase in the wake of glacial episodes. This hypothesis is substantiated by several lines of independent evidence synthesized in this contribution. The author hypothesizes that the deglaciation of kerogen-rich lithologies in western Canada contributed to the characteristic deglacial increase in atmospheric CO2.
Juliana Gil-Loaiza, Joseph R. Roscioli, Joanne H. Shorter, Till H. M. Volkmann, Wei-Ren Ng, Jordan E. Krechmer, and Laura K. Meredith
Biogeosciences, 19, 165–185, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-165-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-165-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated a new diffusive soil probe integrated with high-resolution gas analyzers to measure soil gases in real time at a centimeter scale. Using columns with simple silica and soil, we captured changes in carbon dioxide (CO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitrous oxide (N2O) with its isotopes to distinguish potential nutrient sources and microbial metabolism. This approach will advance the use of soil gases as important signals to understand and monitor soil fertility and health.
Yujie Wang and Christian Frankenberg
Biogeosciences, 19, 29–45, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-29-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-29-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Modeling vegetation canopy is important in predicting whether the land remains a carbon sink to mitigate climate change in the near future. Vegetation canopy model complexity, however, impacts the model-predicted carbon and water fluxes as well as canopy fluorescence, even if the same suite of model inputs is used. Given the biases caused by canopy model complexity, we recommend not misusing parameters inverted using different models or assumptions.
Håkan Pleijel, Jenny Klingberg, Michelle Nerentorp, Malin C. Broberg, Brigitte Nyirambangutse, John Munthe, and Göran Wallin
Biogeosciences, 18, 6313–6328, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6313-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6313-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Mercury is a problematic metal in the environment. It is crucial to understand the Hg circulation in ecosystems. We explored the mercury concentration in foliage from a diverse set of plants, locations and sampling periods to study the accumulation of Hg in leaves–needles over time. Mercury was always higher in older tissue: in broadleaved trees, conifers and wheat. Specific leaf area, the leaf area per unit leaf mass, turned out to be critical for Hg accumulation in leaves–needles.
Julia Burkart, Jürgen Gratzl, Teresa M. Seifried, Paul Bieber, and Hinrich Grothe
Biogeosciences, 18, 5751–5765, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5751-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5751-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Extracts of birch pollen grains are known to be ice nucleation active and thus impact cloud formation and climate. In this study we develop an extraction method to separate subpollen particles from ice nucleating macromolecules. Our results thereby illustrate that ice nucleating macromolecules can be washed off the subpollen particles and that the ice activity is linked to the presence of proteins.
Teresa Vogl, Amy Hrdina, and Christoph K. Thomas
Biogeosciences, 18, 5097–5115, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5097-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5097-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The relaxed eddy accumulation technique is a method used for measuring fluxes of chemical species in the atmosphere. It relies on a proportionality factor, β, which can be determined using different methods. Also, different techniques for sampling can be used by only drawing air into the measurement system when vertical wind velocity exceeds a certain threshold. We compare different ways to obtain β and different threshold techniques to direct flux measurements for three different sites.
Maria Prass, Meinrat O. Andreae, Alessandro C. de Araùjo, Paulo Artaxo, Florian Ditas, Wolfgang Elbert, Jan-David Förster, Marco Aurélio Franco, Isabella Hrabe de Angelis, Jürgen Kesselmeier, Thomas Klimach, Leslie Ann Kremper, Eckhard Thines, David Walter, Jens Weber, Bettina Weber, Bernhard M. Fuchs, Ulrich Pöschl, and Christopher Pöhlker
Biogeosciences, 18, 4873–4887, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4873-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4873-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Bioaerosols in the atmosphere over the Amazon rain forest were analyzed by molecular biological staining and microscopy. Eukaryotic, bacterial, and archaeal aerosols were quantified in time series and altitude profiles which exhibited clear differences in number concentrations and vertical distributions. Our results provide insights into the sources and dispersion of different Amazonian bioaerosol types as a basis for a better understanding of biosphere–atmosphere interactions.
Michael P. Adams, Nina S. Atanasova, Svetlana Sofieva, Janne Ravantti, Aino Heikkinen, Zoé Brasseur, Jonathan Duplissy, Dennis H. Bamford, and Benjamin J. Murray
Biogeosciences, 18, 4431–4444, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4431-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4431-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The formation of ice in clouds is critically important for the planet's climate. Hence, we need to know which aerosol types nucleate ice and how effectively they do so. Here we show that virus particles, with a range of architectures, nucleate ice when immersed in supercooled water. However, we also show that they only make a minor contribution to the ice-nucleating particle population in the terrestrial atmosphere, but we cannot rule them out as being important in the marine environment.
Laura Heimsch, Annalea Lohila, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Henriikka Vekuri, Jussi Heinonsalo, Olli Nevalainen, Mika Korkiakoski, Jari Liski, Tuomas Laurila, and Liisa Kulmala
Biogeosciences, 18, 3467–3483, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3467-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-3467-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
CO2 and H2O fluxes were measured at a newly established eddy covariance site in southern Finland for 2 years from 2018 to 2020. This agricultural grassland site focuses on the conversion from intensive towards more sustainable agricultural management. The first summer experienced prolonged dry periods, and notably larger fluxes were observed in the second summer. The field acted as a net carbon sink during both study years.
Anteneh Getachew Mengistu, Gizaw Mengistu Tsidu, Gerbrand Koren, Maurits L. Kooreman, K. Folkert Boersma, Torbern Tagesson, Jonas Ardö, Yann Nouvellon, and Wouter Peters
Biogeosciences, 18, 2843–2857, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2843-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2843-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we assess the usefulness of Sun-Induced Fluorescence of Terrestrial Ecosystems Retrieval (SIFTER) data from the GOME-2A instrument and near-infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRv) from MODIS to capture the seasonality and magnitudes of gross primary production (GPP) derived from six eddy-covariance flux towers in Africa in the overlap years between 2007–2014. We also test the robustness of sun-induced fluoresence and NIRv to compare the seasonality of GPP for the major biomes.
Robbie Ramsay, Chiara F. Di Marco, Mathew R. Heal, Matthias Sörgel, Paulo Artaxo, Meinrat O. Andreae, and Eiko Nemitz
Biogeosciences, 18, 2809–2825, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2809-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2809-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The exchange of the gas ammonia between the atmosphere and the surface is an important biogeochemical process, but little is known of this exchange for certain ecosystems, such as the Amazon rainforest. This study took measurements of ammonia exchange over an Amazon rainforest site and subsequently modelled the observed deposition and emission patterns. We observed emissions of ammonia from the rainforest, which can be simulated accurately by using a canopy resistance modelling approach.
Gemma Purser, Julia Drewer, Mathew R. Heal, Robert A. S. Sircus, Lara K. Dunn, and James I. L. Morison
Biogeosciences, 18, 2487–2510, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2487-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2487-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Short-rotation forest plantations could help reduce greenhouse gases but can emit biogenic volatile organic compounds. Emissions were measured at a plantation trial in Scotland. Standardised emissions of isoprene from foliage were higher from hybrid aspen than from Sitka spruce and low from Italian alder. Emissions of total monoterpene were lower. The forest floor was only a small source. Model estimates suggest an SRF expansion of 0.7 Mha could increase total UK emissions between < 1 %–35 %.
Daniel Diaz-de-Quijano, Aleksander Vladimirovich Ageev, Elena Anatolevna Ivanova, and Olesia Valerevna Anishchenko
Biogeosciences, 18, 1601–1618, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1601-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1601-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Winter atmospheric nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) depositions were measured for the first time in the Western Sayan Mountains (Siberia). The low and very low atmospheric N and P depositions could be responsible for the observed lake phytoplankton N–P colimitation. We hypothesize that slight imbalances in the nutrient deposition, as expected in the context of global change (climate, forest fires and anthropogenic nitrogen emissions), could have important effects on the ecology of these lakes.
Philipp A. Nauer, Eleonora Chiri, Thanavit Jirapanjawat, Chris Greening, and Perran L. M. Cook
Biogeosciences, 18, 729–737, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-729-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-729-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO) are atmospheric trace gases cycled via microbial metabolisms. We observed strong H2 and CO contamination from rubber septa used to seal common gas sample storage vials. Here we propose a simple and inexpensive modification of such vials to allow reliable storage of H2, CO and methane trace-gas samples for timescales of weeks to months, thus enabling extensive field campaigns to investigate H2 and CO biogeochemistry in remote areas.
Jize Jiang, David S. Stevenson, Aimable Uwizeye, Giuseppe Tempio, and Mark A. Sutton
Biogeosciences, 18, 135–158, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-135-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-135-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ammonia is a key water and air pollutant and impacts human health and climate change. Ammonia emissions mainly originate from agriculture. We find that chicken agriculture contributes to large ammonia emissions, especially in hot and wet regions. These emissions can be greatly affected by the local environment, i.e. temperature and humidity, and also by human management. We develop a model that suggests ammonia emissions from chicken farming are likely to increase under a warming climate.
Richard Wehr and Scott R. Saleska
Biogeosciences, 18, 13–24, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-13-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-13-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Water and carbon exchange between plants and the atmosphere is governed by stomata: adjustable pores in the surfaces of leaves. The combined gas conductance of all the stomata in a canopy has long been estimated using an equation that is shown here to be systematically incorrect because it relies on measurements that are generally inadequate. An alternative approach is shown to be more accurate in all probable scenarios and to imply different responses of stomatal conductance to the environment.
Bart Schilperoort, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, César Jiménez Rodríguez, Christiaan van der Tol, Bas van de Wiel, and Hubert Savenije
Biogeosciences, 17, 6423–6439, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6423-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6423-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
With distributed temperature sensing (DTS) we measured a vertical temperature profile in a forest, from the forest floor to above the treetops. Using this temperature profile we can see which parts of the forest canopy are colder (thus more dense) or warmer (and less dense) and study the effect this has on the suppression of turbulent mixing. This can be used to improve our knowledge of the interaction between the atmosphere and forests and improve carbon dioxide flux measurements over forests.
Cited articles
Allred, B. W., Fuhlendorf, S. D., and Hamilton, R. G.: The role of herbivores
in Great Plains conservation: comparative ecology of bison and cattle,
Ecosphere 2, 1–17, 2011.
Andreas, E. L., Jordan, R. E., Guest, P. S., Persson, O. G., Grachev, A. A.,
and Fairall, C. W.: Roughness lengths over snow, 18th Conference on
Hydrology of the American Meteorological Society, Seattle, WA, 11–15
January, 2004.
ASAE D321.2 MAR1985 (R2015) Dimensions of Livestock and Poultry, available at: https://www.asabe.org/Publications-Standards/Standards-Development/National-Standards/Published-Standards (last access: 20 February 2020), 2015.
Baldocchi, D. D., Detto, M., Sonnentag, O., Verfaillie, J., Teh, Y. A.,
Silver, W., and Kelley, N. M.: The challenges of measuring methane fluxes and
concentrations over a peatland pasture, Agr. Forest Meteorol. 153, 177–187, 2012.
Baum, K. A., Ham, J. M., Brunsell, N. A., and Coyne, P. I.: Surface boundary
layer of cattle feedlots: Implications for air emissions measurement. Agr.
Forest. Meteorol. 148, 1882–1893, 2008.
Beauchemin, K. A., Kreuzer, M., O'Mara, F., and McAllister, T. A.:
Nutritional management for enteric methane abatement: a review, Aust. J.
Exp. Agric., 48, 21–27, 2008.
Boadi, D. A. and Wittenberg, K. M.: Methane production from dairy and beef
heifers fed forages differing in nutrient density using the sulphur
hexafluoride (SF6) tracer gas technique, Can. J. Anim. Sci., 82,
201–206, 2002.
Bowling, D. R. and Massman, W. J.: Persistent wind-induced enhancement of
diffusive CO2 transport in a mountain forest snowpack, J. Geophys. Res.
116, 1–15, 2011.
Brutsaert, W.: Evaporation into the Atmosphere: Theory, History, and
Applications, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1982.
Chappellaz, J. A., Fung, I. Y., and Thompson A. M.: The atmospheric CH4
increase since the Last Glacial Maximum, Tellus B, 45, 228–241, 1993.
Chaves, A. V., Thompson, L., C., Iwaasa, A., D., Scott, S., L., Olson, M.
E., Benchaar, C., Veira, D., M., and McAllister, T., A.: Effect of pasture
type (alfalfa vs. grass) on methane and carbon dioxide production by
yearling beef heifers, Can. J. Anim. Sci., 86, 409–418, 2006.
Coates, T., W., Benvenutti, M. A., Flisch, T. K., Charmley, E., McGinn, S.
M., and Chen D.: Applicability of eddy covariance to estimate methane
emissions from grazing cattle, J. Environ. Qual. 47, 54-61, 2017.
Collins, S. L. and Steinauer, E. M.: Disturbance, diversity and species
interactions in tallgrass prairie, in: Grassland Dynamics: Long-Term Ecological Research in Tallgrass Prairie, edited by: Knapp, A. K., Briggs, J. M., Hartnett, D. C. and Collins, S. C., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 140–156, 1998.
Cóndor, R. D., Valli, L., De Rosa, G., Di Francia, A., and De Lauretis,
R: Estimation of the methane emission factor for the Italian Mediterranean
buffalo, Animal, 2, 1247–1253, 2008.
Coppedge, B. R. and Shaw, J. H.: Bison grazing patterns on seasonally burned
tallgrass prairie, J. Range Manage., 51, 258–264, 1998.
Crutzen, P. J., Aselmann, I., and Seiler, W.: Methane production by domestic
animals, wild ruminants, other herbivorous fauna, and humans, Tellus B, 38,
271–284, 1985.
Dengel, S., Levy, P. E., Grace, J., Jones, S. K., and Skiba, U. M.: Methane
emissions from sheep pasture, measured with an open-path eddy covariance
system, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 3524–3533, 2011.
DeRamus, H. A., Clement, T. C., Giampola, D. D., and Dickison, P. C.: Methane
emissions of beef cattle on forages, J. Environ. Qual., 32, 269–277,
2003.
Detto, M. and Katul, G. G.: Simplified expressions for adjusting
higher-order turbulent statistics obtained from open path gas analyzers,
Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 122, 205–216, 2006.
Detto, M., Verfaillie, J., Anderson, F., Xu, L., and Baldocchi, D.: Comparing
laser-based open- and closed-path gas analyzers to measure methane fluxes
using the eddy covariance method, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 151,
1312–1324, 2011.
FAO: Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model (GLEAM), Rome, available at: http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/gleam/docs/GLEAM_2.0_Model_description.pdf (last access: 22 January 2020), 2017.
Deventer, M. J., Deventer, M., Griffis, T. J., Roman, D., Kolka, R. K.,
Wood, J. D., Erickson, M., Baker, J. M., and Millet, D. B.: Error
characterization of methane fluxes and budgets derived from a long-term
comparison of open- and closed-path eddy covariance systems, Agr. Forest
Meteorol., 278, 107638, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107638, 2019.
Dumortier, P., Aubinet, M., Lebeau, F., Naiken, A., and Heinesch, B.: Point
source emission estimation using eddy covariance: Validation using an
artificial source experiment, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 266–267, 148–156, 2019.
Felber, R., Münger, A., Neftel, A., and Ammann, C.: Eddy covariance methane flux measurements over a grazed pasture: effect of cows as moving point sources, Biogeosciences, 12, 3925–3940, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3925-2015, 2015.
Flores D: Bison ecology and bison diplomacy: The southern plains from 1800
to 1850, J. Am. Hist., 78, 465–485, 1991.
Fortin, D., Fryxell, J. M., O'Brodovich, L., and Frandsen, D.: Foraging
ecology of bison at the landscape and plant community levels: the
applicability of energy maximization principles, Oecologia, 134,
219–227, 2003.
Galbraith, J. K., Mathison, G. W., Hudson, R. J., McAllister, T. A., and
Cheng, K.-J.: Intake, digestibility, methane and heat production in bison,
wapiti and white-tailed deer, Can. J. Anim. Sci., 78, 681–691, 1998.
Foken T., Göckede, M., Mauder, M., Mahrt, L., Amiro, B., and Munger W.:
Post-field data quality control, in:
Handbook of micrometeorology: A guide for surface flux measurement and
analysis, edited by: Lee, X., Massman, W. J., and Law, B., Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2004.
Gao, Z., Yuan, H., Ma, W., Liu, X., and Desjardins, R. L.: Methane emissions
from a dairy feedlot during the fall and winter seasons in Northern China,
Environ. Pollut. 159, 1183–1189, 2011.
Gates, C. C., Freese, C. H., Gogan, P. J., and Kotzman, M.: American
bison: status survey and conservation guidelies 2010, IUCN, 2010.
Gerber, P. J., Steinfeld, H., Henderson, B., Mottet, A., Opio, C., Dijkman,
J., Falcucci, A., and Tempio, G.: Tackling climate change through livestock -
A global assessment of emissions and mitigation opportunities, Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, 2013.
Geremia, C., Merkle, J. A., Eaker, D. R., Wallen, R. L., White, P. J.,
Hebblewhite, M., and Kaufman, M. J.: Migrating bison engineer the green wave,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 116, 25707–25713, 2019.
Gregorini, P.: Diurnal grazing pattern: its physiological basis and strategic
management, Anim. Prod. Sci., 52, 416–430, 2012.
Göckede, M., Kittler, F., and Schaller, C.: Quantifying the impact of emission outbursts and non-stationary flow on eddy-covariance CH4 flux measurements using wavelet techniques, Biogeosciences, 16, 3113–3131, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3113-2019, 2019.
Goopy, J. P., Korir D., Pelster, D., Ali, A. I. M., Wassie, S. E., Schlecht,
E., Dickenhoefer, U., Merbold, L., and Butterbach-Bahl, K.: Severe
below-maintenance feed intake increases methane yield from enteric
fermentation in cattle, Br. J. Nutr., 123, 1239–1246, 2020.
Gourlez de la Motte, L., Dumortier, P., Beckers, Y., Bodson, B., Heinesch,
B., and Aubinet, M.: Herd position habits can bias net CO2 ecosystem
exchange estimates in free range grazed pastures, Agr. Forest Meteorol. 268,
156–168, 2019.
Hammond, K. J., Jones, A. K., Humphries, D. J., Crompton, L. A., and Reynolds, C. K.: Effects of diet forage source and neutral detergent fiber content on milk production of dairy cattle and methane emissions determined using GreenFeed and respiration chamber techniques, J. Dairy Sci. 99, 7904–7917, 2016.
Hanson, J. R.: Bison ecology in the Northern Plains and a reconstruction of
bison patterns for the North Dakota region, Plains Anthropol., 29, 93–113,
1984.
Hartnett, D. C., Hickman, K. R., and Fischer, W. L. E.: Effects of bison grazing, fire, and topography on floristic diversity in tallgrass prairie, J. Range Manage., 49, 413–420, 1996.
Hedrick, P. W.: Conservation genetics and North American bison (Bison bison), J. Hered., 100, 411–420, 2009.
Herrero, M., Henderson, B., Havlík, P., Thornton, P. K., Conant, R. T.,
Smith, P., Wirsenius, S., Hristov, A. N., Gerber, P., Gill, M., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Valin, H., Garnett, T., and Stehfest, E.:
Greenhouse gas mitigation potentials in the livestock sector, Nat. Clim.
Change, 6, 452–461, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2925, 2016.
Heidbach, K., Schmid, H.-P., and Mauder, M.: Experimental evaluation of flux
footprint models, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 246, 142–153, 2017.
Hristov, A. N.: Historic, pre-European settlement, and present-day
contribution of wild ruminants to enteric methane emissions in the United
States, J. Animal Sci., 90, 1371–1375, 2012.
Hristov, A. N., Oh, J., Firkins, J. L., Dijkstra, J., Kebreab, E., Waghorn,
G., Makkar, H. P. S., Adesogan, A. T., Yang, W., Lee, C., Gerber, P. J.,
Henderson, B., and Tricarico, J. M.: Special topics – Mitigation of methane
and nitrous oxide emissions from animal operations: I. A review of enteric
methane mitigation options, J. Animal Sci., 91, 5045–5069,
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-6583, 2013.
Hsieh, C.-I., Katul, G., and Chi, T.-W.: An approximate analytical model for
footprint estimation of scalar fluxes in thermally stratified atmospheric
flows, Adv. Water Resour., 23, 765–772, 2000.
Isenberg, A. C.: The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History,
1750–1920, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 2000.
Jégo, G., Bélanger, G., Tremblay, G. F., Jing, Q., and Baron, V. S.:
Calibration and performance evaluation of the STICS crop model for
simulating timothy growth and nutritive value, Field Crops Res., 151,
65–77, 2013.
Jiao, H., Yan, T., Wills, D. A., Carson, A. F., and McDowell, D. A.:
Development of prediction models for quantification of total methane
emission from enteric fermentation of young Holstein cattle at various ages,
Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 183, 160–166, 2014.
Johnson, K. A. and Johnson, D. E.: Methane emissions from cattle, J. Anim.
Sci., 73, 2483–2491, 1995.
Johnson, D. E. and Ward, G. M.: Estimates of animal methane emissions.
Environ. Monit. Assess., 42, 133–141, 1996.
Katul, G., Goltz, S. M., Hsieh, C. I., Cheng, Y., Mowry, F., and Sigmon, J.:
Estimation of surface heat and momentum fluxes using the flux-variance
method above uniform and non-uniform terrain, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 74,
237–260, 1995.
Kelliher, F. M. and Clark, H.: Methane emissions from bison – An historic
herd estimate for the North American Great Plains, Agr. Forest Meteorol.,
150, 473–477, 2010.
Kirschke, S., Bousquet, P., Ciais, P., Saunois, M., Canadell, J. G.,
Dlugokencky, E. J., Bergamaschi, P., Bergmann, D., Blake, D. R., Bruhwiler,
L., Cameron-Smith, P., Castaldi, S., Chevallier, F., Feng, L., Fraser, A.,
Heimann, M., Hodson, E. L., Houweling, S., Josse, B., Fraser, P. J.,
Krummel, P. B., Lamarque, J.-F., Langenfelds, R. L., Le Quéré, C.,
Naik, V., O'Doherty, S., Palmer, P. I., Pison, I., Plummer, D., Poulter, B.,
Prinn, R. G., Rigby, M., Ringeval, B., Santini, M., Schmidt, M., Shindell,
D. T., Simpson, I. J., Spahni, R., Steele, L. P., Strode, S. A., Sudo, K.,
Szopa, S., van der Werf, G. R., Voulgarakis, A., van Weele, M., Weiss, R.
F., Williams, J. E., and Zeng, G.: Three decades of global methane sources
and sinks, Nat. Geosci., 6, 813–823, 2013.
Kljun, N., Rotach, M. W., and Schmid, H. P.: A 3D Backward Lagrangian Footprint Model for a Wide Range of Boundary Layer Stratifications, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 103, 205–226, 2002.
Kljun, N., Calanca, P., Rotach, M. W., and Schmid, H. P.: A simple two-dimensional parameterisation for Flux Footprint Prediction (FFP), Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 3695–3713, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3695-2015, 2015.
Knapp, A. K., Blair, J. M., Briggs, J. M., Collins, S. L., Hartnett, D. C.,
Johnson, L. C., and Towne, G. E.: The keystone role of bison in North
American tallgrass prairie, Bioscience, 49, 39–50, 1999.
Kormann, R. and Meixner F. X.: An analytical footprint model for non-neutral
stratification, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 99, 207–224, 2001.
Lassey, K. R., Ulyatt, M. J., Martin, R. J., Walker, C. F., and Shelton, I.,
D.: Methane emissions measured directly from grazing livestock in New
Zealand, Atmos. Environ.: 31, 2905–2914, 1997.
Lee, M. A., Davis, A. P., Chagunda, M. G. G., and Manning, P.: Forage quality declines with rising temperatures, with implications for livestock production and methane emissions, Biogeosciences, 14, 1403–1417, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1403-2017, 2017.
Mastepanov, M., Sigsgaard, C., Dlugokencky, E. J., Houweling, S.,
Ström, L., Tamstorf, M. P., and Christensen, T. R.: Large
tundra methane burst during onset of freezing, Nature, 456, 628–631, 2008.
Mauder, M. and Foken, T.: Documentation and instruction manual of the
eddy-covariance software package TK3, available at: https://epub.uni-bayreuth.de/342/1/ARBERG046.pdf (last access: 15 January 2020), 2011.
McLain, J. E. and Martens, D. A.: Moisture controls on trace gas fluxes in
semiarid riparian soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 70, 367–377, 2006.
Merbold, L., Steinlin, C., and Hagedorn, F.: Winter greenhouse gas fluxes (CO2, CH4 and N2O) from a subalpine grassland, Biogeosciences, 10, 3185–3203, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-3185-2013, 2013.
Metzger, S., Junkermann, W., Mauder, M., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Trancón y Widemann, B., Neidl, F., Schäfer, K., Wieneke, S., Zheng, X. H., Schmid, H. P., and Foken, T.: Spatially explicit regionalization of airborne flux measurements using environmental response functions, Biogeosciences, 10, 2193–2217, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2193-2013, 2013.
Merkle, J. A. and Fortin D.: Likelihood-based photograph identification:
Application with photographs of free-ranging bison, Wildlife Soc. B., 38,
196–204, 2014.
Moncrieff, J., Clement, R., Finnigan, J., and Meyers, T.: Averaging,
detrending, and filtering of eddy covariance time series, in: Handbook of Micrometeorology, edited by: Lee, X., Massman, W. J., and Law, B., Springer, Dordrecht, 7–31, 2004.
Moncrieff, J. B., Massheder, J. M., De Bruin, H., Elbers, J., Friborg, T.,
Heusinkveld, B., Kabat, P., Scott, S., Søgaard, H., and Verhoef, A.: A
system to measure surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, water vapour
and carbon dioxide. J. Hydrology, 188, 589–611, 1997.
Moraes, L. E., Strathe, A. B., Fadel, J. G., Casper, D. P., and Kebreab, E.:
Prediction of enteric methane emissions from cattle, Glob. Change Biol., 20,
2140–2148, 2014.
Moe, P. W. and Tyrrell, H. F.: Methane production in dairy cows, J. Dairy
Sci., 62, 1583–1586, 1979.
Moss, A. R., Jouany, J.-P., and Newbold, J.: Methane production by ruminants:
its contribution to global warming, Ann. Zootech., 49, 231–253, 2000.
Nisbet, E. G., Manning, M. R., Dlugokencky, E. J., Fisher, R. E., Lowry, D.,
Michel, S. E., Lund Myhre, C., Platt, S. M., Allen, G., Bousquet, P.,
Brownlow, R., Cain, M., France, J. L., Hermansen, O., Hossaini, R., Jones,
A. E., Levin, I., Manning, A. C., Myhre, G., Pyle, J. A., Vaughn, B. H.,
Warwick, N. J., and White, J. W. C.: Very strong atmospheric methane growth
in the 4 Years 2014–2017: Implications for the Paris Agreement, Global
Biogeochem. Cy., 33, 318–342, 2019.
Pereira, D.: Wind Rose, available at: https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/47248-wind-rose,
MATLAB Central File Exchange, last access: 27 May 2020.
Plumb, G. E. and Dodd J. L.: Foraging ecology of bison and cattle on a mixed
prairie: implications for natural area management, Ecol. App., 3, 631–643,
1993.
Prajapati, P. and Santos, E. A.: Estimating methane emissions from beef
cattle in a feedlot using the eddy covariance technique and footprint
analysis, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 258, 18–28, 2018.
Prajapati, P. and Santos, E. A.: Estimating Herd‐Scale Methane Emissions from Cattle in a Feedlot Using Eddy Covariance Measurements and the Carbon Dioxide Tracer Method, J. Environ. Qual., 48.5, 1427–1434, 2019.
Rains, F. A., Stoy, P. C., Welch, C. M., Montagne, C., and McGlynn, B. L.: A
comparison of methods reveals that enhanced diffusion helps explain
cold-season soil CO2 efflux in a lodgepole pine ecosystem, Cold Reg.
Sci. Technol., 121, 16–24, 2016.
Raupach, M. R.: Simplified expressions for vegetation roughness length and zero-plane displacement as functions of canopy height and area index, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 71.1, 211–216, 1994.
Reisinger, A. and Clark, H.: How much do direct livestock emissions actually
contribute to global warming?, Glob. Change Biol., 24, 1749–1761, 2018.
Sanderson, E. W., Redford, K. H., Weber, B., Aune, K., Baldes, D., Berger, J., Carter, D., Curtin, C., Derr, J., Bodrott, S., Fearn, E., Fleener, C.,
Forrest, S., Gerlach, C., Gates, C. C.m Gross, J. E., Gogan, P., Grassel, S.,
Hilty, J. A., Jensen, M., Kunkel, K., Lammers, D., List, R., Minowski, K.,
Olson, T., Pague, C., Robertson, P., and Stephenson, B.: The ecological
future of the North American Bison: Conceiving long-term, large-scale
conservation of wildlife, Cons. Biol., 22, 252–266, 2008.
Schmid, H. P.: Experimental design for flux measurements: matching scales of
observations and fluxes. Agr. Forest Meteorol., 87, 179–200, 1997.
Smith, F. A., Hammond, J. I., Balk, M. A., Elliott, S., M., Lyons, S., K.,
Pardi, M., I., Tomé, C. P., Wagner, P. J. and Westover, M., L.:
Exploring the influence of ancient and historic megaherbivore extirpations
on the global methane budget, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 874–879, 2016.
Smits, D. D.: The frontier army and the destruction of the buffalo:
1865–1883, West. Hist. Q., 25, 313–338, 1994.
Steed Jr., J. and Hashimoto, A. G.: Methane emissions from typical manure
management systems, Bioresource Technol., 50, 123–130, 1994.
Steuter, A. A. and Hidinger, L.: Comparative ecology of bison and cattle on
mixed-grass prairie, Gt. Plains Res. 9, 329–342, 1999.
Subak, S.: Methane from the House of Tudor and the Ming Dynasty:
Anthropogenic emissions in the sixteenth century, Chemosphere, 29,
843–854, 1994.
Sun, K., Tao, L., Miller, D. J., Zondlo, M. A., Shonkwiler, K. B., Nash, C.,
and Ham, J. M.: Open-path eddy covariance measurements of ammonia fluxes
from a beef cattle feedlot, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 213, 193–202, 2015.
Tallec, T., Klumpp, K., Hensen, A., Rochette, Y., and Soussana, J.-F.: Methane emission measurements in a cattle grazed pasture: a comparison of four methods, Biogeosciences Discuss., 9, 14407–14436, https://doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-14407-2012, 2012.
Taylor, A. M., Amiro, B. D., Tenuta, M., and Gervais, M.: Direct whole-farm
greenhouse gas flux measurements from a beef cattle operation, Agr. Ecosyst.
Environ., 239, 65–79, 2017.
Thompson, A. M., Chappellaz, J. A., Fung, I. Y., and Kucsera, T. L.: The
atmospheric CH4 increase since the Last Glacial Maximum, Tellus B, 45, 242–257, 1993.
Tikhonov, A. N. and Arsenin, V. Y.: Solutions of ill-posed problems, Winston,
Washington, D. C., 1977.
Thornton, P. K. and Herrero, M.: Potential for reduced methane and carbon
dioxide emissions from livestock and pasture management in the tropics,
P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 19667–19672, 2010.
Todd, R. W., Altman, M. B., Cole, N. A., and Waldrip, H. M.: Methane
emissions from a beef cattle feedyard during winter and summer on the
Southern High Plains of Texas, J. Environ. Qual., 43, 1125–1130, 2014.
Towne, E. G., Hartnett, D. C., Cochran, R. C.: Vegetation trends in tallgrass
prairie from bison and cattle grazing, Ecol. Appl., 15, 1550–1559, 2005.
Verhoef, A., McNaughton, K. G., and Jacobs, A. F. G.: A parameterization of momentum roughness length and displacement height for a wide range of canopy densities, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 1, 81–91, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-1-81-1997, 1997.
Vickers, D. and Mahrt, L.: Quality control and flux sampling problems for
tower and aircraft data, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 14, 512–526, 1997.
Vinton, M. A., Hartnett, D. C., Finck, E. J., and Briggs, J. M.: Interactive
effects of fire, bison (Bison bison) grazing and plant community composition in tallgrass prairie, Am. Midl. Nat., 129, 10–18, 1993.
Webb, E. K., Pearman, G. I., and Leuning, R.: Correction of flux measurements
for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer, Q. J. R.
Meteorol. Soc., 106, 85–100, 1980.
Wieringa, J.: Updating the Davenport roughness classification, J. Wind Eng.
Ind., 41, 357–368, 1992.
Wolf, J., Asrar, G. R., and West, T. O.: Revised methane emissions factors
and spatially distributed annual carbon fluxes for global livestock, Carbon
Balance Manag., 12, 16, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-017-0084-y, 2017.
Xu, K., Metzger, S., and Desai, A. R.: Upscaling tower-observed turbulent
exchange at fine spatio-temporal resolution using environmental response
functions, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 232, 10–22, 2017.
Zontek, K.: Buffalo Nation: American Indian Efforts to Restore the Bison,
Bison Books, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE, USA, 2007.
Short summary
The reintroduction of American bison creates multiple environmental benefits. Ruminants like bison also emit methane – a potent greenhouse gas – to the atmosphere, which has not been measured to date in a field setting. We measured methane efflux from an American bison herd during winter using eddy covariance. Automated cameras were used to approximate their location to calculate per-animal flux. From the measurements, bison do not emit more methane than the cattle they often replace.
The reintroduction of American bison creates multiple environmental benefits. Ruminants like...
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint