Articles | Volume 19, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-271-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-271-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
18 Jan 2022
Research article |
| 18 Jan 2022
| 18 Jan 2022
Regional-scale phytoplankton dynamics and their association with glacier meltwater runoff in Svalbard
Department of Environmental Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Røyrgata 6, 6856 Sogndal, Norway
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1047 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
Kaixing Dong
Centre of Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
Kjetil Schanke Aas
Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1047 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
Leif Christian Stige
Centre of Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway
Related authors
Kamilla Hauknes Sjursen, Jordi Bolibar, Marijn van der Meer, Liss Marie Andreassen, Julian Peter Biesheuvel, Thorben Dunse, Matthias Huss, Fabien Maussion, David R. Rounce, and Brandon Tober
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1206, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1206, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding glacier mass changes is crucial for assessing freshwater availability in many regions of the world. We present the Mass Balance Machine, a machine learning model that learns from sparse measurements of glacier mass change to make predictions on unmonitored glaciers. Using data from Norway, we show that the model provides accurate estimates of mass changes at different spatiotemporal scales. Our findings show that machine learning can be a valuable tool to improve such predictions.
Henning Åkesson, Kamilla Hauknes Sjursen, Thomas Vikhamar Schuler, Thorben Dunse, Liss Marie Andreassen, Mette Kusk Gillespie, Benjamin Aubrey Robson, Thomas Schellenberger, and Jacob Clement Yde
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-467, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-467, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We model the historical and future evolution of the Jostedalsbreen ice cap in Norway, projecting substantial and largely irreversible mass loss for the 21st century, and that the ice cap will split into three parts. Further mass loss is in the pipeline, with a disappearance during the 22nd century under high emissions. Our study demonstrates an approach to model complex ice masses, highlights uncertainties due to precipitation, and calls for further research on long-term future glacier change.
Kamilla Hauknes Sjursen, Jordi Bolibar, Marijn van der Meer, Liss Marie Andreassen, Julian Peter Biesheuvel, Thorben Dunse, Matthias Huss, Fabien Maussion, David R. Rounce, and Brandon Tober
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1206, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-1206, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding glacier mass changes is crucial for assessing freshwater availability in many regions of the world. We present the Mass Balance Machine, a machine learning model that learns from sparse measurements of glacier mass change to make predictions on unmonitored glaciers. Using data from Norway, we show that the model provides accurate estimates of mass changes at different spatiotemporal scales. Our findings show that machine learning can be a valuable tool to improve such predictions.
Henning Åkesson, Kamilla Hauknes Sjursen, Thomas Vikhamar Schuler, Thorben Dunse, Liss Marie Andreassen, Mette Kusk Gillespie, Benjamin Aubrey Robson, Thomas Schellenberger, and Jacob Clement Yde
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-467, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-467, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We model the historical and future evolution of the Jostedalsbreen ice cap in Norway, projecting substantial and largely irreversible mass loss for the 21st century, and that the ice cap will split into three parts. Further mass loss is in the pipeline, with a disappearance during the 22nd century under high emissions. Our study demonstrates an approach to model complex ice masses, highlights uncertainties due to precipitation, and calls for further research on long-term future glacier change.
Marius S. A. Lambert, Hui Tang, Kjetil S. Aas, Frode Stordal, Rosie A. Fisher, Yilin Fang, Junyan Ding, and Frans-Jan W. Parmentier
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 8809–8829, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8809-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-8809-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we implement a hardening mortality scheme into CTSM5.0-FATES-Hydro and evaluate how it impacts plant hydraulics and vegetation growth. Our work shows that the hydraulic modifications prescribed by the hardening scheme are necessary to model realistic vegetation growth in cold climates, in contrast to the default model that simulates almost nonexistent and declining vegetation due to abnormally large water loss through the roots.
Noah D. Smith, Eleanor J. Burke, Kjetil Schanke Aas, Inge H. J. Althuizen, Julia Boike, Casper Tai Christiansen, Bernd Etzelmüller, Thomas Friborg, Hanna Lee, Heather Rumbold, Rachael H. Turton, Sebastian Westermann, and Sarah E. Chadburn
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 3603–3639, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3603-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3603-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Arctic has large areas of small mounds that are caused by ice lifting up the soil. Snow blown by wind gathers in hollows next to these mounds, insulating them in winter. The hollows tend to be wetter, and thus the soil absorbs more heat in summer. The warm wet soil in the hollows decomposes, releasing methane. We have made a model of this, and we have tested how it behaves and whether it looks like sites in Scandinavia and Siberia. Sometimes we get more methane than a model without mounds.
Léo C. P. Martin, Jan Nitzbon, Johanna Scheer, Kjetil S. Aas, Trond Eiken, Moritz Langer, Simon Filhol, Bernd Etzelmüller, and Sebastian Westermann
The Cryosphere, 15, 3423–3442, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3423-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3423-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
It is important to understand how permafrost landscapes respond to climate changes because their thaw can contribute to global warming. We investigate how a common permafrost morphology degrades using both field observations of the surface elevation and numerical modeling. We show that numerical models accounting for topographic changes related to permafrost degradation can reproduce the observed changes in nature and help us understand how parameters such as snow influence this phenomenon.
Lei Cai, Hanna Lee, Kjetil Schanke Aas, and Sebastian Westermann
The Cryosphere, 14, 4611–4626, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4611-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4611-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A sub-grid representation of excess ground ice in the Community Land Model (CLM) is developed as novel progress in modeling permafrost thaw and its impacts under the warming climate. The modeled permafrost degradation with sub-grid excess ice follows the pathway that continuous permafrost transforms into discontinuous permafrost before it disappears, including surface subsidence and talik formation, which are highly permafrost-relevant landscape changes excluded from most land models.
Øyvind Seland, Mats Bentsen, Dirk Olivié, Thomas Toniazzo, Ada Gjermundsen, Lise Seland Graff, Jens Boldingh Debernard, Alok Kumar Gupta, Yan-Chun He, Alf Kirkevåg, Jörg Schwinger, Jerry Tjiputra, Kjetil Schanke Aas, Ingo Bethke, Yuanchao Fan, Jan Griesfeller, Alf Grini, Chuncheng Guo, Mehmet Ilicak, Inger Helene Hafsahl Karset, Oskar Landgren, Johan Liakka, Kine Onsum Moseid, Aleksi Nummelin, Clemens Spensberger, Hui Tang, Zhongshi Zhang, Christoph Heinze, Trond Iversen, and Michael Schulz
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 6165–6200, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-6165-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The second version of the coupled Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM2) is presented and evaluated. The temperature and precipitation patterns has improved compared to NorESM1. The model reaches present-day warming levels to within 0.2 °C of observed temperature but with a delayed warming during the late 20th century. Under the four scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5), the warming in the period of 2090–2099 compared to 1850–1879 reaches 1.3, 2.2, 3.1, and 3.9 K.
Cited articles
Aas, K. S., Berntsen, T. K., Boike, J., Etzelmuller, B., Kristjansson, J. E., Maturilli, M., Schuler, T. V., Stordal, F., and Westermann, S.: A Comparison between Simulated and Observed Surface Energy Balance at the Svalbard Archipelago, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 54, 1102–1119, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-14-0080.1, 2015. a
Aas, K. S., Dunse, T., Collier, E., Schuler, T. V., Berntsen, T. K., Kohler, J., and Luks, B.: The climatic mass balance of Svalbard glaciers: a 10-year simulation with a coupled atmosphere–glacier mass balance model, The Cryosphere, 10, 1089–1104, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1089-2016, 2016. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i
Dunse, T. and Aas, K. S.: Timeseries of simulated glacier meltwater runoff for primary hydrological regions in Svalbard, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5115647, 2021. a
AMAP: Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA) 2017, Tech. rep., Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), 2017. a
Ardyna, M., Babin, M., Gosselin, M., Devred, E., Bélanger, S., Matsuoka, A., and Tremblay, J.-É.: Parameterization of vertical chlorophyll a in the Arctic Ocean: impact of the subsurface chlorophyll maximum on regional, seasonal, and annual primary production estimates, Biogeosciences, 10, 4383–4404, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4383-2013, 2013. a
Arendt, K. E., Agersted, M. D., Sejr, M. K., and Juul-Pedersen, T.: Glacial meltwater influences on plankton community structure and the importance of top-down control (of primary production) in a NE Greenland fjord, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 183, 123–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2016.08.026, 2016. a
Arrigo, K. R.: Sea Ice Ecosystems, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 6, 439–467, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010213-135103, 2014. a
Arrigo, K. R. and van Dijken, G. L.: Continued increases in Arctic Ocean primary production, Prog. Oceanogr., 136, 60–70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.05.002, 2015. a
Arrigo, K. R., Matrai, P. A., and van Dijken, G. L.: Primary productivity in the Arctic Ocean: Impacts of complex optical properties and subsurface chlorophyll maxima on large-scale estimates, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 116, C11022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007273, 2011. a
Arrigo, K. R., van Dijken, G. L., Castelao, R. M., Luo, H., Rennermalm, A. K., Tedesco, M., Mote, T. L., Oliver, H., and Yager, P. L.: Melting glaciers stimulate large summer phytoplankton blooms in southwest Greenland waters, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 6278–6285, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073583, 2017. a
Bamber, J. L., Tedstone, A. J., King, M. D., Howat, I. M., Enderlin, E. M.,
van den Broeke, M. R., and Noel, B.: Land Ice Freshwater Budget of the Arctic
and North Atlantic Oceans: 1. Data, Methods, and Results,
J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 123, 1827–1837,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013605, 2018. a, b
Behrenfeld, M. J. and Boss, E. S.: Resurrecting the Ecological Underpinnings of Ocean Plankton Blooms, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 6, 167–194, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-052913-021325, 2014. a
Bhatia, M. P., Kujawinski, E. B., Das, S. B., Breier, C. F., Henderson, P. B., and Charette, M. A.: Greenland meltwater as a significant and potentially bioavailable source of iron to the ocean, Nat. Geosci., 6, 274–278, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1746, 2013. a
Calbet, A., Riisgaard, K., Saiz, E., Zamora, S., Stedmon, C., and Nielsen, T. G.: Phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing along a sub-Arctic fjord (Godthabsfjord, west Greenland), Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 442, 11–22, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09343, 2011. a
Calleja, M. L., Kerherve, P., Bourgeois, S., Kedra, M., Leynaert, A., Devred, E., Babin, M., and Morata, N.: Effects of increase glacier discharge on phytoplankton bloom dynamics and pelagic geochemistry in a high Arctic fjord, Prog. Oceanogr., 159, 195–210, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2017.07.005, 2017. a, b
Cantoni, C., Hopwood, M. J., Clarke, J. S., Chiggiato, J., Achterberg, E. P., and Cozzi, S.: Glacial Drivers of Marine Biogeochemistry Indicate a Future Shift to More Corrosive Conditions in an Arctic Fjord, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 125, e2020JG005633, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JG005633, 2020. a, b
Carroll, D., Sutherland, D. A., Shroyer, E. L., Nash, J. D., Catania, G. A., and Stearns, L. A.: Subglacial discharge-driven renewal of tidewater glacier fjords, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 6611–6629, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC012962, 2017. a, b, c
Claremar, B., Obleitner, F., Reijmer, C., Pohjola, V., Waxegard, A.,
Karner, F., and Rutgersson, A.: Applying a Mesoscale Atmospheric Model to
Svalbard Glaciers, Adv. Meteorol., 2012, 321649, https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/321649,
2012. a
Colella, S., Volpe, G., Santoleri, R., Forneris, V., Brando, V.E., Garnesson, P., Taylor, B., and Grant, M.: Arctic Chlorophyll Concentration from Satellite observations (8-day average; Issue 1.4) Reprocessed L4 (ESA-CCI), Copernicus Marine Service [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00066, 2017. a
Colella, S., Garnesson, P., Netting, J., Calton, B., Cesarini, C., and Böhm, E.: Arctic Chlorophyll Concentration from Satellite observations (Issue 8.0) Reprocessed L4 (ESA-CCI), Copernicus Marine Service [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00066, 2021. a
Cottier, F., Tverberg, V., Inall, M., Svendsen, H., Nilsen, F., and Griffiths, C.: Water mass modification in an Arctic fjord through cross-shelf exchange: The seasonal hydrography of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 110, C12005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002757, 2005. a, b, c
Cottier, F. R., Nilsen, F., Inall, M. E., Gerland, S., Tverberg, V., and Svendsen, H.: Wintertime warming of an Arctic shelf in response to large-scale atmospheric circulation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, l10607, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029948, 2007. a
Dowdeswell, J. A., Hogan, K. A., Arnold, N. S., Mugford, R. I., Wells, M., Hirst, J. P. P., and Decalf, C.: Sediment-rich meltwater plumes and ice-proximal fans at the margins of modern and ancient tidewater glaciers: Observations and modelling, Sedimentology, 62, 1665–1692, https://doi.org/10.1111/sed.12198, 2015. a, b
Dubnick, A., Kazemi, S., Sharp, M., Wadham, J., Hawkings, J., Beaton, A., and
Lanoil, B.: Hydrological controls on glacially exported microbial assemblages,
J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 122, 1049–1061, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JG003685, 2017. a
Finkel, Z. V.: Light absorption and size scaling of light-limited metabolism in marine diatoms, Limnol. Oceanogr., 46, 86–94, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2001.46.1.0086, 2001. a
Finkel, Z. V., Irwin, A. J., and Schofield, O.: Resource limitation alters the 3/4 size scaling of metabolic rates in phytoplankton, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 273, 269–279, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps273269, 2004. a
Fransson, A., Chierici, M., Nomura, D., Granskog, M. A., Kristiansen, S.,
Martma, T., and Nehrke, G.: Effect of glacial drainage water on the
CO2 system and ocean acidification state in an Arctic
tidewater-glacier fjord during two contrasting years, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 120, 2413–2429,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JC010320, 2015. a
Gohin, F., Saulquin, B., Oger-Jeanneret, H., Lozac'h, L., Lampert, L., Lefebvre, A., Riou, P., and Bruchon, F.: Towards a better assessment of the ecological status of coastal waters using satellite-derived chlorophyll-a concentrations, Remote Sens. Environ., 112, 3329–3340, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.02.014, 2008. a
Hackett, B., Bertino, L., Ali, A., Burud, A., Williams, T., Xie, J., Yumruktepe, C., and Wakamatsu, T.: Arctic Ocean Physics Reanalysis (Issue 5.4), Copernicus Marine Service [data set], https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00007, 2017. a
Hagen, J. O., Liestøl, O., Roland, E., and Jørgensen, T.: Glacier Atlas of Svalbard and Jan Mayen, Norsk Polarinstitutt, Oslo and Norway, 1993. a
Halbach, L., Vihtakari, M., Duarte, P., Everett, A., Granskog, M. A., Hop, H., Kauko, H. M., Kristiansen, S., Myhre, P. I., Pavlov, A. K., Pramanik, A., Tatarek, A., Torsvik, T., Wiktor, J. M., Wold, A., Wulff, A., Steen, H., and Assmy, P.: Tidewater Glaciers and Bedrock Characteristics Control the Phytoplankton Growth Environment in a Fjord in the Arctic, Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, UNSP 254, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00254, 2019. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k
Hawkings, J., Wadham, J., Tranter, M., Lawson, E., Sole, A., Cowton, T.,
Tedstone, A., Bartholomew, I., Nienow, P., Chandler, D., and Telling, J.: The
effect of warming climate on nutrient and solute export from the Greenland Ice
Sheet, Geochem. Perspect. Lett., 1, 94–104,
2015. a
Hegseth, E. N. and Tverberg, V.: Effect of Atlantic water inflow on timing of the phytoplankton spring bloom in a high Arctic fjord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard), J. Marine Syst., 113, 94–105, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2013.01.003, 2013. a
Hegseth, E. N., Assmy, P., Wiktor, J. M., Wiktor, J., Kristiansen, S., Leu, E., Tverberg, V., Gabrielsen, T. M., Skogseth, R., and Cottier, F.: Phytoplankton Seasonal Dynamics in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard and the Adjacent Shelf, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 173–227, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46425-1_6, 2019. a, b
Hodson, A., Nowak, A., and Christiansen, H.: Glacial and periglacial floodplain sediments regulate hydrologic transfer of reactive iron to a high arctic fjord, Hydrol. Process., 30, 1219–1229, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10701, 2016. a
Hodson, A. J., Mumford, P. N., Kohler, J., and Wynn, P. M.: The High Arctic glacial ecosystem: new insights from nutrient budgets, Biogeochemistry, 72, 233–256, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-004-0362-0, 2005. a
Holding, J. M., Markager, S., Juul-Pedersen, T., Paulsen, M. L., Møller, E. F., Meire, L., and Sejr, M. K.: Seasonal and spatial patterns of primary production in a high-latitude fjord affected by Greenland Ice Sheet run-off, Biogeosciences, 16, 3777–3792, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-3777-2019, 2019. a, b, c, d
Hop, H., Assmy, P., Wold, A., Sundfjord, A., Daase, M., Duarte, P., Kwasniewski, S., Gluchowska, M., Wiktor, J. M., Tatarek, A., Wiktor, J., Kristiansen, S., Fransson, A., Chierici, M., and Vihtakari, M.: Pelagic Ecosystem Characteristics Across the Atlantic Water Boundary Current From Rijpfjorden, Svalbard, to the Arctic Ocean During Summer (2010–2014), Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, UNSP 181, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00181, 2019. a, b, c, d
Hopwood, M. J., Connelly, D. P., Arendt, K. E., Juul-Pedersen, T., Stinchcombe, M. C., Meire, L., Esposito, M., and Krishna, R.: Seasonal Changes in Fe along a Glaciated Greenlandic Fjord, Front. Earth Sci., 4, UNSP 15, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2016.00015, 2016. a
Hopwood, M. J., Carroll, D., Browning, T. J., Meire, L., Mortensen, J., Krisch, S., and Achterberg, E. P.: Non-linear response of summertime marine productivity to increased meltwater discharge around Greenland, Nat. Commun., 9, 3256, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05488-8, 2018. a, b, c, d
Hopwood, M. J., Carroll, D., Dunse, T., Hodson, A., Holding, J. M., Iriarte, J. L., Ribeiro, S., Achterberg, E. P., Cantoni, C., Carlson, D. F., Chierici, M., Clarke, J. S., Cozzi, S., Fransson, A., Juul-Pedersen, T., Winding, M. H. S., and Meire, L.: Review article: How does glacier discharge affect marine biogeochemistry and primary production in the Arctic?, The Cryosphere, 14, 1347–1383, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-1347-2020, 2020. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k
How, P., Benn, D. I., Hulton, N. R. J., Hubbard, B., Luckman, A., Sevestre, H., van Pelt, W. J. J., Lindbäck, K., Kohler, J., and Boot, W.: Rapidly changing subglacial hydrological pathways at a tidewater glacier revealed through simultaneous observations of water pressure, supraglacial lakes, meltwater plumes and surface velocities, The Cryosphere, 11, 2691–2710, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2691-2017, 2017. a, b
Hu, C., Lee, Z., and Franz, B.: Chlorophyll aalgorithms for oligotrophic oceans: A novel approach based on three-band reflectance difference, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 117, C01011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007395, c01011, 2012. a
Hugonnet, R., McNabb, R., Berthier, E., Menounos, B., Nuth, C., Girod, L., Farinotti, D., Huss, M., Dussaillant, I., Brun, F., and Kääb, A.: Accelerated global glacier mass loss in the early twenty-first century, Nature, 592, 726–731, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03436-z, 2021. a
Hurvich, C. and Tsai, C.: Regression and Time-series Model Selection in Small Samples, Biometrika, 76, 297–307, https://doi.org/10.2307/2336663, 1989. a
IMBIE Team: Mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018, Nature, 117, 233–239,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1855-2, 2019. a
Isaksen, K., Nordli, O., Forland, E. J., Lupikasza, E., Eastwood, S., and Niedzwiedz, T.: Recent warming on SpitsbergenInfluence of atmospheric circulation and sea ice cover, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 11913–11931, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025606, 2016. a
Juul-Pedersen, T., Arendt, K. E., Mortensen, J., Blicher, M. E., Sogaard, D. H., and Rysgaard, S.: Seasonal and interannual phytoplankton production in a sub-Arctic tidewater outlet glacier fjord, SW Greenland, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 524, 27–38, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11174, 2015. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j
Kahru, M., Kudela, R. M., Anderson, C. R., Manzano-Sarabia, M., and Mitchell, B. G.: Evaluation of Satellite Retrievals of Ocean Chlorophyll-a in the California Current, Remote Sens.-Basel, 6, 8524–8540, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs6098524, 2014. a
Kanna, N., Sugiyama, S., Ohashi, Y., Sakakibara, D., Fukamachi, Y., and Nomura, D.: Upwelling of Macronutrients and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon by a Subglacial Freshwater Driven Plume in Bowdoin Fjord, Northwestern Greenland, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 123, 1666–1682, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JG004248, 2018. a, b, c
Kilpelainen, T., Vihma, T., and Olafsson, H.: Modelling of spatial variability and topographic effects over Arctic fjords in Svalbard, Tellus A, 63, 223–237, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0870.2010.00481.x, 2011. a
Kilpelainen, T., Vihma, T., Manninen, M., Sjoblom, A., Jakobson, E., Palo, T., and Maturilli, M.: Modelling the vertical structure of the atmospheric boundary layer over Arctic fjords in Svalbard, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 138, 1867–1883, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.1914, 2012. a
König, M., Nuth, C., Kohler, J., Moholdt, G., and Pettersen, R.: A digital glacier database for svalbard, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 229–239, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79818-7_10, 2014. a
Lee, Y., Matrai, P. A., Friedrichs, M. A. M., Saba, V. S., Antoine, D., Ardyna, M., Asanuma, I., Babin, M., Belanger, S., Benoit-Gagne, M., Devred, E., Fernandez-Mendez, M., Gentili, B., Hirawake, T., Kang, S. H., Kameda, T., Katlein, C., Lee, S. H., Lee, Z. P., Melin, F., Scardi, M., Smyth, T. J., Tang, S., Turpie, K. R., Waters, K. J., and Westberry, T. K.: An assessment of phytoplankton primary productivity in the Arctic Ocean from satellite ocean color/chlorophyll-a based models, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 120, 6508–6541, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC011018, 2015. a
Lee, Z., Weidemann, A., Kindle, J., Arnone, R., Carder, K. L., and Davis, C.: Euphotic zone depth: Its derivation and implication to ocean-color remote sensing, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 112, C03009, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC003802, 2007. a
Loeng, H.: Features of the Physical Oceanographic Conditions of the Barents Sea, Polar Res., 10, 5–18, 1991. a
Lydersen, C., Assmy, P., Falk-Petersen, S., Kohler, J., Kovacs, K. M., Reigstad, M., Steen, H., Strom, H., Sundfjord, A., Varpe, O., Walczowski, W., Weslawski, J. M., and Zajaczkowski, M.: The importance of tidewater glaciers for marine mammals and seabirds in Svalbard, Norway, J. Marine Syst., 129, 452–471, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2013.09.006, 2014. a, b
Matrai, P. A., Olson, E., Suttles, S., Hill, V., Codispoti, L. A., Light, B., and Steele, M.: Synthesis of primary production in the Arctic Ocean: I. Surface waters, 1954–2007, Prog. Oceanogr., 110, 93–106, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2012.11.004, 2013. a
McGovern, M., Pavlov, A. K., Deininger, A., Granskog, M. A., Leu, E., Søreide, J. E., and Poste, A. E.: Terrestrial Inputs Drive Seasonality in Organic Matter and Nutrient Biogeochemistry in a High Arctic Fjord System (Isfjorden, Svalbard), Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, 747, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.542563, 2020. a, b, c
Meire, L., Mortensen, J., Rysgaard, S., Bendtsen, J., Boone, W., Meire, P., and Meysman, F. J. R.: Spring bloom dynamics in a subarctic fjord influenced by tidewater outlet glaciers (Godthåbsfjord, SW Greenland), J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 121, 1581–1592, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003240, 2015JG003240, 2016. a, b, c, d
Milner, A. M., Khamis, K., Battin, T. J., Brittain, J. E., Barrand, N. E., Füreder, L., Cauvy-Fraunié, S., Gíslason, G. M., Jacobsen, D., Hannah, D. M., Hodson, A. J., Hood, E., Lencioni, V., Ólafsson, J. S., Robinson, C. T., Tranter, M., and Brown, L. E.: Glacier shrinkage driving global changes in downstream systems, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 9770–9778, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619807114, 2017. a
Mölg, T., Cullen, N. J., Hardy, D. R., Kaser, G., and Klok, L.: Mass balance of a slope glacier on Kilimanjaro and its sensitivity to climate, Int. J. Climatol., 28, 881–892, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1589, 2008. a
Mölg, T., Cullen, N. J., Hardy, D. R., Winkler, M., and Kaser, G.: Quantifying Climate Change in the Tropical Midtroposphere over East Africa from Glacier Shrinkage on Kilimanjaro, J. Climate, 22, 4162–4181, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI2954.1, 2009. a
Moses, W. J., Gitelson, A. A., Berdnikov, S., and Povazhnyy, V.: Estimation of chlorophyll-a concentration in case II waters using MODIS and MERIS data-successes and challenges, Environ. Res. Lett., 4, 045005, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045005, 2009. a
Nilsen, F., Skogseth, R., Vaardal-Lunde, J., and Inall, M.: A Simple Shelf Circulation Model: Intrusion of Atlantic Water on the West Spitsbergen Shelf, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 1209–1230, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0058.1, 2016. a, b, c, d
Nordli, O., Przybylak, R., Ogilvie, A. E. J., and Isaksen, K.: Long-term temperature trends and variability on Spitsbergen: the extended Svalbard Airport temperature series, 1898–2012, Polar Res., 33, 21349, https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v33.21349, 2014. a
Nuth, C., Kohler, J., König, M., von Deschwanden, A., Hagen, J. O., Kääb, A., Moholdt, G., and Pettersson, R.: Decadal changes from a multi-temporal glacier inventory of Svalbard, The Cryosphere, 7, 1603–1621, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1603-2013, 2013. a, b, c
Piquet, A. M.-T., van de Poll, W. H., Visser, R. J. W., Wiencke, C., Bolhuis, H., and Buma, A. G. J.: Springtime phytoplankton dynamics in Arctic Krossfjorden and Kongsfjorden (Spitsbergen) as a function of glacier proximity, Biogeosciences, 11, 2263–2279, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2263-2014, 2014. a, b, c
Popova, E. E., Yool, A., Coward, A. C., Aksenov, Y. K., Alderson, S. G., de Cuevas, B. A., and Anderson, T. R.: Control of primary production in the Arctic by nutrients and light: insights from a high resolution ocean general circulation model, Biogeosciences, 7, 3569–3591, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-3569-2010, 2010. a
Pramanik, A., Van Pelt, W., Kohler, J., and Schuler, T. V.: Simulating climatic mass balance, seasonal snow development and associated freshwater runoff in the Kongsfjord basin, Svalbard (1980–2016), J. Glaciol., 64, 943–956, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2018.80, 2018. a
Prospero, J. M., Bullard, J. E., and Hodgkins, R.: High-Latitude Dust Over the North Atlantic: Inputs from Icelandic Proglacial Dust Storms, Science, 335, 1078–1082, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1217447, 2012. a
R Core Team R: A language and environment for statistical computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, available at: https://www.R-project.org/ (last access: 13 November 2017), 2016. a
Rysgaard, S. and Nielsen, T. G.: Carbon cycling in a high-arctic marine ecosystem – Young Sound, NE Greenland, Prog. Oceanogr., 71, 426–445, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2006.09.004, 2006. a
Rysgaard, S., Nielsen, T. G., and Hansen, B. W.: Seasonal variation in
nutrients, pelagic primary production and grazing in a high-Arctic coastal
marine ecosystem, Young Sound, Northeast Greenland, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser.,
179, 13–25, 1999. a
Rysgaard, S., Vang, T., Stjernholm, M., Rasmussen, B., Windelin, A., and Kiilsholm, S.: Physical conditions, carbon transport, and climate change impacts in a northeast Greenland fjord, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 35, 301–312, https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(2003)035[0301:PCCTAC]2.0.CO;2, 2003. a
Sakov, P., Counillon, F., Bertino, L., Lisæter, K. A., Oke, P. R., and Korablev, A.: TOPAZ4: an ocean-sea ice data assimilation system for the North Atlantic and Arctic, Ocean Sci., 8, 633–656, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-8-633-2012, 2012. a
Sakshaug, E.: Primary and Secondary Production in the Arctic Seas, in The Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 57–81, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18912-8_3, 2004. a, b
Sakshaug, E., Johnsen, G., and Kovacs, K.: Ecosystem Barents Sea, Tapir
Academic, edited by: Sakshaug, E., Johnsen, G., and Kovacs, K., Tapir Academic Press, 2009. a
Sathyendranath, S., Brewin, B., Mueller, D., Doerffer, R., Krasemann, H.,
Melin, F., Brockmann, C., Fomferra, N., Peters, M., Grant, M., Steinmetz, F.,
Deschamps, P. Y., Swinton, J., Smyth, T., Werdell, J., Franz, B.,
Maritorena, S., Devred, E., Lee, Z. P., Hu, C. M., and Regner, P.: Ocean
Colour Climate Change Initiative – Approach and Initial Results,
Int. Geosci. Remote Se., 2024–2027, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2012.6350979,
2012. a
Schild, K. M., Renshaw, C. E., Benn, D. I., Luckman, A., Hawley, R. L., How, P., Trusel, L., Cottier, F. R., Pramanik, A., and Hulton, N. R. J.: Glacier Calving Rates Due to Subglacial Discharge, Fjord Circulation, and Free Convection, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 123, 2189–2204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JF004520, 2018. a
Schuler, T. V., Kohler, J., Elagina, N., Hagen, J. O. M., Hodson, A. J., Jania, J. A., Kääb, A. M., Luks, B., Malecki, J., Moholdt, G., Pohjola, V. A., Sobota, I., and Van Pelt, W. J. J.: Reconciling Svalbard Glacier Mass Balance, Front. Earth Sci., 8, 156, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.00156, 2020. a, b, c, d
Skamarock, W. C. and Klemp, J. B.: A time-split nonhydrostatic atmospheric model for weather research and forecasting applications, J. Comput. Phys., 227, 3465–3485, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2007.01.037, 2008. a
Slater, D., Nienow, P., Sole, A., Cowton, T., Mottram, R., Langen, P., and Mair, D.: Spatially distributed runoff at the grounding line of a large Greenlandic tidewater glacier inferred from plume modelling, J. Glaciol., 63, 309–323, https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.139, 2017. a
Song, H., Ji, R., Jin, M., Li, Y., Feng, Z., Varpe, Y., and Davis, C. S.: Strong and regionally distinct links between ice-retreat timing and phytoplankton production in the Arctic Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 66, 2498–2508, https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11768, 2021. a
Spall, M. A., Jackson, R. H., and Straneo, F.: Katabatic Wind-Driven Exchange in Fjords, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 8246–8262, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013026, 2017. a
Straneo, F. and Cenedese, C.: The Dynamics of Greenland's Glacial Fjords and Their Role in Climate, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 7, 89–112, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010213-135133, 2015. a, b
Straneo, F., Sutherland, D. A., Stearns, L., Catania, G., Heimbach, P., Moon, T., Cape, M. R., Laidre, K. L., Barber, D., Rysgaard, S., Mottram, R., Olsen, S., Hopwood, M. J., and Meire, L.: The Case for a Sustained Greenland Ice Sheet-Ocean Observing System (GrIOOS), Front. Mar. Sci., 6, 138, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00138, 2019. a
Sundfjord, A., Albretsen, J., Kasajima, Y., Skogseth, R., Kohler, J., Nuth, C., Skarohamar, J., Cottier, F., Nilsen, F., Asplin, L., Gerland, S., and Torsvik, T.: Effects of glacier runoff and wind on surface layer dynamics and Atlantic Water exchange in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard; a model study, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 187, 260–272, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.01.015, 2017. a, b, c, d, e
Svendsen, H., Beszczynska-Moller, A., Hagen, J. O., Lefauconnier, B.,
Tverberg, V., Gerland, S., Orbaek, J. B., Bischof, K., Papucci, C.,
Zajaczkowski, M., Azzolini, R., Bruland, O., Wiencke, C., Winther, J. G., and
Dallmann, W.: The physical environment of Kongsfjorden-Krossfjorden, an Arctic
fjord system in Svalbard, Polar Res., 21, 133–166,
https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v21i1.6479, 2002. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q
Terhaar, J., Lauerwald, R., Regnier, P., Gruber, N., and Bopp, L.: Around one third of current Arctic Ocean primary production sustained by rivers and coastal erosion, Nat. Commun., 12, 169, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20470-z, 2021. a
Torsvik, T., Albretsen, J., Sundfjord, A., Kohler, J., Sandvik, A. D., Skarohamar, J., Lindback, K., and Everett, A.: Impact of tidewater glacier retreat on the fjord system: Modeling present and future circulation in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 220, 152–165, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2019.02.005, 2019. a, b
Tremblay, J. E., Michel, C., Hobson, K. A., Gosselin, M., and Price, N. M.: Bloom dynamics in early opening waters of the Arctic Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 51, 900–912, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.2.0900, 2006. a, b
Tremblay, J. E., Simpson, K. G., Martin, J., Miller, L., Gratton, Y., Barber, D., and Price, N. M.: Vertical stability and the annual dynamics of nutrients and chlorophyll fluorescence in the coastal, southeast Beaufort Sea, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 113, C07S90, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004547, 2008. a
van de Poll, W. H., Kulk, G., Rozema, P. D., Brussaard, C. P. D.,
Visser, R. J. W., and Buma, A. G. J.: Contrasting glacial meltwater effects on
post-bloom phytoplankton on temporal and spatial scales in Kongsfjorden,
Spitsbergen, Elementa – Science of the Anthropocene, 6, 50, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.307, 2018.
a
van Pelt, W., Pohjola, V., Pettersson, R., Marchenko, S., Kohler, J., Luks, B., Hagen, J. O., Schuler, T. V., Dunse, T., Noël, B., and Reijmer, C.: A long-term dataset of climatic mass balance, snow conditions, and runoff in Svalbard (1957–2018), The Cryosphere, 13, 2259–2280, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2259-2019, 2019. a
Wadham, J. L., De'ath, R., Monteiro, F. M., Tranter, M., Ridgwell, A., Raiswell, R., and Tulaczyk, S.: The potential role of the Antarctic Ice Sheet in global biogeochemical cycles, Earth Env. Sci. T. R. So., 104, 55–67, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755691013000108, 2013. a
Walczowski, W. and Piechura, J.: Influence of the West Spitsbergen Current on the local climate, Int. J. Climatol., 31, 1088–1093, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.2338, 2011. a
Wassmann, P., Carmack, E., Bluhm, B., Duarte, C., Berge, J., Brown, K., Grebmeier, J., Holding, J., Kosobokova, K., Kwok, R., Matrai, P., Agusti, S., Babin, M., Bhatt, U., Eicken, H., Polyakov, I., Rysgaard, S., and Huntington, H.: Towards a unifying pan-arctic perspective: A conceptual modelling toolkit, Prog. Oceanogr., 189, 102455, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102455, 2020. a
Xie, J., Bertino, L., Counillon, F., Lisæter, K. A., and Sakov, P.: Quality assessment of the TOPAZ4 reanalysis in the Arctic over the period 1991–2013, Ocean Sci., 13, 123–144, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-13-123-2017, 2017. a
Zajaczkowski, M. and Wlodarska-Kowalczuk, M.: Dynamic sedimentary environments of an Arctic glacier-fed river estuary (Adventfjorden, Svalbard). I. Flux, deposition, and sediment dynamics, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 74, 285–296, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.04.015, 2007. a
Short summary
We investigate the effect of glacier meltwater on phytoplankton dynamics in Svalbard. Phytoplankton forms the basis of the marine food web, and its seasonal dynamics depend on the availability of light and nutrients, both of which are affected by glacier runoff. We use satellite ocean color, an indicator of phytoplankton biomass, and glacier mass balance modeling to find that the overall effect of glacier runoff on marine productivity is positive within the major fjord systems of Svalbard.
We investigate the effect of glacier meltwater on phytoplankton dynamics in Svalbard....
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint