Articles | Volume 20, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-27-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-27-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
03 Jan 2023
Research article |
| 03 Jan 2023
| 03 Jan 2023
Limits and CO2 equilibration of near-coast alkalinity enhancement
MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography and Applied Ocean Science and Engineering, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
Google Inc., 601 N 34th St, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
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Cited
49 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Considerations for hypothetical carbon dioxide removal via alkalinity addition in the Amazon River watershed L. Mu et al. 10.5194/bg-20-1963-2023
- Effects of ocean alkalinity enhancement on plankton in the Equatorial Pacific J. Guo et al. 10.1038/s43247-025-02248-7
- Natural analogs to ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Subhas et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-8-2023
- Assessing the technical aspects of ocean-alkalinity-enhancement approaches M. Eisaman et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-3-2023
- Assessment framework to predict sensitivity of marine calcifiers to ocean alkalinity enhancement – identification of biological thresholds and importance of precautionary principle N. Bednaršek et al. 10.5194/bg-22-473-2025
- Seafloor alkalinity enhancement as a carbon dioxide removal strategy in the Baltic Sea A. Dale et al. 10.1038/s43247-024-01569-3
- Electrochemical ocean alkalinity enhancement using a calcium ion battery P. Iyapazham Vaigunda Suba et al. 10.1016/j.ijggc.2023.104012
- Field experiments in ocean alkalinity enhancement research T. Cyronak et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-7-2023
- Pathways for marine carbon dioxide removal using electrochemical acid-base generation M. Eisaman 10.3389/fclim.2024.1349604
- Negative Emission Enabled by Combining Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement and Waste Concrete Upcycling S. Jin et al. 10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c07507
- On the emission-path dependency of the efficiency of ocean alkalinity enhancement J. Schwinger et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad5a27
- Technical note: Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Pelagic Impact Intercomparison Project (OAEPIIP) L. Bach et al. 10.5194/bg-21-3665-2024
- An assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement using aqueous hydroxides: kinetics, efficiency, and precipitation thresholds M. Ringham et al. 10.5194/bg-21-3551-2024
- Prey dynamics as a buffer: enhancing copepod resilience to ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Bhaumik et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/adaa8c
- Seawater carbonate chemistry based carbon dioxide removal: towards commonly agreed principles for carbon monitoring, reporting, and verification P. Halloran et al. 10.3389/fclim.2025.1487138
- Contrasting carbon dioxide removal potential and nutrient feedbacks of simulated ocean alkalinity enhancement and macroalgae afforestation L. Kwiatkowski et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad08f9
- Toward a consensus framework to evaluate air–sea CO2 equilibration for marine CO2 removal L. Bach et al. 10.1002/lol2.10330
- Unaccountable counting: the folly of incorporating open ocean carbon sinks in Nationally Determined Contributions M. Berger et al. 10.5802/crgeos.271
- Seawater carbonate chemistry considerations for ocean alkalinity enhancement research: theory, measurements, and calculations K. Schulz et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-2-2023
- Identifying the Most (Cost‐)Efficient Regions for CO2 Removal With Iron Fertilization in the Southern Ocean L. Bach et al. 10.1029/2023GB007754
- Magnesium hydroxide addition reduces aqueous carbon dioxide in wastewater discharged to the ocean V. Kitidis et al. 10.1038/s43247-024-01506-4
- Investigating the effect of silicate- and calcium-based ocean alkalinity enhancement on diatom silicification A. Ferderer et al. 10.5194/bg-21-2777-2024
- Review and syntheses: Ocean alkalinity enhancement and carbon dioxide removal through marine enhanced rock weathering using olivine L. Geerts et al. 10.5194/bg-22-355-2025
- No compromise in efficiency from the co-application of a marine and a terrestrial CDR method Y. Moustakis et al. 10.1038/s41467-025-59982-x
- Acid and base generation via an electrochemical hydrogen-looping cell tailored for carbon removal applications Z. Schiffer et al. 10.1016/j.device.2024.100506
- Moderate ocean alkalinity enhancement likely to have minimal effects on a habitat‐forming kelp across multiple life stages D. Britton et al. 10.1002/lno.70029
- Site selection for ocean alkalinity enhancement informed by passive tracer simulations Y. Guo et al. 10.1038/s43247-025-02480-1
- Marine carbon dioxide removal by alkalinization should no longer be overlooked K. Kowalczyk et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad5192
- The additionality problem of ocean alkalinity enhancement L. Bach 10.5194/bg-21-261-2024
- Mapping the global variation in the efficiency of ocean alkalinity enhancement for carbon dioxide removal M. Zhou et al. 10.1038/s41558-024-02179-9
- Alkalinity biases in CMIP6 Earth system models and implications for simulated CO2 drawdown via artificial alkalinity enhancement C. Hinrichs et al. 10.5194/bg-20-3717-2023
- Efficiency metrics for ocean alkalinity enhancements under responsive and prescribed atmospheric pCO2 conditions M. Tyka 10.5194/bg-22-341-2025
- Metrics for quantifying the efficiency of atmospheric CO2 reduction by marine carbon dioxide removal (mCDR) K. Yamamoto et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad7477
- First study on habitat ecology, biometric parameters and biology of Rita rita (Hamilton, 1822) from tropical perennial River Burhi Gandak, India B. H.K. et al. 10.1007/s10661-025-14042-1
- Monitoring, reporting, and verification for ocean alkalinity enhancement D. Ho et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-12-2023
- Responses of globally important phytoplankton species to olivine dissolution products and implications for carbon dioxide removal via ocean alkalinity enhancement D. Hutchins et al. 10.5194/bg-20-4669-2023
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement approaches and the predictability of runaway precipitation processes: results of an experimental study to determine critical alkalinity ranges for safe and sustainable application scenarios N. Suitner et al. 10.5194/bg-21-4587-2024
- Enhanced cation release via acid pretreatment for gigaton-scale geologic CO2 sequestration in basalt Q. Zhang et al. 10.1016/j.ijggc.2024.104266
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement in a coastal channel: simulating localised dispersion, carbon sequestration and ecosystem impact H. Anderson et al. 10.1088/2515-7620/adce5a
- The CDR potential of olivine-based enhanced rock weathering in marine systems: a case study for the coastal zone of France L. Geerts et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/addf60
- Modelling considerations for research on ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) K. Fennel et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-9-2023
- Carbon dioxide removal efficiency of iron and steel slag in seawater via ocean alkalinity enhancement C. Moras et al. 10.3389/fclim.2024.1396487
- Early life stages of fish under ocean alkalinity enhancement in coastal plankton communities S. Goldenberg et al. 10.5194/bg-21-4521-2024
- Climate targets, carbon dioxide removal, and the potential role of ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Oschlies et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-1-2023
- Growth response of Emiliania huxleyi to ocean alkalinity enhancement G. Faucher et al. 10.5194/bg-22-405-2025
- Negative emission technologies: a way forward? H. Ishaq & C. Crawford 10.1039/D5SU00162E
- Electrolytic Seawater Mineralization and the Mass Balances That Demonstrate Carbon Dioxide Removal E. La Plante et al. 10.1021/acsestengg.3c00004
- A biogeochemical model of mineral-based ocean alkalinity enhancement: impacts on the biological pump and ocean carbon uptake M. Fakhraee et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/acc9d4
- Limits and CO2equilibration of near-coast alkalinity enhancement J. He & M. Tyka 10.5194/bg-20-27-2023
46 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Considerations for hypothetical carbon dioxide removal via alkalinity addition in the Amazon River watershed L. Mu et al. 10.5194/bg-20-1963-2023
- Effects of ocean alkalinity enhancement on plankton in the Equatorial Pacific J. Guo et al. 10.1038/s43247-025-02248-7
- Natural analogs to ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Subhas et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-8-2023
- Assessing the technical aspects of ocean-alkalinity-enhancement approaches M. Eisaman et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-3-2023
- Assessment framework to predict sensitivity of marine calcifiers to ocean alkalinity enhancement – identification of biological thresholds and importance of precautionary principle N. Bednaršek et al. 10.5194/bg-22-473-2025
- Seafloor alkalinity enhancement as a carbon dioxide removal strategy in the Baltic Sea A. Dale et al. 10.1038/s43247-024-01569-3
- Electrochemical ocean alkalinity enhancement using a calcium ion battery P. Iyapazham Vaigunda Suba et al. 10.1016/j.ijggc.2023.104012
- Field experiments in ocean alkalinity enhancement research T. Cyronak et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-7-2023
- Pathways for marine carbon dioxide removal using electrochemical acid-base generation M. Eisaman 10.3389/fclim.2024.1349604
- Negative Emission Enabled by Combining Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement and Waste Concrete Upcycling S. Jin et al. 10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c07507
- On the emission-path dependency of the efficiency of ocean alkalinity enhancement J. Schwinger et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad5a27
- Technical note: Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Pelagic Impact Intercomparison Project (OAEPIIP) L. Bach et al. 10.5194/bg-21-3665-2024
- An assessment of ocean alkalinity enhancement using aqueous hydroxides: kinetics, efficiency, and precipitation thresholds M. Ringham et al. 10.5194/bg-21-3551-2024
- Prey dynamics as a buffer: enhancing copepod resilience to ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Bhaumik et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/adaa8c
- Seawater carbonate chemistry based carbon dioxide removal: towards commonly agreed principles for carbon monitoring, reporting, and verification P. Halloran et al. 10.3389/fclim.2025.1487138
- Contrasting carbon dioxide removal potential and nutrient feedbacks of simulated ocean alkalinity enhancement and macroalgae afforestation L. Kwiatkowski et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad08f9
- Toward a consensus framework to evaluate air–sea CO2 equilibration for marine CO2 removal L. Bach et al. 10.1002/lol2.10330
- Unaccountable counting: the folly of incorporating open ocean carbon sinks in Nationally Determined Contributions M. Berger et al. 10.5802/crgeos.271
- Seawater carbonate chemistry considerations for ocean alkalinity enhancement research: theory, measurements, and calculations K. Schulz et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-2-2023
- Identifying the Most (Cost‐)Efficient Regions for CO2 Removal With Iron Fertilization in the Southern Ocean L. Bach et al. 10.1029/2023GB007754
- Magnesium hydroxide addition reduces aqueous carbon dioxide in wastewater discharged to the ocean V. Kitidis et al. 10.1038/s43247-024-01506-4
- Investigating the effect of silicate- and calcium-based ocean alkalinity enhancement on diatom silicification A. Ferderer et al. 10.5194/bg-21-2777-2024
- Review and syntheses: Ocean alkalinity enhancement and carbon dioxide removal through marine enhanced rock weathering using olivine L. Geerts et al. 10.5194/bg-22-355-2025
- No compromise in efficiency from the co-application of a marine and a terrestrial CDR method Y. Moustakis et al. 10.1038/s41467-025-59982-x
- Acid and base generation via an electrochemical hydrogen-looping cell tailored for carbon removal applications Z. Schiffer et al. 10.1016/j.device.2024.100506
- Moderate ocean alkalinity enhancement likely to have minimal effects on a habitat‐forming kelp across multiple life stages D. Britton et al. 10.1002/lno.70029
- Site selection for ocean alkalinity enhancement informed by passive tracer simulations Y. Guo et al. 10.1038/s43247-025-02480-1
- Marine carbon dioxide removal by alkalinization should no longer be overlooked K. Kowalczyk et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad5192
- The additionality problem of ocean alkalinity enhancement L. Bach 10.5194/bg-21-261-2024
- Mapping the global variation in the efficiency of ocean alkalinity enhancement for carbon dioxide removal M. Zhou et al. 10.1038/s41558-024-02179-9
- Alkalinity biases in CMIP6 Earth system models and implications for simulated CO2 drawdown via artificial alkalinity enhancement C. Hinrichs et al. 10.5194/bg-20-3717-2023
- Efficiency metrics for ocean alkalinity enhancements under responsive and prescribed atmospheric pCO2 conditions M. Tyka 10.5194/bg-22-341-2025
- Metrics for quantifying the efficiency of atmospheric CO2 reduction by marine carbon dioxide removal (mCDR) K. Yamamoto et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/ad7477
- First study on habitat ecology, biometric parameters and biology of Rita rita (Hamilton, 1822) from tropical perennial River Burhi Gandak, India B. H.K. et al. 10.1007/s10661-025-14042-1
- Monitoring, reporting, and verification for ocean alkalinity enhancement D. Ho et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-12-2023
- Responses of globally important phytoplankton species to olivine dissolution products and implications for carbon dioxide removal via ocean alkalinity enhancement D. Hutchins et al. 10.5194/bg-20-4669-2023
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement approaches and the predictability of runaway precipitation processes: results of an experimental study to determine critical alkalinity ranges for safe and sustainable application scenarios N. Suitner et al. 10.5194/bg-21-4587-2024
- Enhanced cation release via acid pretreatment for gigaton-scale geologic CO2 sequestration in basalt Q. Zhang et al. 10.1016/j.ijggc.2024.104266
- Ocean alkalinity enhancement in a coastal channel: simulating localised dispersion, carbon sequestration and ecosystem impact H. Anderson et al. 10.1088/2515-7620/adce5a
- The CDR potential of olivine-based enhanced rock weathering in marine systems: a case study for the coastal zone of France L. Geerts et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/addf60
- Modelling considerations for research on ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) K. Fennel et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-9-2023
- Carbon dioxide removal efficiency of iron and steel slag in seawater via ocean alkalinity enhancement C. Moras et al. 10.3389/fclim.2024.1396487
- Early life stages of fish under ocean alkalinity enhancement in coastal plankton communities S. Goldenberg et al. 10.5194/bg-21-4521-2024
- Climate targets, carbon dioxide removal, and the potential role of ocean alkalinity enhancement A. Oschlies et al. 10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-1-2023
- Growth response of Emiliania huxleyi to ocean alkalinity enhancement G. Faucher et al. 10.5194/bg-22-405-2025
- Negative emission technologies: a way forward? H. Ishaq & C. Crawford 10.1039/D5SU00162E
3 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Electrolytic Seawater Mineralization and the Mass Balances That Demonstrate Carbon Dioxide Removal E. La Plante et al. 10.1021/acsestengg.3c00004
- A biogeochemical model of mineral-based ocean alkalinity enhancement: impacts on the biological pump and ocean carbon uptake M. Fakhraee et al. 10.1088/1748-9326/acc9d4
- Limits and CO2equilibration of near-coast alkalinity enhancement J. He & M. Tyka 10.5194/bg-20-27-2023
Latest update: 24 Jul 2025
Short summary
Recently, ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) has gained interest as a scalable way to address the urgent need for negative CO2 emissions. In this paper we examine the capacity of different coastlines to tolerate alkalinity enhancement and the time scale of CO2 uptake following the addition of a given quantity of alkalinity. The results suggest that OAE has significant potential and identify specific favorable and unfavorable coastlines for its deployment.
Recently, ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) has gained interest as a scalable way to address...
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